The Brain

by Nur Ainaa Nabilah Binti Mohamad

Bahtiar (181653)

Involved decision-making,
problem solving, personality
expression, planning of complex
cognitive behaviors and control
the execution of voluntary
muscle(premotor and motor).

Involved in the reception and

processing of sensory
information from the body,
controls goal directed voluntary
movements, manipulation of
objects and the integration of
different senses (cognition).

Involved in organizing and

combining what we see and hear,
language and speech production,
memory association and
formation.

Brain Stem
Coordinates and relays motor control
signals sent between the brain and
the body and controls life supporting
functions of the nervous system.

Centre of visual processing

(visual perception, color
recognition, depth perception,
and motion detection).

Cerebellum
Controls motor movement
coordination, balance,
equilibrium and muscle
tone.

Retina

Optic
nerve

Optic
chasm

Lateral
geniculate
body

Optic tract

Optic
radiation

Medical
geniculate
complex of
thalamus

Primary
auditory
cortex

Olfactory bulb

Piriform
cortex

Amygdala

Primary
Visual
cortex

Superior
olive

Cochlea

Inferior
colliculus

Auditory
nerve

Hippocampus

Thalamus

Vagus nerve

Glossopharyngeal
nerve

Chorda tympani
nerve

Insula

Frontal
Operculum

Thalamus

Amygdala

Involved in
emotional
responses
hormonal
secretions
memory

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

Olfactory Cortex

Indexes, sends
and retrieves
memory from
long-term
storage in the
cerebral
hemisphere

Maintains
homeostasis
autonomic
functions of the
peripheral
nervous system
food and water
intake
regulation
sleep-wake
cycle regulation

Involved in the
identification of
odors

Thalamus

Relays sensory
signals to and
from the spinal
cord and the
cerebrum.

What can we do for a better

Thinking Brain, thinking?
Reactive Brain and
RAS
Thinking brain, process and reflect on
information while reactive brain, reacts
to information instinctively. RAS filter
data .

The Amygdala
Like a central train-routing station, puts
brain into survival mode when experience
negative emotions, blocks entry of any
new information..

Hypocampus
Links new sensory input to both
memories of your past and knowledge
already stored in your long-term
memory, processing in prefrontal cortex.

Dopamine
neurotransmitters carry electrical
messages across the gap from one neuron
to another, brain capacity to process new
information, extra dopamine releases
when an experience is enjoyable.

Keep yourself physically healthy and well

rested
Develop awareness of control over your
emotions
Slow down and take a moment to reflect
instead of react when experience negative
emotion
Teachers set up lessons to include some fun
activities
Reviewing and practicing something youve
learned helps.
Review new learning through actions
Activities like interacting with friends,
laughing, physical activity, and acting kindly.
Think about your personal strengths.

Experience
negative
emotions

Amygdala (part of
the limbic system)

Amygdala is in the
state of high
metabolism

Brain in survival
mode

Input of new
information

Data from the senses

(new input)

Activated multiple
times (multisensory
instruction, practice,
and review)

Distant storage centers

are linked to each
other

The hippocampus

Successful
construction of
working (short-term)
memory

More dendrites grow

and interconnect

Activation or prior
knowledge with a
similar pattern

Teachers demonstrate the

patterns, connections, and
relationships that exist
between new and old
learning

Greater memory
storage and recall
efficiency

Blocks entry of
any new
information into
your prefrontal
cortex

Brain Mapping
Functional Brain Imaging (neuroimaging)
visualization of the processing of sensory information coming to the brain and of
commands going from the brain to the body

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

the paramagnetic properties of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the blood to
demonstrate which brain structures are activated

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scans)

Radioactive isotopes are injected into the blood attached to molecules of glucose,
show blood flow, oxygen, and glucose metabolism in the tissues of the working
brain that reflect the amount of brain activity in these regions while the brain is
processing sensory input (information).
Pruning
Pruning allows the brain to consolidate learning
by pruning away unused neurons and synapses,
wrapping more white matter (myelin) around the
neuronal networks more frequently used to
stabilize and strengthen their ability to conduct
the electrical impulses of nerve- to-nerve
communication.

Metacognition
Knowledge about ones own
information processing and
strategies that influence
ones learning that can
optimize future learning.

Dopamine
A neurotransmitter most
associated with attention,
decision making, executive
function, and rewardstimulated learning.
Cognition
The mental process by which we
become aware of the world and use
that information to problem solve
and make sense out of the world, all
of the mental processes related to
thinking.

Van Diagram
A type of graphic organizer used to
compare and contrast information. The
overlapping areas represent similarities,
and the nonoverlapping areas represent
differences.

Prediction
What the brain does with the information it patterns, enough information in a patterned memory category that
it can find similar patterns in new information and predict what the patterns mean. Through careful
observation the brain learns more and more about our world and is able to make more and more accurate
predictions about what will come next. Predicting ability is the basis for successful reading, calculating, test
taking, goal- setting, and appropriate social interactions behavior.