Module Law

Module 1: Introduction to Land Tenure and
Property Rights
Introduction
Every human society has some form of property rights. Across time and in very different
contexts people have developed rules and norms to govern the way land and other natural
resources are distributed, used and disposed of. Understanding how and why these rules and
norms evolve or change and how they affect people, economies and the environment are
important for development practitioners and for others interested in international development.
In this module Karol Boudreaux introduces participants to the topics that will be covered in the
course and discusses what we mean by land tenure and property rights. She discusses the
development of these rights and obligations and explains the difference between formal and
informal rights and the how customary laws and principles related to property and land continue
to play an important role in the everyday lives of millions of people around the world.
Module Outline
This module consists of:
1. Two short required readings

2. A 5-part video lecture
3. An interactive discussion
Participants should first read the required reading documents, then watch the five videos in
order. You are also encouraged to take part in the interactive discussion forum to ask questions
of the instructors or discuss topics with other participants. You have one week to complete the
module. As this is an introductory module, there is no quiz.
Module Learning Objectives
By the end of the session, participants will be able to:
Define the importance of land tenure and property rights as a critical development issue
Describe and be able to explain the difference between formal laws governing land and
property and informal or customary rules
Discuss how rules and norms governing land and property have changed over time
About the Module's Lecturer
This module's 5-part video lecture is presented by Karol Boudreaux. Ms. Boudreaux is The
Cloudburst Groups Land Tenure and Natural Resource Management Practice Lead. Ms.
Boudreaux is a lawyer and land tenure and resource rights expert with two decades of experience
in the field and as a researcher. She has conducted field research in ten African countries and has
published more than 30 articles and a monograph on property rights, in addition to many opinion
editorials. Prior to joining The Cloudburst Group, Ms. Boudreaux served as USAIDs Africa
Land Tenure Specialist. Before joining USAID, she was an instructor and assistant dean of
George Mason Universitys School of Law.
Instructions
Welcome to USAIDs Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on Land Tenure and Property
Rights. This course is open to current or future international development professionals,
particularly those involved with USAID or U.S. Government foreign assistance programming,
who want to strengthen their knowledge and skills in addressing land tenure, property rights, and
resource governance challenges.
You may take this course for credit or you may audit the course. If you are taking this course for
credit, you must complete each quiz. If you are auditing the course, you can skip the quizzes. In
either case, you will be able to access all the modules and their materials as well as participate in
group discussions. Only those who complete all of the quizzes will receive a certificate at the end
of the course.
Before you begin the course, we ask that you take a few minutes to complete this welcome
survey. This information will help us better understand who you are and how we can best serve
your learning needs.
Brief Welcome Survey
Instructions
Welcome to USAIDs Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on Land Tenure and Property
Rights. This course is open to current or future international development professionals,
particularly those involved with USAID or U.S. Government foreign assistance programming,
who want to strengthen their knowledge and skills in addressing land tenure, property rights, and
resource governance challenges.
You may take this course for credit or you may audit the course. If you are taking this course for
credit, you must complete each quiz. If you are auditing the course, you can skip the quizzes. In
either case, you will be able to access all the modules and their materials as well as participate in
group discussions. Only those who complete all of the quizzes will receive a certificate at the end
of the course.
Before you begin the course, we ask that you take a few minutes to complete this welcome
survey. This information will help us better understand who you are and how we can best serve
your learning needs.
Module 1 Required Reading 1: ABCs of Land Tenure
Before we begin the first lecture, please take a few minutes to read the document below: the AB-C's of Land Tenure and Property Rights. This 1-page document gives a basic overview of
some common concepts and terms you will encounter in this course. While these concepts will
be covered in more detail in Module 2: Land Tenure and Property Rights Terms and Concepts, it
will be helpful to start becoming familiar with these important concepts. You can refer back to
this document throughout the course.
Download the reading, "A-B-C's of Land Tenure and Property Rights: Definitions are
Important!"
Module 1 Required Reading 2: Why is Land Tenure Important
Before we begin the first lecture, please take a few minutes to read the second required reading
for this module: Why is Land Tenure Important. This reading is an excerpt from a series of Land
Tenure Studies produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
While this reading focuses primarily on the importance of land tenure to rural development, it is
important to note that tenure and property rights are important in other contexts as well,
including in urban environments (which will be discussed in more detail in Module 11).
Download the reading, "Why is Land Tenure Important
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Module 1 Discussion: Why Land Matters
Jeremy Green
Jeremy Green
183 183 unread replies. 183 183 replies.
Welcome to the discussion forum. This is a space for participants to share ideas, to pose
questions and to help each other.
Module 1 Discussion Topics
This unique Massive Open Online Course brings together participants from across the globe to
discuss one of today's most important development issues: rights to land and other resources.
This course includes nearly 1000 participants from a range of organizations, including
representatives from development agencies, civil society, academia and other sectors - all of
whom have some interest in land tenure and property rights. We hope that you will use this
discussion forum to share your valuable experiences, perspectives and ideas with group - it will
make this course all the richer. For this introductory module, we would like the discussion to
focus on:
1. Why does land matter to you? In your experience, what roles do land tenure
and property rights play in the countries where you work, in the development
issues you focus on, or in the sectors you are most interested in?
2. What questions do you hope this course will answer? What type of skills,
knowledge or strategies do you hope to get from our 14 weeks together?
Discussion Guidelines
1. This discussion forum is for participants to examine, ask questions, or
generally comment on the module among themselves. While discussion
facilitators will monitor the forum and respond to questions or comments
when appropriate as time allows, this is intended to be a peer-to-peer
learning tool. Participants are encouraged to share their own ideas,
perspectives and experiences as part of the course. We want to know what
you think.
2. For each module, a discussion prompt is given, but any part of the module is
open for discussion.
3. If participants have additional questions for instructors that are not answered
through the forum, please send those to the teachers through Canvas' inbox
and limit direct questions to 2 per module.
4. Please be polite, open and respectful. Any personal attacks or abusive,
offensive or inflammatory posts will be removed.
Reply Reply to Main Discussion

Page
Robert Allen Goodrich
Robert Allen Goodrich

Sep 14, 2015
The course so far is very interesting is something new to learn for me something you think
that the land is matter the information is very completed about the land tenure the property rights
is interesting right now I dont have question so far however in my opinion it should have some
pdf information like books or something to keep for the student I know the course just begin I
dont know yet the rest but I like so far.
Reply Reply to Comment (6 likes)
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 14, 2015
I'd like to take a moment to welcome all of our participants. We are excited to get started with the
course and look forward to engaging with you this week and over the coming weeks.
Land Tenure and Property Rights are central issues to the development discussion and to
illustrate this I wanted to share a link to a recent news story about land indicators in the
upcoming Sustainable Development Goals agenda: http://iva.aippnet.org/land-rights-anessential-global-indicator-for-the-post-2015-sdgs/ (Links to an external site.).
Best wishes for an enjoyable class!
Edited by Karol Boudreaux on Sep 23 at 2:54am
Mohamed Ahmed Said
Mohamed Ahmed Said

Sep 14, 2015
i was learning evolution of people, land and rules so i did not understand the concept of
continuum of land rights
please understand me that point

Reply Reply to Comment
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 14, 2015
Dear Mohammed,
The idea is that there is something like a sequence of different land rights that exist in all
countries. Rights can be informal and as basic as someone living on the pavement of a street or
alongside a railroad track. People do not have formal legal rights to be in these places but they
often are there. If the government, or others, accept this, then this informal tenure may be secure.
But often it is not. Sometimes groups have rights, over common lands or indigenous territories.
This tenure might be recognized by law or it might be informal. It might be secure or insecure - it
depends upon the location. Some people may wish to move to land or house that they lease from
an owner. People who lease property have fewer rights than do owners. Finally, legal owners
have many rights to their property. So a sequence might look like informal land rights -->
communal rights --> leaseholds --> private ownership. BUT please note that any tenure can be
insecure if government does not enforce rights AND communal rights are not necessarily less
"important" or "valuable" than private ownership.
Mohamed Ahmed Said
Mohamed Ahmed Said

Sep 15, 2015
thanks i understoood
Reply Reply to Comment (1 like)
Ezekiel Brima Kargbo

Sep 16, 2015
Certainly, Karol some land tenure systems are devised to protect the interest of the elitist group.
Abdoulaye Dia
Abdoulaye Dia
Monday
And some others are devised to ensure a seasonal access to a piece of land for each
member of the community without no incentive to maintaining the land fertility. All the
land is own by the community, each one think that some one have to maintain this
fertility, no one does it and every one is harvesting less each season. Innovations,
investments and individual success story are blocked.
Mohamed Ahmed Said
Mohamed Ahmed Said

Yesterday
Dear Karol
it was success to finish modal one
if i give you brief information about transfer of land rights. in somalia land rights can be
transferred many ways include Lease, inheritance, sell and Gift.
the last decade the number of land conflicts in Somalia was increasing due to Lack of land
registration, weak of land goverance and lack of enforcement land policies and laws due to weak
government
thanks again
Mohamed
Mohamed Ahmed Said
Mohamed Ahmed Said

Yesterday
Dear Karol Boudreaux

it was success to finish modal one
if i give you brief information about transfer of land rights. in somalia land rights
can be transferred many ways includeLease, inheritance, sell and Gift.
the last decade the number of land conflicts in Somalia was increasing due to
Lack of land registration, weak of land goverance and lack of enforcement land
policies and laws due to weak government
thanks again
Mohamed
Gasant Jacobs
Gasant Jacobs
Sep 16, 2015
Thanks Karol.
You presentation in all of the videos is clear and succinct.

Cynthia Caron
Cynthia Caron
Sep 14, 2015
I, too, welcome all of you to this online course. As the weeks go by, we hope that the
information you receive about land tenure and property rights and the concrete examples
provided will inspire you to think about their relevance in your own work, research and on-going
learning.
Best wishes for a successful class!
Edited by Cynthia Caron on Sep 20 at 4:33pm
Dil Raj Khanal
Dil Raj Khanal

Sep 14, 2015
Thank you very much organizing such interesting and useful e-course. The information which
are proved from different tools are complete and simple to understand. I have no specific
questions so far. My experiences here in Nepal is that, actually the overlapping of tenure rights is
a complex issue to resolve. Another important issue it that the land and resource tenure is not
only subject of formal and informal law and it is also a political issue in many country including
my country. I hope we will be able to address such issue in the future.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 14, 2015
Thanks very much for your note. Yes, land is very much a political issue and we will, in future
modules touch on this. One of the most challenging issues I have seen is how to encourage
informal and formal land systems to work together. Bringing dispute resolvers and judges
together to share experiences and understanding may help each.
Edited by Karol Boudreaux on Sep 18 at 4:53pm
Christian Mesmer
Christian Mesmer
Sep 14, 2015
Thanks for offing that very useful course for my upcoming assignment in Lao PDR. I am going
to work on land titling within the provincial government.
Being not entirely familiar with land use tenure and property rights allocation, I am particularly
interested in how to create synergies by harmonising traditional land allocation and modern
techniques. Moreover, I am curious on how land tenure systems tie in with payments for
ecosystem services.
I look forward to being enlightened...
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 14, 2015
Dear Christian,
If you have not already seen it, you might find the following document useful:
http://usaidlandtenure.net/laos (Links to an external site.). Another interesting way to engage
local people with modern techniques is to use approaches such as
this: http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/25/us-tanzania-rights-womenidUSKCN0QU11420150825 (Links to an external site.).
Best wishes,
Karol
Christian Mesmer
Christian Mesmer
Sep 14, 2015
Thanks Karol!
These links seem quite useful. I will skim through in due time. Currently, I am busy attending lao
language classes.
Best wishes,
Chris
David Thomson Tembo
David Thomson Tembo

Sunday
Thanks for the links

Mohamed Ahmed Said
Mohamed Ahmed Said

Sep 14, 2015
i am interesting land tenure and property rights course which makes my qualification and
experience change, i have been working with NRC Information counseling and legal assistance
project so the main scope of the project were include Housing, land and property issues. in
Somalia there is a legal pluralism i.e. statutory, customary and religious. the skills and
knowledge will gain this course will help me to understand more aspects relate land tenure and
property rights.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 14, 2015
We are delighted to hear that. NRC does wonderful work in very difficult environments
so we hope this course is a help.
Ralph Zingle
Ralph Zingle
Sep 14, 2015
Great course introduction - looking forward to completing. At Thomson Reuters, the world's
leading source of intelligent information, we pride ourselves on being able to extend technology
solutions and have a dedicated business unit focusing on the area of Land Tenure. I note that
many of the current challenges in LTPR issues would be broadly assisted by the deployment of a
suitable technology solution - for example in the areas of property registration (especially a
systematic one by a governing jurisdiction) and workflow management to ensure all steps are
transparently managed and coordinated. I noted that Haiti in the case study had a particularly
complex workflow but they certainly are not alone in this area. What kind of technology
solutions or options will be covered in the MOOC? How does USAID view the use of
Technology as an enabler for the modernization of Land Tenure? If there are perceived
limitations wrt technology solutions in LTPR what are these? Thanks...Ralph
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 14, 2015
Hi Ralph,
In our module on Land Administration we also discuss technology solutions that might help
address some land governance weaknesses. A number of USAID projects have used technology
- hand-held GPS devices, mobile applications, other software solutions -- to enable
improvements. Finding ways to ensure that technology solutions are accessible and sustainable
are among the most important considerations for development practitioners.
What do you see as best solutions/innovations?
David Kiarie
David Kiarie
Sep 15, 2015
I think Unmanned Aerial System could be more useful in land administration.

John Dwyer
John Dwyer
Sep 15, 2015
Completely agree. There's a project currently using them to help secure property rights for
diamond miners (Links to an external site.). You might be interested in
it: http://usaidlandtenure.net/content/brochure-aerial-mapping-diamond-sites-aims-reduceconflict-benefit-miners
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
Yes, there are some exciting opportunities to adopt this technology for use in land
administration.

Sep 15, 2015
But how many countries or people will be able to do so
Grenville Barnes
Grenville Barnes
Monday
I couldn't resist jumping in here as we have piloted the use of UAS in Albania and Walter
Volkmann has used these for many other applications. UAS offer a technology that can be
fairly easily transferred (so developing countries don't have to be dependent on mapping
being down by out of foreign companies), it is much more transparent than say
conventional aerial photography, and much more cost efficient.
On the other hand it is not the solution for all situations. Works best in relatively small
areas where you need high resolution imagery and where boundaries are easily visible or
can be premarked (not good in forested areas for example).
More on UAS and other technologies is included in a later module on Land
Administration technology.
Grenville Barnes

Sep 15, 2015
I mean, how many countries will be able to use unmanned Aerial System for land
administration David Kiarie suggested in his post
Ralph Zingle
Ralph Zingle
Sep 15, 2015
Karol, thanks, your point is well taken. A lot of technologies have been piloted by USAID (and
other donors) but the important question to ask is whether or not they have made a difference that
could not have been achieved in their absence? The best solutions in my opinion are not only
those that have enabled improvements but those that have actually achieved results in a verifiable
manner. I also agree that solutions need to be sustainable and accessible but perhaps not in the
traditional sense that they can only be the result of a future donation from USAID. Rather, a
technological solution that achieves results and can also be implemented locally without further
contribution by USAID (or another donor) should be a key consideration. I think too often we
limit our thinking to solutions and devices that are the cheapest or most easily procurable by
USAID rather than selecting an ideal solution for a given country and making it sustainable by
creating local capacity, incorporating local self-funding solutions or even supporting a public
private partnership from the start. So rather than select a particular favorite of my own, I would
rather support a solution formula that requires proof of a demonstrable and independently
verifiable result and sustainability plan to ensure the solution lasts beyond a given USAID
project.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
Hi Ralph,
Yes - ideally the technology solutions are introduced then taken up in country and
implemented in such a way that the work continues after donor projects end. Cheap in the
short term is not always cheap in the long term; I agree with you on that point. And your
solution formula also makes good sense! I know that USAID in increasingly interested in
and adopting this kind of approach. See here: https://www.usaid.gov/policy/localsystems-framework (Links to an external site.)

Sep 15, 2015
I am pupil barrister. I have a passion to help settled the perennial land conflicts among families,
communities, chiefdoms etc. I am therefore quite happy to have this golden opportunity to
participate in this course. My country, Sierra Leone is one of the countries with the most
complex land tenure system. In some parts of Sierra Leone, women can't own or entitled to land.
Also, land tenure in the rural areas in the provinces is different from the urban centres. Above all,
land conflict is almost always unresolved among mining groups, cattle farmers, crop farmers,
etc. I am hopeful that this course will increase my understanding of the best practices in
handling matters relating to land tenure in my country.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
We hope that the course helps you in your work Ezekiel. Here is a recent story about how
the Government and the FAO is working to support improved land governance in your
country: http://slconcordtimes.com/govt-takes-leadership-of-voluntary-guidelines-on-thegovernance-of-tenure/ (Links to an external site.).
Abdoulaye Dia
Abdoulaye Dia
Monday
In our context, GIS with GPS is one the most powerful technologies. Even just
for the community to know how much land they own. In recent past in Senegal
some local community authorities granted areas of land to investors that represent
more acreage than the entire surface of their territories. At least we need to
quantify and know who owns what?
Richard L. Sanderson
Richard L. Sanderson
Sep 14, 2015
Land matters in the work that I do as a property valuation specialist because its the foundation
of the ownership of property that enables land (and any improvements) to be productive for the
owner and the community. In the United States and in the other countries I have worked in
(Afghanistan, Chile, Macedonia, Mexico, and Italy) productive use of real property rights have
brought increased value to both the owners of these rights and to the local community, region,
and country as a whole.
During our 14 weeks together I hope to learn how effective land administration and property
rights administration is being implemented in developing countries and how those practices can
be measured from a land valuation continuum perspective. Property valuation before land tenure
rights were reformed, how value may have increased as a result of reforms, and how property
values will continue to be influenced by proposed or enforced property rights in the future for
example.
David Kiarie
David Kiarie
Sep 15, 2015
In Kenya for example which is my country, the valuation is being driven by Real estate, agribusiness, colleges/universities, building of highways and sprouting towns.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
I think you'll get a good sense of how land administration is being implemented in
developing countries Richard. In terms of land valuation, this remains a challenging issue in
places with "thin" and highly informal land markets. I'd encourage you to share your
experiences on how valuation changes over time in response to formalization efforts and the
positive and negative impacts of these efforts.
Matt Myers
Matt Myers
Yesterday
Richard, like you, as a valuer in a developing part of the world, I have seen many unique
challenges. I was recently invited as a valuation expert to the Global Land Tenure
Network's working group on the valuation of unregistered lands. The GLTN and UN
Habitat are trying to put together resources on how to value such lands, as there seems to
be a lot on confusion from traditional valuers that it can not be done. However, I have
done valuations in such conditions of informal markets on unregistered lands. Thus, I am
hoping to broaden my knowledge on land tenure systems outside my south pacific region.
Merita
Merita
Sep 15, 2015
Land matters as securing land rights for women in Kosovo will help them improve their quality of life, better access
to education and prosper economically.
I am very excited to join this course. I am working as a gender and property rights specialist in a USAID funded
Property Rights Program, implemented by Tetra Tech ARD in Kosovo. I lead the project objective aiming to
enhance womens property rights. In relevance to women, Kosovo faces challenges of undergoing society changes
from customary system to statutory systems especially in property inheritance. Additionally, lack of property titling
(property in the titles of deceased persons) further prevents women to exercise their property rights when in non
formal marriages. The issue of women renunciation of property rights is of concern, as women usually withdraw
their property inheritance rights in favor of their brothers.
Securing land rights/property rights for women in Kosovo is very important. Kosovo population is almost equal in
terms of gender representation, but the unemployment among women is very high. Property rights for women mean
that women will be able to start a business through loans, pay for their education and health etc.
During this course assignment, I would like to learn on experiences of other participants in land tenure and property
rights programs about what strategies have helped them to strengthen womens property rights and in general to
improving property rights system that works for all citizens.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
So glad that you are participating Merita. Dr. Cheryl Doss will present our module on Gender
and she will touch on some of these issues. But others you raise - such as the pressure women
sometimes feel to renounce rights in favor of male relatives is an important one and raises
difficult questions around social change and shifting social norms. How do you think you will
address this through your program? Your experience may be very helpful to others.
Merita
Merita
Sep 16, 2015
Hi Karol, you have raised a very good question. Indeed, this is a difficult process as it requires a
lot of efforts and time to be able to make a change. The issue of women's renouncing their
property rights in favor of male relatives in Kosovo is a practice now repeated in generations and
women had reasons why they did that. Considering the previous political system, weak economic
development, and lack of access to education, women were interested to keep the good
relationship with their birth families so in case of their husbands death or a divorce, they would
have a home to return and support them. There are other reasons that affected this behavior but
will try not to list them all here. Bottom line, women in very rare cases have inherited property
from their birth families - our recent survey shows that only 3.8% of women in Kosovo have
inherited property registered in their names. And the main reasons listed by women who have
renounced their property rights include: (i) their family expects them not to inherit, (ii) fear of
transferring property to their husbands family and (iii) cultural barriers that prevent women not
to inherit. For the ones who would like to read more on this, I will include a link to our survey
publication: https://goo.gl/0Glx9m (Links to an external site.)
Te issue of women renunciation of property rights has been already identified as an issue to work
on in Kosovo, therefore through our program we are supporting the Ministry of Justice with
analysis and recommendations how to tackle this issue. Our recommendations included
strengthening of the legislation and procedures to ensure that women's renunciation of property
rights is not misused; and focusing on advocacy/awareness raising through a Social Behavior
Change Campaign to educate women about their property rights. We think the combination of
these both will create positive effects, and knowing that social and cultural behaviors take time to
change, this requires a systematic and careful approach.
I look forward to discuss more on Women's Property Rights during the Dr. Doss session. But, if
you and participants have questions and want to share experiences, I would be glad to do so.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 16, 2015
Sometimes social norms shift relatively rapidly but in other cases, like this
one, it takes many generations. It sounds as though your Social Behavior
Change campaign will be an important component of changing minds. In
other land projects working directly with men and boys has also provided
to be a big help. You might enjoying see what USAID did in Kenya to
promote women's land rights:
http://usaidlandtenure.net/commentary/2014/12/kenya-justice-projectpilot-ready-scaled-up-nationwide (Links to an external site.)
Mark Samuels
Mark Samuels
Sep 15, 2015
I find this course is very interesting. As we proceed over the next 14 weeks I hope that we will
have fruitful discussions that will assist us and in the end enforce/implement the best practices
associated with LTPR in projects throughout.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
We are happy to hear this - our lecturers are some of the world's leading experts on these
issues and so I hope that the modules, readings and especially this discussion forum will
allow us all to learn and share experiences -- good and bad -- and improve how we
engage on land issues.
Maw Shay
Maw Shay
Sep 15, 2015
Sir, in my country ( Burma), land tenure is also a political issue. Someone who stay near policy
maker has many possession, they become richer than richer day after day. But now Local NGOs
find out the solution for the rural people. I also would like to know the rights of the other.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Monday
Dear Maw,
I hope the upcoming modules will help you by presenting examples of how to work with
rural people to secure their land rights. You might also find information on these two sites
of use: http://namati.org/resources/#!/resource_types=practitioner-resources; (Links to an
external site.) and http://www.hakinetwork.org/ (Links to an external site.).
Hopefully these are useful!
Wilfred Babanga
Wilfred Babanga
Sep 15, 2015
This is a timely course as I embark on a project to support small holder farmer households
register their land rights and also create wealth through intensification of agriculture production
and productivity.Registering land rights seem to be a preserve of a few with the means and
exposure to the procedures involved in obtaining land titles in Uganda. I would like to be
acquainted with the VGGT tools and also become familiar with the LGAF thematic areas and
there by contribute to delivering a good project whose results can inform others to solve Land
tenure and property rights challenges.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
Dear Wilfred,
So pleased to hear that this course may help you in your project. The VGGT provide excellent
guidance on what is need to improve land governance in the context of national food security.
Please see the resources available here: http://www.fao.org/nr/tenure/voluntaryguidelines/en/ (Links to an external site.). For information on the World Bank's LGAF project,
see
here: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTPROG
RAMS/EXTARDR/EXTLGA/0,,contentMDK:22793966~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~t
heSitePK:7630425,00.html (Links to an external site.).
Toon De Bruyn
Toon De Bruyn
Sep 15, 2015
Hi Wilfred,
The FAO will be organizing a course on the VGGT's in the context of forest tenure in the near
future with Makerere. I believe that they are currently recruiting participants. Not sure if you are
in a position to reach out to them and to apply through the FAO office in Uganda or through
Makerere perhaps? Otherwise, there is a training manual (Links to an external site.) which
explores the VGGT's in one of its modules.
Good luck! Toon

Wilfred Babanga
Wilfred Babanga
Sep 15, 2015
Thanks a lot for the helpful links and tips. Will look up the links and see what to
do about linking with FAO in Uganda.
Serwanga Ronald
Serwanga Ronald
Sep 15, 2015
Hello everyone!
Land issues are becoming as important as any other in promoting or limiting the development in
very many countries. Certainly legal considerations must now be kept in mind during the
creation and implementation of such land aspects. Issue of secure property rights shows an
increase in land related investment, argument land values; reduce the level and likelihood of
conflict. This as well provides a basis for reallocating an important factor of production to more
efficient users. I am open to specifically learn in a wider context the land matter in relation to the
legal aspects from different countries.
Elyvin Nkhonjera Chawinga

Sep 15, 2015
Thank you for the warm welcome. I am looking forward to learn more about Land Governance. I
dont have a specific question but just to share that in Malawi we are currently reviewing our
Land Laws, they are very outdated, of 1965. Land categories in the current Law are Public Land,
Private Land and Customary Land, but the new Law is now proposing that we have Public and
Private Land and that Customary Land should be a subsidiary of either of the 2. It is also
proposing that all land should be registered to ensure tenure security.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
You are most welcome Elyvin. How do you see the question of Customary Land? Do you think
it makes the most sense for it to be considered "Public" or "Private" land? This question has
important potential consequences for land holders and so deserves open debate and discussion.

Thursday
Dear Karol, for me I felt it was not the best idea to put it under private or public
title, firstly this is the largest category, if am not wrong over 70% of Land in
Malawi is under customary and there have been a lot of resistance from the chiefs
saying that they feel the government want to steal their powers. On the other hand
the land registration idea is good, the only problem is that the draft bill is saying
that once customary land has been registered, it will nos be considered as private
land and shall be governed as such. This means that the local traditional
authorities are no longer responsible. So I am not sure how really this is going to
be effectively implemented. Another concern is that the bill states that I am not
sure if women are going to benefit from this, because in Malawi we mainly have
Patriarchal Customs where only men will have the privilege to register their land,
and women do not own land in such customs and Matriarchal customs where
women are the land holders but actually its their uncle (mum's brother) who
controls the land and has more powers over it, so the fear is that if Land is
registered only by men then women will be landless contributing to food
insecurity. Please advise how as a country we can make sure that we don't face
such challenges with this new Bill.
John Dwyer
John Dwyer
Sep 15, 2015
Hello everyone. As an introduction, I'm an international development professional working in the

Washington D.C. area and I'm excited to participate in these discussions. It's great to see the
variety of international development and land sector professionals engaging already!
I think you'll all be interested to know that the latest USAID Land Matters Media Scan is
out: http://eepurl.com/bzhnTH (Links to an external site.)
The media scan a weekly digest of recent articles on land tenure, resource management, and
property rights. Anyone can subscribe (see the button at the bottom) and it's very useful to be on
top of current events in the field!
Edited by John Dwyer on Sep 21 at 6:43pm

John William Medendorp

Sep 15, 2015
Thanks, John, for the referral. I will be subscribing.

John Dwyer
John Dwyer
Sep 16, 2015
My pleasure.
Raina Turner
Raina Turner
Friday
Thank you John, I too will be subscribing!

ALI ADEL ALI ALI IBRAHIM
ALI ADEL ALI ALI IBRAHIM

Sep 15, 2015
Thank you very much for your efforts with us in this very great course. My desire is to know
more about the land tenure the property rights. I am not very interested in politics but as a whole
I am keen on know about my Land and Rules. The topic is very good and I see that it will
enhance my knowledge .

Sep 15, 2015
Land matters to everyone. Apart from its economic value, land does not expand to
accommodate the increase in population and the diverse competitive uses we subject our
lands to- in particular mining, infrastructure, agriculture etc. Land is an asset that is not
mobile but it use arises everywhere. For instance, a businessman in the capital city may need
vast land to operate his business, but it is not available to him though he might be the owner of
several acres of land in his home town in the interior. There are potential threats to the value
of land in some areas in Africa, deforestation, desertification, flood prone regions etc. All these
are issues that make it all the more reason why land matters to past, present and more
importantly for the future generations.
John Dwyer
John Dwyer
Sep 16, 2015
I think that's a spot on assessment of why land matters, Ezekial. I always like the Mark
Twain quote:
"Buy land, they're not making it anymore"
Of course, I'm from Missouri, so I'm a bit biased.

Sep 15, 2015
I would like to add my thanks to the organizers of this course. In answer to the questions posed
above, my interest in land rights devolves from my more than three decades of development
work. In my experience, land is foundational to human security and efficient economies. But
there are also intangible benefits to LTPR, such as a sense of personal value, communal identity,
self-esteem, and a sense of belonging. These psycho-social benefits are not easily measured,
often are overlooked, but are vital to the development of stable, prosperous, and healthy
societies. The smiles of landholders holding newly acquired proprietary certificates are not
merely cosmetic, they convey an enhanced sense of self-worth.
Through this course, I would like to acquire not only generalized knowledge regarding the
impact of LTPR on development (which I assume to be positive in most cases), but also, I would
like to get a better sense of the research that has been done around the impact of LTPR. On a
recent LTPR project, I sought high and low for information on the effect of land certification on
property transactions, both on the number of transactions that took place pre- and postcertification, and also the value of the transactions that took place. In the latter group, I wanted to
see how land certification affected property values. I was able to locate only one study on the
impact of land certificates on investment in property improvements in Ethiopia (Deininger,
Ayalew Ali, & Alemu, 2009) and one World Bank study (Land Tenure Policy: Securing Rights to
Reduce Poverty and Promote Rural Growth, 2011) that mentioned the impact of land tenure on
registered transactions, showing a 121% increase in the number of registered land transactions
from 2005 to 2009 in Macedonia. I am hoping there is more data out there and I would also be
interested in finding data and research partners on issues surrounding LTPR.
Thanks again to the organizers and participants. I am looking forward to learning more.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
Hi John,
Tim Besley's 1995 Journal of Political Economy article is one of the classics in this area as is the
Feder/Feeny article from 1991 (http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1999/12/23/000178830_9810
1912274514/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf#page=139 (Links to an external site.)) see also see
Field and Torero 2006
(https://econ.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/fieldtorerocs.original.pdf (Links to an external
site.)). This is a terrifically important issue and while there is a body of literature on the topic it
would certainly benefit from more rigorous evidence.


Sep 16, 2015
Excellent, Karol. Thanks for the reference. I will read these items.
I look forward to generating some research around this topic, especially around
the psycho-social benefits of land tenure, about which there seems to be very
little.
j
Lucas Pena
Lucas Pena
Sep 15, 2015
Hi, I found this course very suitable for my master's dissertation topic. I writing about the
relationship between violent conflict and land management reform in Kenya and Colombia, so I
want to get familiar with land terminology. I'm pleased to know that my country is one of the
study case and this is interesting because an extensive land management reforms is taking place
if the peace agreement between the government and the FARC is reached. I'm happy to now that
Prof. Peter Van de Auweraert is giving one of the modules. I look forward to reading all your
comments and insights here in the discussion forum. Greetings from Bradford, UK.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
Glad to have you with us Lucas! Sounds like a very interesting dissertation. As we move
through the course I hope you'll share your findings.
michael hurley
michael hurley
Sep 16, 2015
here is a really interesting paper on political economy and land titling in Kenya:
The contradictory potential of self-reinforcing institutions: the rise and decline of land
documentation in Kenya, by Ato Kwamena Onoma
George Odunga Obare
George Odunga Obare

Sep 16, 2015
Hi Lucas ....George is coming from Kenya and seemingly would be more interested in your
work! I am studying for my Phd thesis at proposal stage where I am studying a controversial
wetland in Kenya with huge conflict between the investeros in land and the local community...
michael hurley
michael hurley
Thursday
Hi George
Not sure if you will see or find this, but I am curious what wetland you are studying. Also, this
may e a good reference?:
T. Haller (Ed.), Disputing the floodplains: Institutional change and the politics of resource
management in African wetlands

Friday
Land matters to all. The major reason is that land is the only
asset that does easily depreciate in value. so many people even
in rural communities know the worth of land.
On Fri, Sep 18, 2015 at 1:21 AM, Canvas Network

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New Comment for Module 1 Discussion: Why Land Matters: USAID
and Property Rights
Hi George Not sure if you will see or find this, but I am curious what wetlan
studying. Also, this may e a good reference?: T. Haller (Ed.), Disputing the fl
Institutional c...
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and Property Rights
Dear Karol, Thanks a lo for this interesting course and first module so far. I
clear between the difference of a customary system and an informal system
please deepen these ...
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and Property Rights
good questions, Lianna getting discussions started here may be difficult-q

people, a diverse group. In past there has been a tendency to sedentarize
This is(?) will...
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and Property Rights
Dear Karol, What a great opportunity to participate in this course. My self a

Babanga we are starting to implement a land security and economic develo
project in Nwoya district ...
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and Property Rights
Dear Karol, for me I felt it was not the best idea to put it under private or pu
firstly this is the largest category, if am not wrong over 70% of Land in Mala
customary and t...
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and Property Rights
Dear George, You have a big role as Administrator in the county governmen
Kenya's devolution. I am not surprised that many of the conflicts you face r
this is very common. I e...
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and Property Rights
Thank you all for sharing your experience and knowledge on the issues of l
However one thing I am still not clear on how to secure tenure of peri-urba
holders in my country Ethiop...
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and Property Rights
Dear Violaine, Many thanks for this question! Informal systems are those
that exist outside of, are not recognized by, and provide rights to users tha
enforced by the ...
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and Property Rights
Hi Bizualem, Excellent and difficult question! If you have not already seen
dissertation you might find it of interest as it addresses just this question:
[https://www.kth.se/polop. (Links to an external site.)..
Click to view
and Property Rights
Thank you for the opportunity to learn and share. Land tenure is a major iss
communities and households that we work with many of whom face chronic
insecurity and land degradation. Acce...
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erika cilliers
erika cilliers
Sep 15, 2015
I am from South Africa where the majority of our population until 1994 had no land rights. My
work involves the resolution of disputes to land rights. I hope to learn more about other
countries and the problems they face with respect to property rights in respect of land.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
Hi Erika,
South Africa has, clearly, an important historical record on land issues. I have long been
interested in the degree to which black smallholder farmers were succeeding in building
businesses BEFORE the 1913 Land Act, when they were legally permitted to own land.
The painful lessons associated with disenfranchising people of their property remain with
us today, not just in South Africa but across the world.
Update yo
Thanks for joining us.

Ronesha Strozier
Ronesha Strozier
Sep 15, 2015
I am really excited to take this course and I look forward to discussing land tenure with all of
you. Land matters to me because the ownership or access to land can have an impact on the
prosperity of an entire group of individuals. I am taking this course to learn more about land
tenure and how it can be applied to environmental justice issues.
David de Vera
David de Vera
Sep 15, 2015
Hello, Land matters to me because I work for an NGO in the Philippines that
provides assistance to Indigenous Communities in their struggle to regain and secure their
Ancestral lands.
While we have probably the most progressive laws in this part of the world that recognize
Traditional rights over lands including marine and other aquatic areas (the Indigenous Peoples
Rights Act of 1997), the main problem is the difficulty in implementing its mandate due to many
other conflicting laws and policies that virtually deny the execution of most provisions of the
Indigenous Peoples Rights Act.
Bruce Turner
Bruce Turner
Sep 15, 2015
Karol,
Thank you for a wonderful beginning to the LTPR MOOC. I really enjoyed this module.
During one of your videos you mentioned concessions and usufruct - leading me to wonder
whether subsequent modules will address issues like land grabbing, fraud & corruption, etc. that
can be barriers to economic development, effective FDI in land, land valuation and so on.
again, my thanks. I look forward to next modules.
Bruce
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 15, 2015
Hi Bruce,
We will touch on land grabbing issues in Module 8 and a bit about fraud and corruption in
Module 13. If you're interested in this topic you might find this report of interest as it discusses
widespread corruption in the land sector: http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013 (Links to an
external site.). We don't spend much time on land valuation but that may be a good addition for
LTPR 2.0!
Bruce Turner
Bruce Turner
Sep 16, 2015
Thanks for your quick and thoughtful response Karol.

Should you decide to include land valuation in a LTPR 2.0 and need resources, I
would be pleased to contribute. I've developed a fair bit of real estate valuation
material for University of BC et al.
Michel A. Rathier
Michel A. Rathier
Sep 15, 2015
Dear Karol and colleagues,

Out of my 30 year+ career I have spent roughly 20 in development of which a huge component
of my career was related to economic, industrial and natural resource development in areas of
agriculture, forestry, mining, energy, water and the environment. Although I have assumed
leadership on the execution of numerous field endeavours, my additional expertise contribution
was always from the strategic as well as the legal/regulatory framework of natural resource
development. Over the years I have added key experiences in areas of resettlement and general
stakeholder relationship management.
More specifically, I have spent the last 5 years in improving my expertise in the mining sector,
working in North and South American jurisdictions on issues of exploration and mining rights,
access to sub-surface resources, and numerous other related issues from economic benefits,
environment, sustainability and responsible practices. Although I have completed post-graduate
studies in urban planning and international management, I have the continuous need to perfect
my knowledge base and (try !) stay relevant as possible.
In researching issues on the latest "thoughts" in the areas of land issues and natural resource
development with the intent of taking up a long term field assignment in related areas, I have
stumbled upon this fantastic MOOC course which looks to be the perfect refresher I was looking
for. I would like to express my thanks to all involved.
My question is related to the duration. I plan to invest the time to go through all the modules but
I was wondering if they would be accessible faster than 1 a week for the next 14 weeks. I have
the interest and opportunity to move through them at a much faster pace and would appreciate if
all the modules could be accessed or at least by batches of 3 a week for example.
Once again, many thanks for having designed and offered such a program, and I thank you for
taking the time to respond to my request.
Regards
Michel A. Rathier B.Sp., M.Urb., MBA
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 16, 2015
Dear Michel,
Thank you very much for your observations. Concerns in the mining sector related to
land are analogous to those in the large-scale agribusiness sector and, in some countries
to conservation efforts. Project in each may look to resettle populations and the local
groups that are resettled may have different tenure relations to the land. Identifying who
is on the land, who has which claims to land and resources and sorting out how to value
or provide benefits based on loss of land and resource rights are a critical part (or should
be) of due diligence or land-based projects in each of these sectors. USAID released
guidance on this last year. See here: http://usaidlandtenure.net/responsibleinvestment (Links to an external site.). I'd love to get your feedback on this.
Unfortunately for this go-around we cannot release the modules more quickly than once a
week BUT we'll look into that for the next iteration!
michael hurley
michael hurley
Sep 15, 2015
My interests focus on water, watershed, and fisheries systems, and the complexities of
values/beliefs, expressed in rights and tenure. Land tenure is always part of that mix, but I have
always been surprised how different sectors ignore others-water sector focuses on water rights,
without a connection to fish, land, pastoralism, or conflict management (and vice versus).
Particularly for common property, there are intersecting complexities that connect "sectors" and
need to be understood.
Also, I have heard very bad and good things about USAID and tenure/rights, so the presentation
so far has had some clarifications and pleasant surprises. One issue I have is re the continuum
figure/perspective on rights, that portray rights as a linear function. This can be dangerous, if
this linearity assumes an ideal state that should be "designed" and attained in "evolution"(this
was/is a problem with World Bank and fish rights). I feel a more multiple pathways perpective
to evolution is warranted.
It is good to hear that there is a change recognizing informal systems, and reducing emphasis
on formal or codified rules (though USAID and others still emphasize legislation vs on the
ground realities)
One aspect missing is the idea of tradeoffs with any change- one system that may seem
inefficient, or unequal may actually serve other functions, often not observed, that may be
equally important.
Also, it seems that context is everything, and contexts (and tenure systems) can change within 50
miles.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 16, 2015
Hi Michael,
Yes, agreed on the linear nature of the continuum - either in Module 1 or 2 I point out that
the linear nature is not designed to convey the message "informal = bad; formal = good."
In some situations formal rights are insecure - in other situations informal rights are
VERY secure. Secure rights, for all landholders, rather than formal or informal rights is
the desirable outcome.
I do think that many tenure experts consider the kinds of trade offs you've mentioned.
For example, most tenure professionals understand that informal systems provide
important social benefits to communities: a kind of insurance, social networks, access to
resources that support livelihoods, etc. and shifting away from informal land systems may
disempower people unless the transition is managed very carefully.
Thanks again and hope you'll continue to share your observations.
Jesse Abrams
Jesse Abrams
Sep 16, 2015
Many thanks to the organizers of this course, I'm looking forward to the upcoming 14 weeks. I'm
a researcher who has mostly worked on land and natural resource-related issues in the U.S. but
I've begun work in Latin America recently where the tenure scenarios tend to be more complex
and dynamic. I'm certain that the course will offer some new and interesting insights for my
work across country contexts.
People in this course may be interested to know that the journal Society and Natural Resources
published a special issue a few months ago on the topic of formalization (of land, property,
markets, etc.), highlighting ways in which formalization can carry unintended consequences both
in terms of the formalization process itself and its outcomes. For at least the time being, all of the
articles in this special issue are freely accessible without a
subscription: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/usnr20/28/5 (Links to an external site.)
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 16, 2015
Thanks Jesse for sharing this. And you raise an important point: HOW formalization
happens is extremely important and this is critical for those people who are
programming land tenure activities. If a formalization effort is not sensitive to the needs
of women, youth, pastoralists, minority groups it can easily end up solidifying existing
power structures or enabling elites to capture rights that were held by less powerful
groups. So yes, point very well taken.
Lianna Reed
Lianna Reed
Sep 16, 2015
Hello everyone. My "experience" with land tenure is related to the work I did for my
undergraduate thesis on land politics and legal pluralism in the eastern DRC. There I explored
the effects of colonialism and the various transitions from customary land tenure systems to more
legalized forms that I think produced conflict between groups in the Ituri region. I argued
that the unequal distribution of land and the lack of inclusivity of land distribution systems
resulting from colonialism and dictatorial rule lead to violent conflict in the region between two
specific groups of people. One important characteristic between these two groups is that they
presently use the land for different purposes. One group uses the land to cultivate and the other
uses it to herd animals, this among many other reasons created rifts between the two groups (who
had once lived peacefully). From living in Senegal this past year I have seen a similar system
where some groups cultivate the land for agricultural purposes (and those are the people that I
work with most closely) and others who roam their cattle and migrate from the north to the south
depending on the time of year and availability of water. Surprising there is no conflict
(surrounding this issue) in Senegal, however, as desertification across the Sahel is increasing and
coming further South and arable land is become more scarce I can see that this could, at some
point, prove to be an issue.
A few questions/comments I had for the group from the texts and videos:
How does resettlement effect herders or other nomadic people when "improving access to
agricultural land" results in the encroachment on land of people who use land intermittently?
Who has the right to resettle people and how is resettlement carried out in a customary system of
land tenure?
In talking about access to land in the general sense, I think it is important to note that not only
are the relationships people have to nature important but also the ways in which people's
relationships to to each other within a community (in the large sense) are important in
determining rights and power over land that may or may not be shared.
I am also interested in the ways that urbanization has affected modern approaches to land tenure
and thereby potentially reducing conflicts that might have once occurred. As so many people are
moving in to urban areas land must be "freeing up." Some land must remain in customary hold
but the state or through more statutory systems must also intervene at some point (I
presume)to produce some sort of dialogue between groups, communities, governments, etc about
what to do with vacated land. I wonder if anyone that works in a country where rapid
urbanization is occurring and rural populations still rely heavily on sustenance farming have any
experience with this.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 16, 2015
Dear Lianna,
Thank you for joining and for your excellent questions. I mentioned this in another response doing effective due diligence before land-based investments take place is extremely important
for the communities that use and live on lands as well as for investors. Pastoralist communities
may have particular difficulty having their voices heard precisely because they are
mobile. USAID developed guidance on this last year in an effort to reduce the potential for
harms: http://usaidlandtenure.net/responsible-investment (Links to an external site.).
Resettlement is discouraged by most donor organizations as it can impose such profound
negative impacts on communities. If resettlements nonetheless move forward, the IFC's
Performance Standards provide guidance on how to structure projects to mitigate
harm: http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/c8f524004a73daeca09afdf998895a12/IFC_Performa
nce_Standards.pdf?MOD=AJPERES (Links to an external site.).
I hope other participants will chime in - maybe we can get a discussion going on your final
question, which is also very intriguing.
michael hurley
michael hurley
Thursday
good questions, Lianna
getting discussions started here may be difficult-quite a few people, a diverse group.
In past there has been a tendency to sedentarize pastoralists. This is(?) will be a problem
while emphasizing agriculture, and with blueprint solutions to climate adaptation is small
scale ag, which can actually increase conflicts. Another issue is resettlement-an example
from the Senegal River, when certain ethnic groups were expelled from southern
Mauritania in a water-land war-. Problems arose years later in repatriating them back to
the other side of border and they found customary processes of allocating common
community lands had been replaced by private property.
Re urban growth and land abandonment. Interesting-not sure if any study on this. In my
limited experience, past policies ignored rural agriculture, thus there is often economic
migration to cities, particularly in drought etc, but not necessarily wholesale
abandonment of land- full or part time migration to urban areas by family members is
common, particularly in crisis. This can weaken families and communities in rural areas,
particularly when women are left to run things on their own. However, almost everyone I
know has a (extended) family member in urban areas or EU that are critical for sending
"remittances" back to sustain rural families-hmmm, a double edged sword? There are
others here that have much more knowledge on this than i do.
PAUL ANDOH
PAUL ANDOH
Sep 16, 2015
Hello, this is timely course. I am doing an article on "Land tenure and property right in the
context of Sustainable Development Goals in Ghana". Information gathered so far from the first
this module have proved very useful. i am very hopeful that this fourteen week course will be
very enlightening.
Gasant Jacobs
Gasant Jacobs
Sep 16, 2015
Thank you to all for the comments. From reading many of them, I get the sense I will learn as
much from those doing the course as I will from those presenting the course. Thank you
specifically for the additional links and documentation that was added in the comments.
Maja Rosendahl Rosenmark
Maja Rosendahl Rosenmark

Sep 16, 2015
Hi Everybody,
Thank you for providing this course for free - knowledge sharing makes us all richer :)
In my experience, secure land tenure and property rights are essential for a good stewardship of
natural resources. Most recently, I wrote my master thesis on the subject of community forestry
in Nepal, and the history of land tenure systems in this country clearly illustrates how the state of
the natural resource base depends on the peoples "sense" of ownership over it - secure and
equitable rights promoted by the establishment of "community forestry" seem to result in a more
sustainable resource use throughout the country (as opposed to the occurrence of severe
deforestation in the 50-60s driven by the nationalization of forest land).
I hope to learn more about different forms of governance and tenure system during this course
Best wishes, Maja
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 16, 2015
Thanks for joining us Maja. I encourage others to look into the experience of community
forests in Nepal - it's an interesting example of how communities can effectively manage
resources if they have strong incentives to do so - incentives provided by secure resource
rights. Here's another important example from Namibia:
http://www.nacso.org.na/what_is_cbnrm.php (Links to an external site.) AND be sure to
check out the "State of the Conservancies" report on the NACSO website!
Jaji Z. Jacob
Jaji Z. Jacob
Sep 16, 2015
It is my great honor to have opportunity to learn this course. am looking forward for great
things to come, it is a real interesting course
Robert Gundlach
Robert Gundlach
Sep 16, 2015
Hi everybody,
this seems like a great course, I am looking forward to the upcoming weeks.
I have a question regarding the reduction of teen pregnancy under effective land rights
presented in the 3rd video of module 1 (Minute 6:00). Could someone please help me out in
regards to the casual relationship?
From my humble student-knowledge, I know that empowered women have a say in family
planning and that poor families choose to have fewer children when they know that their
children's future is relativeley secure (i.e. low mortality, stable income to be able to invest in
medicine and eductaion). So can I assume that secure rights to land increase a family's income
and therefore allow for security and planning? In other words, fewer teen pregnancies are due to
an increased "plan-ability" which goes along with a land title or is there something else at play
(e.g. teens are able to spend more time on education instead of wage or day-labour)?
Looking forward to your reply
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 16, 2015
Hi Robert,
Why WOULD having more secure rights to land reduce teen pregnancy? Here's an
article that discusses the
connections: http://usaidlandtenure.net/commentary#2809 (Links to an external site.).
Adewumi Peace Abayomi
Adewumi Peace Abayomi

Sep 16, 2015
Land is an asset and inheritance from generation to another generation, Land tenure and property
rights play a vital role in my country because through that , there will be no chaos or apartheid
because of land ownership or if someone is trying to claim the land.
2. What to do to prevent chaos in Land tenure and ownership.?
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Sep 16, 2015
Dear Adewumi,
That's a big question: how to prevent chaos in land tenure and ownership arrangements?
Some ideas include: clarifying who has rights to which resources at which times - that
can be done by writing it down, or otherwise recording this. Community members
probably know who has legitimate claims to which property and which resources. In rural
areas you may be able to work with communities to create participatory maps of lands,
forests, pastures, etc. It may be that the Government has ultimate title to the land but
communities may have long-standing customary claims over land. As documents such as
the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure suggest, governments
should respect the rights of these customary occupants. Here is a link to the VGGTs:
http://www.fao.org/nr/tenure/information-resources/en/ (Links to an external site.).
In informal settlements in cities you can also create very helpful community maps to
show who lives where. Here is a link to what Shack/Slum Dwellers International does
through its "Know Your City" campaign (very cool
stuff): http://www.knowyourcity.info/map.php#/app/ui/world (Links to an external site.).
Chaos comes when people don't know or don't agree and fight over who controls what.
So understanding who has rights is important but it's also important that court systems or
dispute resolvers enforce legitimate rights. For many courts this is difficult and in many
countries corruption is widespread. These are also major problems for people working in
this sector.
Hope this helps!
Agata Kingsbury
Agata Kingsbury
Sep 16, 2015
Hello,
I do not have experience with land tenure, but I would like to learn more about this subject. I'm
agricultural economist and I analyze different commodities production, trade, and consumption
data. I'm also interested in global food security and I hope this course can help me to gain new
knowledge.
Best regards,
Agata
George Odunga Obare
George Odunga Obare

Sep 16, 2015
I am an administrator with the county Government and a student in Kenya. I am afraid I don't
have a solid background training or knowledge on land tenure/ownership/rights issues but have
really found this course so interesting and relevant to me in my day to day work. As an
administrator, many of the conflicts I handle end up on land tenureship. I believe by the end of
the 14 weeks, I will have developed reasonable knowledge about land related matters to help me
make correct decisions in my work. This is a wonderfully relevant course to many people!!!!!!
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Thursday
Dear George,
You have a big role as Administrator in the county government given Kenya's devolution.
I am not surprised that many of the conflicts you face relate to land; this is very common.
I encourage you to share questions during the course and we can draw on the experiences
of the group.
Alejandra Ruilova
Alejandra Ruilova
Thursday
The course is really interesting. The most important part, for me, is the analyze of different types
of sceneries where Land Tenure is complex.
I'm from Bolivia, and our Land policy is complex and include a variety of Land Tenures
(informal and formal) overlapped. I current work as a part of a team that is designed for a
solution (software) that can, in a simple way, manage this type of complex land tenures, that is
why this kind of courses are so important for me and my partners.
Michael Nti Appiah
Michael Nti Appiah

Friday
Hi Alejandra,
I will like to know more about this software. Hope to learn more from you as time goes
on.
thanks.
violaine fourile
violaine fourile
Thursday
Dear Karol,
Thanks a lo for this interesting course and first module so far. I am not very clear between the
difference of a customary system and an informal system. Could you please deepen these terms?
Thanks a lot,
Violaine
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Thursday
Dear Violaine,
Many thanks for this question!
Informal systems are those land systems that:
are not recognized by the government, and
provide rights to users that typically are not be enforced by the

government through its statutes or regulations.
Examples of informal land governance systems would include slums -- areas where
people do not recognize the formal laws associated with the land they occupy. Slum
dwellers create their own rules about how to use and allocate the land. In many cases
informal tenure is illegal.
Customary systems, on the other hand, are systems that have evolved over time and are
managed by traditional governance authorities, who enforce rules related to land use
(which are often not written down) and allocation. These systems may be "informal" - not
recognized by the government but increasingly government do recognize customary
systems.
I hope this helps!
Bitek Charles Lakony
Bitek Charles Lakony

Thursday
Dear Karol,
What a great opportunity to participate in this course. My self and Mr. Wilfred Babanga we are
starting to implement a land security and economic development project in Nwoya district Northern Uganda. The dimensions of land conflict here in Nwoya is quite a complex one. Am
glad that as i was going through the Module - i could see lots of important concepts that will
help me in the work. I believe by the end of the 14 weeks i will be in a better position to handle
the tasks that lie ahead
Bizualem Admasu Nesir
Bizualem Admasu Nesir

Thursday
Thank you all for sharing your experience and knowledge on the issues of land tenure. However
one thing I am still not clear on how to secure tenure of peri-urban land holders in my country
Ethiopia. Most of the cities and towns are expanding with very rapid rate.So keeping the
expansion and protecting the security of tenure needs still many thing to do. So what is your
recommendation on this issues.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Thursday
Hi Bizualem,
Excellent and difficult question! If you have not already seen this doctoral dissertation
you might find it of interest as it addresses just this question:
https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.530778!/Achamyeleh-%20final%20phd%20thesis.pdf
(Links to an external site.). You might also find this paper useful: http://www.africanreview.com/Vol.%206%20(1)/AREF_AG%20Adam.pdf (Links to an external site.). In
the US we would address these problems through zoning regulations and by reclassifying
lands. Reclassifying lands does, of course, have important implications for valuation.
Thanks again for your question!
Gitau Mbure
Gitau Mbure
Thursday
Thank you for the opportunity to learn and share.
Land tenure is a major issue for communities and households that we work with many of whom
face chronic food insecurity and land degradation. Access to water is also a major issue both for
domestic use and also for farming and so is deforestation and overgrazing particularly on
communal lands. Ill be interested to learn how LTPR programming is evolving to address not
just land, but governance of resources such as water and trees that are linked to land.
Development organizations focusing on food security or economic growth may not adequately
address LTPR issues and in some cases their interventions can make matters worse. Im
interested in learning how others have integrated LTPR issues to achieve food security and
resiliencehow are we avoiding doing any harm when we have limited capacity to address
LTPR issues.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Friday
Very important question and I hope others will add in. One way to address this might be to
include land tenure/land rights as an element of social and environmental impact assessments
that take place before development programming begins. Other ways to do this would be through
outreach to food security and economic growth offices to provide assistance as needed to
complement their skills and expertise. This might be as easy as sharing documents or holding
brown bags but could also involve including tenure experts on project design teams from the
start. Here is an example of a project that builds tenure issues into a food security project in
Tajikistan: http://usaidlandtenure.net/commentary/2014/11/tajikistan-legal-aid-boosts-foodsecurity-agricultural-investment (Links to an external site.). And here is a link to a USAID Issue
Brief on Land Tenure, Property Rights and Economic Growth in Rural
Areas: http://usaidlandtenure.net/issue-briefs/land-tenure-property-rights-and-economic-growthrural-areas (Links to an external site.). Hopefully, this question sparks a broader discussion!
Claudia Irene CALDERON

Friday
Hello Gitau,
your comment resonates exactly with the situation people in my home country face
(Guatemala). Going back from the time of the colony, when Spain displaced indigenous
communities to marginal lands, to a series of governmental policies that have benefited
historically large estate landowners, the effects on food security are very obvious. Socioeconomical burdens are pressuring people to migrate locally and internationally, leaving
behind some of their heirloom varieties that were adapted to the lands they lived get lost.
Crop resilience to climate change is a key element to consider when talking about food
security, and conservation of the genetic diversity associated with food crops is
instrumental. I ponder on the same question you posed and read the food security project
in Tajikistan that Karol mentioned in her reply to you. I still feel that securing legal
access to land, had to come hand with hand with microcredits for irrigation, access to
seeds, harvest and post harvest strategies... I would love to discuss more about your ideas.
Claudia I.
Linda Renee Tilstra
Linda Renee Tilstra

Friday
For my area of work, the lack of knowledge on property rights is more the concern, challenge
or perhaps even risk. When as a group of engineers, we go into third world countries to teach and
assist the local community with their water quality, well, pump and latrine issues; property rights
do come into play. It is easy to make the assumption when there is a hand to mouth existence of a
local population, as is the case for many Dominican Republic communities, that property rights
are not a pressing concern. For example, the thinking is that if there is open defecation practiced
by the community and the population is suffering from rashes and intestinal issues, who could
possibly object to the placement of a simple latrine structure?
Even though a non-profit group may be offering charitable assistance, there still is a local
government in place that may object and permanently disable an ongoing project. For this
reason, it is critical to know how property rights work before resources are wasted.
I hope this class will give insights to the workings of governments globally. It is important to
know how to navigate through various legal systems and to acquire the appropriate permissions
in order to continue important work within the overlooked communities.
Vuttinan Utesnan
Vuttinan Utesnan
Friday
Land is natural resources and fundamental to produce all goods, considered one of the three
factors of production with capital and labor. Moreover, land comprises all naturally occurring
resources whose supply is inherently fixed. For example, location is fixed to produce value by
improvement to simplify micro-economic. On macro-economic, income can derive from land
ownership or natural resources as rent. For modern economic, land is original and indestructible
powers of the soil suggesting a land value tax affected the opportunity cost of using land on the
market as tangible assets land. Geographic land location and mineral deposits have been the
cause of conflict and dispute to concerns for food security and poverty alleviation, development
agencies and organizations are introducing strategies that help to build assets and promote the
self-reliance of poor people and communities.
Thailand, all land is under King of Thailand. King administrates land by the government under
democracy system. Mainly two types of land tenure would be state and private land. The private
system assigns right to lands holder both individual and group of private and public. The state
land is divided to many government officials managed for specific official purposes. The lack of
reliable records, the prevalence of fraud, procedural burdens, demonstrably affected the ability of
people to use properly. Regulations and enforcement of land uses and property developments are
quite burdensome for people, especially traditional landholder without state right endorsement.
I hope this course will demonstrate how to compromise land categories, to efficiency land record
for useful investigation to sustainable development in all future inherently land fixed.
Michael Nti Appiah
Michael Nti Appiah

Friday
As a basic economic asset to humanity, land is invariably a source of power and wealth, and
therefore has an increasing demand. The current trend of market production, population growth
and urbanization has enhanced the economic value of land increasing competition and land
scarcity. This has resulted in an increasing trend in land disputes and the likes.
The legal framework for land management in Ghana is characterized by a pluralistic legal system
in which customary and statutory systems governing land overlap. The great majority of land in
Ghana is held informally, under customary tenure systems which constitutes about 80% of land
in Ghana. Public lands on the other hand forms about 20%.
I hope this course will give an insight into modern tools for managing such a pluralistic system
to ensure that both statutory and customary rules co-exist effectively.
Martin Mwebesa
Martin Mwebesa
Friday
Great course. I currently work as a Valuer in Uganda. LTPR is therefore a stronghold in my line
of career. We currently have Four Land Tenures in Uganda (i.e. Freehold, Private Mailo,
Leasehold and Customary. arranged in order of the degree of control). However only 20% of the
land is registered. This is due to the high costs involved in land registration and lack of
sensitization.
This has lead to many avoidable conflicts over land. From my experience, areas with less stable
tenures are slummy and less developed compared to the areas with stable tenures. From this I
believe we can develop more if we had more stable/secure register-able and transferable Property
rights/interests.
Otherwise I am optimistic that I will learn a lot from this MOOC.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Friday
Hi Martin,
Welcome and I also hope what you learn helps you with your work in Uganda. You might be
interested in this project that USAID is implementing in Tanzania - it is designed to address the
questions of to register rights in rural areas: http://usaidlandtenure.net/commentary#2789 (Links
to an external site.). And here is another example of how USAID is working to secure
customary land rights in Zambia: http://usaidlandtenure.net/documents/tgcc-success-storysupporting-transparent-land-administration-zambia (Links to an external site.).
Best wishes,
Karol
Martin Mwebesa
Martin Mwebesa
Saturday
These are really great ideas. I think the solution for Land titling in developing
countries is such simplification.
Mohamed Ahmed Said
Mohamed Ahmed Said

Friday
the three cases you have been selected was very interested. i read extremely the differences
between those three countries.
i compared with may country Somalia so i made analysis looking into two dimensions
1. who owns the land and types land tenure
2. the process resolved land disputes
in Somalia the land primarily is owned by government. as you know Somalia sabotaged by civil
wars and still currently going.
in 1969-1991 the most land in somalia was owned by the government.
practically in somalia present are four types of land tenure: public land tenure, private land
tenure, joint land tenure and communal land tenure.
in a case of land disputes in somalia the case is resloved through either formal system or
informal system. the most land disputes in somalia is resolved through Collaborative dispute
Resolutions mechanisms include Mediation, negotiation and etc
remember in somalia there is a Legal pluralism include statutory, customary and Religious
law. all they are different in terms of ownership and process of resolving land disputes
i hope you get more understand the land tenure system in somalia
best regards
Mohamed
Edited by Mohamed Ahmed Said on Sep 18 at 6:41pm

Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Friday
Dear Mohamed,
Thank you very much for sharing this information about the land tenure environment in Somalia.
I wonder if you can tell us how people transfer rights to land in the country today AND whether
or not conflict over land is increasing or decreasing - in your opinion. Thanks again!

Friday
Mohammed,
I am a biologist and specialist on plant genetics, I am not a specialist on land tenure, and I
wanted to ask if you could give some examples to illustrate the differences between the
four different types of land tenure that you mentioned. Thank you,
Claudia I.
Linh Le
Linh Le
Friday
Thank you for organizing the course. I work a lot on slum upgrading projects and land tenure is
one of the important components of our intervention. I would certainly like to get specific
lessons and best practices from all over the world on land tenurization for informal settlements,
among other knowledge presented by the course. Thank you.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Friday
So glad to have you join us! Here is one paper that may be of interest: https://halshs.archivesouvertes.fr/halshs-00751866/file/Paul_Syagga__LAND_TENURE_IN_SLUM_UPGRADING.pdf (Links to an external site.). And you may be
very familiar with the efforts of the Cities Alliance but in case not here is a helpful document
with some best practices highlighted:
http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/sponsor/ActionPlan.pdf (Links to an external site.).
Linh Le
Linh Le
Monday
Excellent! Thank you for sharing!

Emmanuel NYANDWI
Emmanuel NYANDWI
Friday
HELLO
In my experience (in Rwanda) land is at time power, a social economical and physical property
Specifically in Rwanda poor land management and unfair land distribution has been for many
times a source of conflicts
Having no land means you are powerless. Having more land means you have power, you can
gain support from those who want to benefit from your land. You cumulate much wealth
It is also a social property. We all came from rural villages into different clans: in the past
individuals occupying a common land. The land defines where we came from. We carry the
name of our ancestor who in past occupied a specific piece of land. If say I am of this clan then
people will exactly know where I came from though because of the 1994 tragedy most of us we
do not know our origin.
Land remains the most source of our daily food. More than 80% of Rwanda depends on farming.
The reason why land should be managed with a special eye. Tenure security is the foremost step
to any conflict management in Rwanda and any attempt to development. Currently Rwanda has a
national cadastre. Though it was established through general boundaries demarcation, it serves
an effective tool for reduction of land related disputes and now people can give their land for
collateral and get money from bank. The issue remain in subdivision control. It still operates
under a quasi-informal arrangement. People can subdivide their land without the presence of land
manager.
Ibrahima KA
Ibrahima KA
Friday
I am delighted to join the group. I am young researcher and land security is my conviction and
domain of expertise. It's a chance for me to attend this course. I would like to ead and eventually
to know other land experts. I am doing my thesis on land policy in West Africa francophone
countries (Burkina Faso and Senegal). I know I will learn a lot. I am a research assistant in a
think tank that works on land (www.ipar.sn).
Jean Jacques BAMBUTA BOOLE
Jean Jacques BAMBUTA BOOLE

Friday
I am also very happy to take this course for various preoccupations related to my work. As
REDD+ Advisor and especially in my capacity as trainer of local actors, I push producers of
charcoal to use improved carbonization techniques. These activities are conducted in urban and
peri-urban areas in the DRC. For this, the coal producers use wood from sustainably managed
forests. The communities practice of annual felling systems on renewable forests with simple
management plans. As part of forest restoration, it comes to reforest land has a direct relation to
land tenure, if only to find out who does what, on what , and for what period! Sometimes I work
on land affected by a superposition of land titles (mining, forestry, agriculture). In this case, I
always wonder, what title takes precedence over the other?
Sorry of the level of my English! Im just improving it!

Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Friday
Cher Jean Jacques,

Votre Anglais est beaucoup mieux que mon Francais! Normally mining titles takes
precedence over forestry or agriculture titles/rights BUT let's see if there's is someone in
the course who can tell us for certain in DRC. Can anyone confirm that mineral rights
are superior to other land uses in DRC?
Best wishes,
Karol
Deleted by Karol Boudreaux on Sep 18 at 6:53pm
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Friday
Welcome Ibrahima; we are very glad to have you join the course and I hope you will
share your research and questions with us.
Best wishes,
Karol
Deleted by Genevieve Pritchard on Sep 18 at 5:07pm
Belete Chalie
Belete Chalie
Friday
I am very interested by the course land tenure and property right. Saying this, I have questions
that 1. Is there a difference or similarity between "holding right and ownership right"? Would
you explain more land governance?
thank you
Chalie
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Friday
Dear Chalie,
If I understand the question correctly the difference would be that those people who hold
use rights to land cannot normally sell the land (they may be able to sell their rights to use
land). Private owners are normally able to sell land unless this is restricted by law.
Customary owners are normally not able to sell land. Some governments sell state lands
other governments only lease land or rights to use land.
I hope this helps!
Raina Turner
Raina Turner
Friday
After completing all of the modules (this week) for this course, I am excited to continue
learning! My motivation for enrolling in this course is to better align my passions with the skill
set necessary to make an impact in marginalized/impoverished communities.
I am looking forward to learning more from the professionals leading this course, as well as my
classmates. I am in the U.S. and had been focusing on gentrification and finding successful ways
to combat its effects on marginalized communities. This led me to expand my scope of study to
global patterns of gentrification and how other communities are affected and strategically combat
this process. In doing so, I have adapted my approach and am looking to sustainable community
development locally and abroad (upgrading communities/'projects' vs displacing residents or
developing in an ecologically friendly AND sustainable manner) in a response to the various
challenges of insecure land/property rights. I am looking to apply what I gain from this course to
my work in the U.S. along with partnering organizations in specific countries in Africa and South
America.
Before we can approach sustainable development by employing biomimetic practices, we need
to have an understanding of not only the culture of those we partner with but also of the various
nuances related to LTPR in those areas. I am looking forward to the next 14 weeks!
Edited by Raina Turner on Sep 18 at 7:05pm
Florence Ibe-Oledibe
Florence Ibe-Oledibe
Friday
I appreciate the opportunity to participate in this training.

I am excited too because I am currently employed by an international research institute that hosts
the System wide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi), one of several
inter-center initiatives of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
(CGIAR) (Links to an external site.) established to foster research and promote collaboration on
institutional aspects of natural resource management between CGIAR research centers, national
agricultural research institutions, and other sources.
I believe that factors that facilitate effective local organizations and appropriate property regimes
in one resource sector can provide valuable insights for another resource; also that the most
vulnerable and marginalized rural groups often lack access to resources because they lack secure
property rights. For more resources: http://www.capri.cgiar.org/about/ (Links to an external site.)
The land tenure and property rights in my country of origin (Nigeria) needs to be more finetuned to eliminate gaps between what the law stipulates and the de facto rules on ground. The
vice-president of Nigeria recently reiterated the need for issues of compensation to original
inhabitants, removal of illegal structures, massive infrastructural development, provision of
social services as well as general land administration to be situated with extant laws, using the
traditional contract model as well as the new public private partnership approach.
I am so looking forward to this training and the obvious beneficial take homes
Amadou Koita
Amadou Koita
Yesterday
Hello to all
The course material is providing the information I was expecting and I am
understanding the materials. I am from Mali West Africa where English is
not our working language.
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Jeremy Green
Jeremy Green
183 183 unread replies. 183 183 replies.
Welcome to the discussion forum. This is a space for participants to share ideas, to pose
questions and to help each other.
Module 1 Discussion Topics
This unique Massive Open Online Course brings together participants from across the globe to
discuss one of today's most important development issues: rights to land and other resources.
This course includes nearly 1000 participants from a range of organizations, including
representatives from development agencies, civil society, academia and other sectors - all of
whom have some interest in land tenure and property rights. We hope that you will use this
discussion forum to share your valuable experiences, perspectives and ideas with group - it will
make this course all the richer. For this introductory module, we would like the discussion to
focus on:
1. Why does land matter to you? In your experience, what roles do land tenure
and property rights play in the countries where you work, in the development
issues you focus on, or in the sectors you are most interested in?
2. What questions do you hope this course will answer? What type of skills,
knowledge or strategies do you hope to get from our 14 weeks together?
Discussion Guidelines
1. This discussion forum is for participants to examine, ask questions, or
generally comment on the module among themselves. While discussion
facilitators will monitor the forum and respond to questions or comments
when appropriate as time allows, this is intended to be a peer-to-peer
learning tool. Participants are encouraged to share their own ideas,
perspectives and experiences as part of the course. We want to know what

you think.
2. For each module, a discussion prompt is given, but any part of the module is
open for discussion.
3. If participants have additional questions for instructors that are not answered
through the forum, please send those to the teachers through Canvas' inbox
and limit direct questions to 2 per module.
4. Please be polite, open and respectful. Any personal attacks or abusive,
offensive or inflammatory posts will be removed.
Reply Reply to Main Discussion

Page
Nripen Baidya
Nripen Baidya
Friday
In Bangladesh land tenure system is cucumbersome. For the hill and ethnic community the law is
strict and need special permission and the Hindus those who went to India in 1965 during the
riot, their land has classified as Enemy property. This sector is very much corrupted and poor
people are the most victim by both rich and government officials. The poor often force to leave
their land but do not pay them the right price or market price. Minorities are most victims.
I think this course will be interesting and worth for learning. May we get a preferred book or pdf
notes to read and discuss based on the given materials.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Monday
Dear Nripen,
Your readings materials should be available as pdf files in most cases. Please let us know
if you are having difficulties accessing them.
Best wishes, Karol

Issa M H Smirat
Issa M H Smirat
Friday
I Live in the occupied West Bank, my country is occupied by Israel. My question is how we can
develop our people right in their land. Is it a different model?
many thanks
Issa Smirat
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Yesterday
Dear Issa, I noticed that some of the participants in the course work with the Norwegian
Refugee Council which does work on shelter issues. They may have information that is of
interest to you: http://www.nrc.no/?aid=9147817#.VgE2eN9Viko (Links to an external
site.). But the question you raise is really around reclaiming rights and resettlements. In
my experience these are some of the most difficult questions because they are so
intimately tied to political concerns.
John Kayira
John Kayira
Friday
Since I m a farmer herein Tanzania land play a big roll on my daily life, and as population is
growing fast and the land is still the same, so we need people to know more about land rights and
tenure.
Yes course will answer many questions that I have by the end of the program.
Grizel Gonzalez-Jeuck
Grizel Gonzalez-Jeuck
Friday
I am currently working in the United States, although I am interested in working in another

country. However, I am interested in gender and monority issues that affect can affect land
tenure, such as the loss of a spouse who owend and/or was the primary opperator, inheritance
issues, or just being a woman or minority affect land tenure and land management decisions.
From what I've seen in this last module, it seems that many of these key issues and strategies
can be generalized even to landholders here in the US. Would you consider that to be true or are
there other issues and strategies that may be more prevalent/effective in these cases?
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Monday
Dear Grizel,
I do think that many of the issues that affect landholders outside the US do still or have in
the past, affected the US. This certainly applies to issues related to women's rights to
own property in their own names, to inherit property. The same applies to right of some
minority groups to own property or to use property - as with African Americans and
Native Americans. We will continue to mention these issues in future modules.
Thanks for your question and thank you for joining us!
Christina Stegura
Christina Stegura
Friday
This looks like a very interesting course. I had not thought of LTPR as a development issue
until recently and now that I have, it is clear through so many examples. I was a Peace Corps
Volunteer in Cameroon and did a reforestation project of a water source. All of the farmers
surrounding the water source agreed to move their land back farther to allow for the
reforestation. Now I am wondering what type of land tenure is practiced in Cameroon. Currently
I work as a Desk officer for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Comoros, and Madagascar with Peace
Corps. I have noticed that there are cattle rustling disputes in Madagascar and feel that there is
likely a connect with land tenure and property rights involved.
I hope that this course will help me to understand many of the different ways that LTPR are
involved in different types of development sectors. I plan to use this information moving forward
in the development field. Looking forward to the next 14 weeks with everyone!
One question I did have from the first reading was the term 'commons pool'. We dont seem to
have used the term elsewhere yet, but the definition did not make sense to me. If anyone has a
good idea of this term and would like to elaborate, it would be greatly appreciated.
Henry Peredo
Henry Peredo
Friday
Hi Karol,
I find this course very interesting. I worked the last 18 years in land registration systems, creating
software to register the rights of the land, so this course will be useful for me.
I'm looking forward to the upcoming 14 weeks.
Thanks.
Luis Fernando Gmez
Luis Fernando Gmez

Saturday
I work in Colombia in conservation planning and natural resources management. LTPR are critical issues
considering we have different kinds of LTPR, as is mentioned in the video 3 considering Colombia as a study case.
For communal lands we have also an additional consideration in our policy framework, which highlight the
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONALITY of the land. It means that are certain criteria that are monitored to maintain or
not their LTPR. I seem it is a particular case and could be interesting to know if some similar figure exists in other
countries.
As probably is known for most of participants, Colombias Government is currently under peace negotiation with
the FARC guerilla, and LTPR is one of the first points of the agenda due the relevance for rural development in post
conflict scenario.
Im wondering to see that Colombia is one of the study cases of the course, and Im particularly interested in know
similar experiences of LTPR in post conflict cases around the world.
Thank you very much for the opportunity to participate and share through this online training in this key aspect for
sustainable development processes.
David Lamah
David Lamah
Saturday
Hi Karol,
I have worked as monitoring and evaluation personal for the Norwegian Refugee
Council (NRC) in my country - Liberia. I worked for the Information, Counseling and
Legal Assistance Program (ICLA), we were involved in land disputes resolution using
the Alternative Dispute Resolution methodology. We were able to document 500+
land disputes in 6 years. We also managed to resolve 334 via ADR mediation
process.
I find this course very interesting. I have managed to quickly observe that this
course has lot of participants from diverse backgrounds and are involved with land
activities at different levels. They all have lot to offer and lot to learn over the
coming 14 solid weeks of activities.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Monday
So glad to have you join us David. You are not the only person from NRC joining us I
think! And I hope that you'll share your experiences with some of the other people on the
discussion thread - some are asking about how their civil society organizations can
address land tenure challenges and I'm sure you'd have a lot to contribute.
Best wishes, Karol
Mohammed Abdur Razzak

Saturday
A leading international expert, H.D. Soto puts his comment on the issue as Modern market
economies generate growth because widespread formal property rights, registered in a system
governed by legal rules, afford indisputable proof of ownership and protection from uncertainty
and fraud so permitting massive low cost exchange, fostering specialisation and greater
productivity. It is law that defines the relationship of rights to people. Civilised living in market
economies is not simply due to greater prosperity but to the order that formalised property rights
bring. (Hernando de Soto 1993)
The changing humankind-land relationship and current global and local drivers such as
sustainable development, urbanization, globalization, economic reform and the information
revolution, demand land administration responses. Of the global drivers, sustainable
development may be identified as having overall significance because of its dynamic economicpolitical, social, and environmental dimensions. At the heart of the challenging opportunity-cost
decisions for sustainable development is the pressing need for land administration systems to
evolve speedily and appropriately to support the sustainable development imperative. (The
Evolving Role of Land Administration in Support of Sustainable Development-- FIG Don Grant,
Surveyor-General of New South Wales, Professorial Associate, Department of Geomatics, The
University of Melbourne, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia)
Proper registration is crucial for security of tenure and property rights, effective housing policies
and the promotion of market-oriented reforms in economies in transition, as well as in the
context of European integration. The activity is aimed at providing assistance to countries in
transition in reforming cadastre and land registration systems and sharing information and
experience of modernizing land administration systems in the developed market economies
through education and training, research and development, exchange of experience, transfer of
technology, and standardization.
Zulker Naeen
Zulker Naeen
Saturday
The course introduction is really interesting one. I have gone through the reading materials
and the video lectures. This journey will be more informative when the next 14 weeks will take
us further. The land rights that exist in all countries vary from each other. Sometimes these
rights are informal and sometimes informal. I think this will be clear more in the next. But I
found that, this course will be helpful for the project designers to build a successful project to
bring sustainable development.
C. Insouvanh
C. Insouvanh
Saturday
Land Matter especially for my work. Since 2007, I have been working and trying to assist
my government and some of its development partners to secure food and land for the
peoples who are impacted by investment/development project such as large hydropower,
mining and other rural infrastructure development. About 80 per cent of Lao people rely
on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods; land is therefore a vital aspect of their lives.
Unfortunately legal frameworks on land tenure remain a challenge. Working as a Social
Safeguards Specialist, I try to learn more on how I can help the projects impacted peoples
to have access to and define their rights and entitlements. In 2012 I helped the government
to draft the Lao National Land Policy, but because of some unsolved complex issues, the
Policy remains under discussion among senior officers. Today, most of Lao people rely on
informal rights such customary rights and/or user rights. I am sure will learn more in the
coming weeks, but for the meantime, can you explain more about securing informal land
use rights.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Yesterday
Thank you for joining us and your work is tied to the work that Brandon Scovill is doing
in Lao (see the note just below this one). Some governments secure customary rights by
issuing certificates that recognize the rights of customary landholders to use and benefit
from land - this is an increasingly common approach. The certificates provide formal
recognition of rights and so may provide some additional protection against wrongful
expropriation AND may provide a better basis for compensation in cases where people
are resettled. Vietnam, Mozambique and Tanzania are examples of countries that use
certificates of land rights. Here is a short article that talks about the challenges of
integrating customary land rights systems into formal systems that may be of
interest: http://usaidlandtenure.net/sites/default/files/USAID_Land_Tenure_PRRG_Integr
ating_Customary_Land_Tenure_Into_Statutory_Land_Law.pdf (Links to an external
site.).
Brandon Scovill
Brandon Scovill
Saturday
Checking in from the Lao PDR. Thanks for putting together this program. We are
working on protecting land tenure for family farmers. Looking forward to getting a good
foundation of the international context of land tenure and property rights.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Monday
Hi Brandon,
Very glad to have you with us. I hope that you'll get that strong foundation and some
ideas to help with your work in the field. There a lot of folks on the discussion thread
who may have good ideas!
Best, Karol
PAUL ANDOH
PAUL ANDOH
Saturday
Hello Karol,
How can land tenure and property rights be incorporated into a country's developmental agenda
to address the issue of rural- urban migration. I am from Ghana and i see this to be the cause of
urban migration of the youth from the north to the south.
Hope to hear from you as well as other colleagues.
John Kayira
John Kayira
Saturday
Dear Karol
Are we going to have weekly test or exam to check on our understanding, if yes please advise
how we should submit our assignments.
John
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Monday
Hi John,
We will have periodic exams but not weekly exams - look for for first quiz after Module
3B. You will submit your answers to the quiz on-line.
Hope this helps,
Karol
Kwesi Phaamah
Kwesi Phaamah
Saturday
studying LTPR would go a long way to develop my career.

down here in ghana the Lands and real Estates have become the trending investments and due to
that even farm lands are being converted to residential land and are being sold by individual.
Marion Payne-Bird
Marion Payne-Bird
Saturday
Enjoyed module 1. Excited about the idea of evolving land systems and am interested in new
types of tenure beyond freehold, leasehold and licences. For example we are seeing big changes
in our economies with the growth of the small business sector . The cost of space for small
businesses is often prohibitive or the space is insecure. Do you know of new tenural
arrangements that better support small business development?
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Monday
Wow; wonderful question! Seems like some kind of sharing arrangement might be a
possible solution for the problems you are facing OR something like the community land
trust model. Here is a link to the latter (which is evolving now in the
US): http://cltnetwork.org/ (Links to an external site.) .
Best, Karol
DENYSE MARIA GOMES MELLO
DENYSE MARIA GOMES MELLO

Saturday
Thanks Karol! It is very interesting topic for me. Land tenure and propriety rights are key factors
of gender inequality in the Brazilian Amazon region. I'm working with the rural women in the
Amazon have been losing their access and control of natural resource because lack land tenure
and propriety rights. My questions: What do I need to take account in the strategies to
empowering minority people to participate in the land governance system?
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Monday
Dear Denyse,
Some of the issues to take into consideration are: how to ensure that women's voices and
needs and the voices and needs of minority people are identified and then incorporated
into discussions with stakeholders in the land sector. This might mean finding times and
places to meet that work best for women (best times/places may be different for women
than for men); finding ways to help women and minority groups build the confidence
they need to speak up on their own and participate in land conversations (being sensitive
to concerns not to put people in danger); and using social media to communicate
messages about what women and minority groups need and want when it comes to land.
Here is one organization that does a wonderful job communicating about the importance
of women's land rights: http://www.landesa.org/ (Links to an external site.).
Very glad to have you with us!
Blandine Tiako- Egoue
Blandine Tiako- Egoue

Sunday
Hello,
The course is important to me because I am renting my house and find some technical terms very
difficult to understand. Hopefully my the end of this course I will not feel puzzle by some of this
terms. Regarding questions at the moment I don't have any question, However, I am looking
forward to this exiting journey of study.
Kind Regards,
Blandine
David Thomson Tembo
David Thomson Tembo

Sunday
Thank you so much for organizing such interesting and useful e-course. For now I do not
have questions but looking forward to the case studies. I am very ken to learn more about the
land tenure in Tanzania asit is closer to home here in Zambia.

Sunday
Dear Green,
A lot of thanks. Land tenure is very important for securing rights with responsibilities and
restrictions. The course will helpful undoubtedly for every one.
Haruna JIMOH
Haruna JIMOH
Sunday
The importance of this course can not be over emphasized, kudos to the developers. Land
tenure plays a major role in the development of our cities, for instance, the development of slums
is a major manifest of poor/cumbersome/unclear land tenure system in most cases.
Reginald Toussaint
Reginald Toussaint
Sunday
Everyone, I am from Reginald Toussaint, I am from Haiti, one of the case study
countries of the course. I am looking forward to learn a lot from this course. Access
to land is of one the limiting factors of extreme poverty in my country. Because. Of
weak governance and the complexity of the law that deals with land rights it is very
difficult to tell the land tenure is really secured. Thousands of hectares of land stay
in fallow because of unresolved conflict. Lack of planning and inability to attract
investment are some of the consequences of land tenure issues
Agricultural development and natural resource conservation are two key areas that are severely
affected by land tenure issues. I hope I can learn from my peers and the professors of this course
some good lessons that will help me address those issues.
Best,
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Monday
Welcome Reginald, We are so happy to have you and look forward to having you share insights
with us from Haiti. You have direct experience of how insecure rights contribute to food
insecurity and conflict. Hopefully, you will get ideas for strategies that can work to address these
problems though, of course, they are often deeply entrenched and very difficult to change.
Guy Peter Alistair Mullin
Guy Peter Alistair Mullin

Yesterday
Dear Karol! Despite power cuts and lack of intenet access I have finally managed
to see all the videos and quick read the texts. I enjoyed your introduction and two
questions remained with me: - 1. Will there be versions in other languages as in
Mozambique I need one in portuguese; 2. Is there any country where women have
a deal equal to men? Is there gender balance in land tenure and property rights
anywhere in reality? Best from Guy Mullin
Moustapha Diop
Moustapha Diop
Monday
Hi karol,
Nice to see you again...
Thank you for sharing your experiences in land tenure with us. Land tenure issues is a very
complex and dangerous subject that a professional can face , mostly in Africa, where Land is the
only asset "owns" by many small farmers, it is about life. Beyond that, the complexity is made
by the fact that there is different cultural conception of Land tenure in Africa. First the legal
approach (for educated people) made during the colonization and using by many African
governments until now and an informal way or traditional conception of the land using by the
people, indigenous who represent the majority. The meeting between these two opposed
approaches is creating a very complex subject. How to conjugate them together efficiently
without prejudice?
Hopefully with some good cases of studies during the session, we will have a better
understanding and some practical evidences to the subject.
I am consultant in Land tenure issues in Africa and doing my PhD in the same subject in
Geography department at Maryland University. I have several years experiences in Land tenure
in Africa working on the project, program, private sector and research.
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Yesterday
Hi Moustapha,
I agree this is one of the most complex and challenging areas of development. Here is a
paper that talks about how some countries have worked to integrate customary systems
into formal systems and shares some lessons. I hope it is useful for
you: http://usaidlandtenure.net/sites/default/files/USAID_Land_Tenure_PRRG_Integratin
g_Customary_Land_Tenure_Into_Statutory_Land_Law.pdf (Links to an external site.).
Jazmin Gonzales Tovar
Jazmin Gonzales Tovar

Monday
Hello, I found very useful the theoretical concepts provided in the presentations and readings.
It is interesting to emphasize the relative convenience of formal/legal versus customary rights.
The importance of land use rights is very clear from both a environmental (e.g. deforestation)
and social perspective (e.g. environmental justice and food security). The case of Tanzania is
particularly interesting for me, as I want to include that country in upcoming research about the
politics of land use rights. I have a particular interest on exploring the role of land classification
systems on land tenure security.
Moha EL-AYACHI
Moha EL-AYACHI
Monday
Hi Dear Karol
thank you very much for your rich introduction.
Let me please go back to the question about the formal and informal systems. do we have criteria
that enable us to classify which system is formal or informal? what are the rules or bases to
consider so as to distinguish between the two systems.
regards
David Thomson Tembo
David Thomson Tembo

Monday
Thanks Jeremy,
In my experience, land tenure and property rights play a very important role especially in
housing development issues where I am very much involved. Investors and developers are keen
on land tenure and property rights in order to secure there investment or development.
Mark Hengen
Mark Hengen
Monday
The Tanzanian property rights system has been an area of my research and interest. I wondered if
Zanzibar's system parallels Tanzania's? Also, how transparent and fair is the Certification of
Occupancy process (perhaps this will be discussed in later modules)?
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Yesterday
Hi Mark,
I believe there are only CROs (Certificates of Rights of Occupancy) in Zanzibar - not
CCROs (Certificates of Customary Rights of Occupancy). And I also believe that the
Zanzibar land administration systems are separate from those on the mainland so they
may be largely parallel but not "interoperable."
The CCRO process is village-driven (or is supposed to be) and when parcels are
demarcated neighbors are supposed to validate borders to reduce conflicts. In practice
people need more information about their rights under the law, more understanding of
womens' rights under the law and a greater understanding of how to leverage their land
(and the limitations they face doing this - as with access to credit).
David Peter Mitchell
David Peter Mitchell

Yesterday
Hi Karol, The First Module has been really very interesting. By way of introduction, I have
completed a review of tenure security in the Asia pacific and it is soon to be released as a UNHABITAT publication. What is interesting is that what emerged from consultation in this region
is that the key land tenure challenges that align very well with your discussion in Module 1:
- fragmented rural populations and uneven land distribution.
- inequity in womens access to land.
- rapid urbanization and the growth of informal settlements.
- Indigenous Peoples rights to land.
- the impact of climate change and natural disasters, and
- challenges to Islamic tenure and principles.
kind regards, David
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Yesterday
That's a lot of concerns to address! Throughout the course we'll cover most of these
David and I hope that you'll share your own experiences and please share with us the link
to your upcoming publication. I think the other participants would benefit from both!
Best wishes,
Karol
DIAH NURAENI YULIATI

Yesterday
Hi,... i thought i just missed this course. The course so far is very interesting is something
new to learn for me too. I have been working in Indonesia at Agriculture Department especially
for guiding farmer in cultivating rice as staple food. In my country, not many farmer has their
own land, most of them as renter. Same with Robert Allen I dont have question so far however
in my opinion it should have some pdf information like books or something to keep for the
student I know the course just begin I dont know yet the rest but I like so far.

Yesterday
Hi,... i thought i just missed this course. The course so far is very interesting is something
new to learn for me too. I have been working in Indonesia at Agriculture Department especially
for guiding farmer in cultivating rice as staple food. In my country, not many farmer has their
own land, most of them as renter. Same with Robert Allen I dont have question so far however in
my opinion it should have some pdf information like books or something to keep for the student I
know the course just begin I dont know yet the rest but I like so far.
he Huang
he Huang
Yesterday
1. Why does land matter to you? In your experience, what roles do land
tenure and property rights play in the countries where you work, in the
development issues you focus on, or in the sectors you are most interested
in?
Land doe matter to me! In my experience, only public land is allowed to be sold on land market,
while commune land is excluded from land market. I am interest in LTPR in urbanization.
2 What questions do you hope this course will answer? What type of skills, knowledge or
strategies do you hope to get from our 14 weeks together?
I am interest to know how to improve land governance if the state cannot keep its promise.
Chileshe Mwansa
Chileshe Mwansa
Yesterday
Land matters to everyone because its gives a sense of belong and makes you feel so confident
of whatsovere you're doing at the particular land.
Its so surprising that I have no much ideals on what LTPR is doing in our country Zambia
because this sound like a new thing to me and my hope is that when I complete the course I use
my knowledge to educate other people about it.
I hoping this course will answer issues to do with legality and procedure which is not
cumbersome and also the issues of knowing the boundary of traditional and state land.
My focus is that should I complete and get engaged or join the organisation in our country that is
trying to educate the people in Zambia as to which land are they occupying, because most of the
time they're forced to move from the homes they've occupied for years as having been bought by
someone.
I want also to know the ideals on how to go about the property ownership because our majority
Zambians are victims of investors from foreign counties just because the country wants foreign
investments our people are victims of displacement.
Edited by Chileshe Mwansa on Sep 22 at 10:53am
ali hashi dhoore
ali hashi dhoore

Yesterday
The course is so far interesting i am really getting a lot about land and property rights and also
the posts of the participants there is knowledge .
so my question, is there different rights about each and every country or there common right ?
Karol Boudreaux
Karol Boudreaux
Yesterday
Dear Ali,
The specific rules that govern land tenure and property rights are different from country
to country BUT English Common law countries will have similar rules and it seems that
French civil law countries may also have similar formal sector rules (also socialist
systems have similar rules around state ownership). So, there may be broad similarities
among legal systems but differences in details. I hope this helps.
Nahom Samson
Nahom Samson
Yesterday
This course is so useful and helpful to anyone who participate in this course so keep it like
this.
ali hashi dhoore
ali hashi dhoore

Yesterday
i was trying to understand how and why the rule and norms evolve or change and how they
effect environment.and also I read Module 1
Mohamed Ahmed Said
Mohamed Ahmed Said

Yesterday
thanks Karol for you succinct lectures in module one.

i would like to give me brief elaboration about key takeaways messages on LTPR particularly
nuance matters?
thanks in advance
mohamed
Jane E. Obbagy
Jane E. Obbagy
Yesterday
The course materials and videos are quite clear and provide a good foundation for
understanding the nature of land tenure issues. Look forward to completing the modules.
Ibrahima KA
Ibrahima KA
Yesterday
I would like to do some suggestions for further progress:

1. for the sharing of informations on land, the IPAR site can also be set in the platform,
www.ipar.sn
2. in the case studies, I propose to add a case in Africa. The case of Senegal is interesting. The
land is divided into three categories, the public domain (public domain and lands of the State),
the individual domain and the national domain. The national domain belongs neither to the
government nor to individuals. It mate to the nation.
Nahom Samson
Nahom Samson
11:03am
This course is good and very important.

Joel Sagadal
Joel Sagadal
11:16am
Hi good day,
Accordingly, land is life. It's a requisite for any development. I would like to know
further some best practices and theoretical frameworks with regards to the land tenure
and property rights, especially to development. Moreover, i would like to know some
issues and best practices with regards to the indigenous mode of ownership the
communal ownership.

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Module 1: Introduction to Land Tenure and

This module consists of:

1. Two short required readings

Module Learning Objectives

By the end of the session, participants will be able to:

About the Module's Lecturer

Module 1 Required Reading 2: Why is Land Tenure Important

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Module 1 Discussion: Why Land Matters

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Robert Allen Goodrich

Robert Allen Goodrich

Mohamed Ahmed Said

Mohamed Ahmed Said

please understand me that point

Mohamed Ahmed Said

Mohamed Ahmed Said

Ezekiel Brima Kargbo

Ezekiel Brima Kargbo

Mohamed Ahmed Said

Mohamed Ahmed Said

Reply Reply to Comment

Mohamed Ahmed Said

Mohamed Ahmed Said

Dear Karol Boudreaux

You presentation in all of the videos is clear and succinct.

Dil Raj Khanal

Dil Raj Khanal

Reply Reply to Comment (3 likes)

David Thomson Tembo

David Thomson Tembo

Thanks for the links

Mohamed Ahmed Said

Mohamed Ahmed Said

I think Unmanned Aerial System could be more useful in land administration.

Ezekiel Brima Kargbo

Ezekiel Brima Kargbo

But how many countries or people will be able to do so

Reply Reply to Comment

Ezekiel Brima Kargbo

Ezekiel Brima Kargbo

Reply Reply to Comment (7 likes)

Ezekiel Brima Kargbo

Ezekiel Brima Kargbo

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Reply Reply to Comment (3 likes)

Reply Reply to Comment

Reply Reply to Comment (1 like)

Good luck! Toon

Elyvin Nkhonjera Chawinga

Elyvin Nkhonjera Chawinga

Elyvin Nkhonjera Chawinga

Elyvin Nkhonjera Chawinga

Reply Reply to Comment (1 like)

Hello everyone. As an introduction, I'm an international development professional working in the

Edited by John Dwyer on Sep 21 at 6:43pm

John William Medendorp

John William Medendorp

Thanks, John, for the referral. I will be subscribing.

Thank you John, I too will be subscribing!

ALI ADEL ALI ALI IBRAHIM

ALI ADEL ALI ALI IBRAHIM

Ezekiel Brima Kargbo