Energetska Efikasnost Zgrada

Energy efficiency in buildings
Written by Administrator
Tuesday, 27 September 2011 09:18 - Last Updated Wednesday, 09 November 2011 06:42
One of the main barriers to the implementation of energy efficiency measures and use of
renewable sources of energy is the lack of information, lack of knowledge and the reduced
awareness on the need to protect the environment which we inhabit.
Taken that the rational use and management of the energy is the main hypothesis of the
sustainable development, it is of extreme importance to include the area of energy efficiency
and renewable sources of energy into the curricula and the vocational trainings, as well as to
promote research in this area. The increase of the level of knowledge is one of the most
important ways of eliminating barriers to the implementation of the energy efficiency measures
and use of renewable sources of energy.
More than 40% of the total energetic needs of BiH goes to building, while only 55% goes to
transport and industry, therefore it is of extreme importance to pay attention to this sector, since
here we find the biggest potential for savings.
Energy efficiency in building influences the reduction of consumption of all forms of energy, a
more comfortable and quality assured stay in the building with a longer lifespan of the building,
thus contributing to the protection of the environment and reduction of harmful gas emissions
into the environment.
1 / 19

For the final user, of course, the biggest benefit is in the reduction of the heating,
air-conditioning and electricity bills. The price of energy and the energy-generating products will,
due to global and local reasons increase in the future which will influence the increase of
costs of living and housing.
Due to the recognized big, unused potential for energy saving in buildings, a proposal of a new,
updated Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings was recently published. The proposal of
novelties to the EPBD was published on March 31, 2009, updated in November 2009, while on
May 18, 2010 the European Parliament approved its new version. The proposal of the new
Directive is to introduce even more rigid requirements in relation to the energy performance of
buildings. A warning is set about the need to adopt concrete actions with the aim of exploiting of
2 / 19

the high potential of energy saving in the buildings. The Directive also alerts about the
insufficient use of renewable and alternative energy systems in the buildings, therefore their
mandatory consideration is required for all new buildings, no matter the size, as well as for
existing buildings when major reconstruction is undertaken.
The member states are required to prepare national plans for increase of the number of close to
zero-energy buildings and to regularly report to the European Commission on this. Several
financial mechanisms are proposed to promote energy efficiency at national and at European
level. The public building sector has to take over the leading role in the area of increase of
energy efficiency in buildings and set ambitious goals for the public buildings.
The role of the technical experts in the implementation of energy efficiency in building is very
important. In today's context, the project developers must become aware of their responsibility
both for what they do and for what they could have done and they did not.
In relation to this, and with the aim of unifying the approach and the calculations, a total of 30
European and 24 international standards were published, defining the way and the methodology
of determining the energy parameters of the facilities. These standards can be grouped by the
purpose of use therefore we classify them into five categories:
3 / 19

1. Standards for Calculation of Total Energy in Buildings
2. Standards for Calculation of Delivered Energy
3. Standards for Calculation of Energy Necessary for Heating and Cooling
4. Auxiliary Standards
5. Standards for Monitoring and Verification of Energy Performance of a Building
When referring to the energy certification of facilities, the most important set of standards are
the Standards for Monitoring and Verification of Energy Performance of a Building. Namely,
these standards represent the methods of presenting energy ratings of facilities by enabling a
clear implementation of regulations in the area of energy efficiency in the building sector,
4 / 19

defining of parameters of energy categories of the buildings, ensuring of correct certification, as

well as encouraging government, architects, project developers, owners, users and other
stakeholders to increase the energy performance (energy efficiency) of facilities.
Apart from defining the energy ratings of facilities, way of presenting of technical (energy)
requirements, content and way of presentation of energy certificate, the standards belonging to
this group also define the so called reference values for energy.
Reference values for energy are used with the purpose of comparing the energy performance
of one specific facility with the energy performance of a similar facility. The standard
recommends the defining of different reference values for different types of facilities (i.e.
houses, housing buildings, company building, school, hospital, hotel and restaurant, sports
facility, warehouse etc.). When defining the reference values, the fallowing reference
parameters shall be used:
It is therefore necessary to know well one's own energy needs in the sense of technical
possibilities and costs, thus being able to manage it. The contemporary architecture and
building includes energy efficiency measures in the system of building envelope, as well as the
system of heating, ventilation, cooling and lighting, supervision and management of the energy
performance of the building, and it considers the possibility of use of renewable energy sources
in the buildings.
5 / 19

It is well known that the last decade was marked by intensive activities in improvement of
energy efficiency in building in the EU countries. Faced with the problem of lack of energy and
uncertainty in the supply of energy, the continuous growth of energy consumption (both heating
and cooling energy, especially with the mass introduction of cooling systems into the buildings),
as well as the environment pollution and climate change due to overly and irrational
consumption of energy, the EU countries went for the integration of Directive 2002/91/EC on
Energy Performance of buildings (Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 16 December 2002 on the Energy Performance of Buildings - EPBD) in its legal
framework. Namely, the countries members of the EU are obliged, through the provisions of this
Directive, to the following:
- Application of the common methodology for the calculation of energy consumption of

buildings, respecting the local climate conditions;
- Establishment of standards of minimum energy consumption for new buildings and for
significant reconstruction of old buildings;
- Introduction of a system of energy certification of buildings;
- Regular inspection of boilers and air-conditioning systems.
The Directive requires from the member states to demand the improvement of minimum energy
performance for the existing buildings of more than 1000 m 2 surface which are about to be
rebuilt as much as possible from the technical, functional and economic point of view. In the
Directive, it is also established that the member states must ensure the availability of authorized
experts for the process of certification of buildings, supervision of the system for heating and
ventilation, as well as drafting of follow-up recommendations for the improvement of these
systems in the sense of energy saving and emission of harmful substances.
6 / 19

Rr Minimum reference energy performance of the facility which is calculated based on the
allowed values set in the technical requirements
Rs Average reference energy performance of a facility which represents the average value of
energy performance of the existing total dwelling type facility for a specific baseline year
7 / 19

Ro Zero reference energy performance of facilities which represents the facility using as much
energy as it produces. Therefore, minimum reference energy performance of facilities Rr,
which is calculated based on the allowed values prescribed in the technical requirements for
dwelling facilities, and based on the technical requirements from the Rule Book on Technical
Requirements for Thermal Protection of Facilities and Rational Use of Energy of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, is Rr=95 kWh/m2a, while the analysis of a sample of around 50.000 dwelling units
shows that the average reference energy performance of facilities Rs for dwelling units
amounts to around 180 kWh/m 2 .
Recommendations for increase of energy efficiency of existing and new buildings
If you are about to purchase an apartment or a house, you make sure to check the year of
building. The buildings built before 1970 have no thermal insulation whatsoever while those built
before 1980 have a very modest thermal insulation or haven't got one at all. Make sure to ask
for development documentation if it exists.
With the energy efficient reconstruction of old houses and buildings, especially those built
before 1980, it is possible to achieve savings in the consumption of thermal energy of over 60
percent. Apart from replacing the windows, the biggest savings can be made by insulating the
building envelope. Additional investment in thermal insulation when renewing the already
deteriorated facade increases the total price of renewal of the facade for about 20-40 percent,
which ultimately gives a favorable economic result in terms of long term savings which it
ensures.
When building a new house, it is important already in the ideal project development phase, in
8 / 19

cooperation with the developer, to foresee what is necessary to obtain a quality and optimum
energy efficient house.
- to analyze the location, orientation and shape of the house;

- to apply high level of thermal protection of the whole building envelope;
- use the thermal gains from the sunshine and protect from overexposure to the sun;
- use en energy efficient system of heating, cooling and ventilation, combining it with the
renewable sources of energy.
Selection of location, orientation and shape of the house
When choosing a location to build a house, if at all possible, chose a place exposed to
sunshine, which is not under the shade of other houses, but it is protected from strong winds.
Open the house towards the south and close it towards the north. Limit the depth of the house
and enable the low winter sun to enter into the house. Protect the house from strong summer
sun with vegetation and devices for protection from the sun. The compact volume of the house
also helps in reducing heat loss from the house.
When developing the project it is important to group the spaces with similar functions and
similar temperatures, place the auxiliary spaces towards the north and the living areas towards
the south. The energy efficiency performance of the building must be included in the process of
project development as soon as possible, already in the ideal project development phase,
because that is how the best quality results are achieved.
9 / 19

The basic principle of reduction of energy needs for the heating of a building or increase of
energy efficiency is an optimum protection of the whole building envelope and avoidance of
thermal bridges.
Thermal insulation
Insufficient thermal insulation leads to increased heat loss during winter time, cold peripheral
structures, damage caused by condensation (humidity) and overheating of the space in summer
time. The consequences may come as structural damage and uncomfortable and unhealthy
living and work. Heating of such areas requires a greater amount of energy which leads to
10 / 19

increased costs of use and maintenance of the space, but also to greater environmental
pollution. The environmental pollution on the other hand can damage buildings and affects the
people's life and health.
By improving the thermal insulation performance of a building it is possible to achieve a

reduction of total heat loss of the building in an average of 50-80 percent.
11 / 19

All parts of the building envelop play an important role in this, such as:
Outer wall
wall between the heated spaces of different users
wall towards the unheated space
outer wall towards the terrain
floor on the terrain
construction between floors which separates spaces of different users
floor towards an unheated basement
ceiling towards an unheated attic
flat or pitched roof above the heated area
ceiling above the outer space
windows and outer door
The windows and the outer wall play an important role in heat loss of a building, since they
make more than 70 percent of total heat loss through the envelope of the building.
12 / 19

When placing the thermal insulation layer on the outer side of the wall, there are two possible
solutions of final layer which protects the thermal insulation layer and the rest of the wall from
external atmospheric influence. The first solution is characterized by the placement of outer
protection layer by all-over-the-surface gluing onto the thermal-insulation layer (so called
compact faade).
The other solution has its protection layer in form of individual elements anchored to the
respective sub construction in a way that between the protective covering and the layer of
thermal insulation remains a layer of air which is ventilated towards the outside (the so called
ventilated faade).
The industry of construction materials offers lots of options of integral systems of these two
ways of thermal insulation of walls, whereas in both of the solutions the thickness of the thermal
insulation layer should not be less than 8 to 12 cm, which ensures that the index of heat release
of the wall U(k) is reduced to ca 0,25 to 0,35 W/m2K.
Thermal insulation materials
The role of thermal insulation materials is to reduce the heat loss, as well as to reduce energy
costs and protect the bearing construction of the building from atmospheric influence and its
13 / 19

consequences (humidity, freezing of bearing construction, overheating). A good thermal

insulation affects also the quality of living since the inside surfaces are warmer, which
contributes to the thermal comfort of the building.
The thermal protection of the building is affected also by the thickness of the layer of thermal
insulation and the thermal conductivity of the material (W/mK). The offer of insulation
materials available on the market is diverse and we can classify it as non-organic and organic
materials. Among the non-organic materials, the most used are the stone wool or glass wool,
while among the organic materials the most popular is the polystyrene. Most of the usual
thermal insulation materials has thermal conductivity =0,030-0,045, therefore the necessary
thickness for U(k)=0,40 W/m2K is of 8-11 cm. Other materials with thermal insulation attributes
are clay, perlite, vermiculite, coco, cotton, linen, wood wool, celluloses, core cork, straw, etc.
The increasing demand for thermal insulation materials in greater thicknesses, lead to the
development of new technologies such as transparent and vacuum thermal insulation which can
now be found in some parts of the world.
Transparent insulation enables the capturing of the energy of the sunlight and its transfer into
the building, while at the same time preventing, as any other thermal insulation, the heat loss
from the building.
The vacuum insulation is made in modular panels and due to its extraordinary insulation
14 / 19

characteristics, significantly less thickness is needed than for the conventional thermal
insulation. This insulation is still very expensive and it is mostly applied when reconstructing
facilities where it is not possible to place thicker insulation because of, for instance, monumental
value of the facility.
In the total energy balance of a house, an important role is played by heat gains from the sun. In
contemporary architecture great attention is paid to capturing sunlight and protection from
overheating, since passive heat gains must be regulated and optimized into a satisfactory
whole. If there is a possibility to place the house oriented towards the south, the glass surfaces
should be concentrated on the southern faade, while the windows at the northern faade must
be reduced as much as possible to limit the heat loss. The thermal mass of the wall or the floor
in south oriented premises will accumulate the thermal energy during the day and distribute it
later during night. The overheating in summer time should be prevented by sun light protection,
directing of day light, vegetation, natural airing, etc.
Types of Energy Efficient Houses
Compared to the classical building, the energy efficient house uses only 40 kWh/m2 per year for
heating, which can be expressed with the equivalent of 2,7 liters of heating oil, which is why it is
also known as the three-liter house.
The efficient consumption of energy can be achieved also in the reconstruction of already
existing buildings, and depending on specific cases, it is also possible in historic buildings.
15 / 19

The passive house, named by the German architect Wolfgang Weiss (Passivhaus) goes one
step beyond and it consumes only 15 kWh/m 2 per year. Such one-liter house consumes only
one liter of heating oil per square meter.
Also the so called zero house is developed, i.e. the energy generator, in which enough energy
coverage is achieved and it can even exceed the requirements, thus making of the architecture
an energy generator.
How does it work?
The concept of the passive house is based on the tight closure of human construction and
controlled ventilation.
With the pre-condition of an adequate high value thermal protection, the use of heat pump and
the ventilation system (which brings continuously fresh air into the space) and the use of
available renewable energies in a passive and active way through heating of the water (low
temperature systems sun heat convertors) and production of electric energy (photovoltaic
cells), results in a self-sufficient and energy independent facility.
Where are these houses?
180.000 passive houses are built in Germany, both self standing, adjacent and smaller
apartment buildings.
16 / 19

With energy efficient building, requiring negligible additional investment (5-10% of the total
investment) due to short period of return on investment, great savings of energy are achieved,
since 70% of the total energy spending goes to heating of the space.
In addition, the citizens are given loans for building of such houses directly through banks, and
some of the federal states even promote the construction of passive houses with additional
measures, which makes it worthwhile to build in an energy efficient way.
In our program of promotion of dwelling building, unfortunately, there is no trace of promotion of

rational use of energy.
In Austria 1000 passive houses were built, while three months ago the first Croatian passive
building in Bestovje near Zagreb has been completed.
The price is 20% higher than in classical building, but once the depreciation period of 8 years is
over, the savings will be excellent.
17 / 19

Passive house meets all the ecological requirements and it is affordable due to a very little
additional initial investment and a faster return on investment taking into account the
development of technology, the unstoppable increase of prices of energy from conventional
sources and promotion of such building.
Energy Efficiency in Households
Nearly 50% of the total consumption of energy is related to the household sector. Even more
than 60% of the total energy quantity which is consumed in households, is used for heating of
the space. Such huge consumption is mostly due to big heat loss from bad or none insulation of
outer walls, big heat loss through bad quality windows, non-adequate insulation of floors and
ceilings, and very obsolete heating system.
18 / 19

The European Union adopted in 2002 the Directive 2002/91/EZ on Energy Performance of
Buildings, while last year the new EU Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings came into
force. According to the current legislation of the EU, the prescribedmaximum energy
consumption in buildings is 95 KWh per 1 m 2 . According to the experiences that the Center for
Development and Support (
Centar za razvoj i
podrku
CRP)
acquired through performing energy audits and calculations of many facilities, in buildings
around Bosnia and Herzegovina more than 200 KWh/m
2
of energy per year is consumed, while in private houses such indicators reach about 350
KWh/m
2
per year.
These indicators show that there is a huge potential to reduce energy consumption and thus
reduce the emission of polluters and greenhouse gases.
19 / 19

Energetska Efikasnost Zgrada

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Energetska Efikasnost Zgrada

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Energy efficiency in buildings

Energy efficiency in buildings

Energy efficiency in buildings

Energy efficiency in buildings

1. Standards for Calculation of Total Energy in Buildings

2. Standards for Calculation of Delivered Energy

3. Standards for Calculation of Energy Necessary for Heating and Cooling

5. Standards for Monitoring and Verification of Energy Performance of a Building

Energy efficiency in buildings

defining of parameters of energy categories of the buildings, ensuring of correct certification, as

Energy efficiency in buildings

- Application of the common methodology for the calculation of energy consumption of

- Introduction of a system of energy certification of buildings;

- Regular inspection of boilers and air-conditioning systems.

Energy efficiency in buildings

Energy efficiency in buildings

Recommendations for increase of energy efficiency of existing and new buildings

Energy efficiency in buildings

- to analyze the location, orientation and shape of the house;

Selection of location, orientation and shape of the house

Energy efficiency in buildings

Energy efficiency in buildings

By improving the thermal insulation performance of a building it is possible to achieve a

Energy efficiency in buildings

Energy efficiency in buildings

Thermal insulation materials

Energy efficiency in buildings

consequences (humidity, freezing of bearing construction, overheating). A good thermal

Energy efficiency in buildings

Types of Energy Efficient Houses

Energy efficiency in buildings

How does it work?

Where are these houses?

Energy efficiency in buildings

In our program of promotion of dwelling building, unfortunately, there is no trace of promotion of

Energy efficiency in buildings

Energy Efficiency in Households

Energy efficiency in buildings

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi