1.

increased venous return :

1. increases the myocardial oxygen demand
2. followes an increase in abdominal pressure
3. can be produced by a deep inspiration
4. is due to constriction of the arterioles
2.chemical synapse :
1. depends on a neurotransmitter that is always synthesized
in the neural soma
2. is independent on calcium concentration in the
presynaptic terminal
3. allows a bidirectional signal transmission
4 .depends on voltage-gated Ca channels at presynaptic level
3.choose the right statements about the process of
accommodation :
1. the lens gets flattened for distant vision
2. the dioptric power of the lens is higher for near vision
3. for near vision the ciliary muscle is contracted
4. near distance accommodation is sympathetic reflex
4.Pain:
1. is sensed by free nerve endings
2. is sensed by receptors that adapt very fast
3. can be triggered by bradykinin
4. are always located in the superficial layers of the skin
5.coronary blood flow :
1. increases during systole in RV
2. increases during diastole in LV
3. can get low in the LV when HR increases
4. is decreased by adenosine

6.the following are neuroglial cells:

1. oligodendrocyts
2. astrocyts
3. epindymal cells
4.
7.control of transmitter activity in synaptic cleft is done
by :
1. neurotransmitter uptake in the presynaptic cell for
norepinephrine and glutamate
2. glutamate uptake through a Na+ linked transport, both
into neurons and astrocytes
3. acetylcholine deactivation by cholinesterase
4. norepinephrine deactivation by methylation by catechol O
methyl transferase (COMT)
8.perisynaptic astrocytes :
1. can release neurotransmitters as glutamate or ATP
2. have metabotropic receptors for glutamate (MgluR) that
bind synaptic glutamate
3. are calcium excitable
4. fire action potentials
9.Retina:
1. contains bipolar neurons
2. the optic nerve is formed by the axons of the ganglionic
cells in the retina
3. rods have a higher sensitivity to light that cones
4. fovea centralis has a high density of rods

10. stimulation of a sensory receptor is followed by:

1. change in ionic permeability of afferent nerve ending
2. attaining a receptor potential
3. generation of action potentials (AP) in afferent nerve
terminal
4. an AP frequency in relation with receptor potential value
11.Septum depolarization produces a :
1. q wave in V1-V2
2. S wave in aVR
3. r wave in leads I and II
4. R wave in V5-V6
12.normal sinus rhythm is characterized by :
1. regular R-R intervals
2. P-R interval on the isoelectric line
3. a P wave before each QRS complex
4. a negative P wave in lead aVL
13.Noreepinephrine:
1. binds on alpha1 receptors and produces vasoconstriction
2. binds on M2 receptors and produces vasodilation in the
skeletal muscle
3. binds on beta 1 receptors and increases the heart rate
4. binds on beta 2 receptors and produces coronary dilation
14.Voltage-gated ionic channels are characterized by:
1. are used in the electrical signaling
2. are localized both synaptic and extra-synaptic
3. are involved in the action potential
4. are exclusively localized in the presynaptic membrane

15.Transmembrane ionic transport :

1. assist the membrane resting potential
2. is done exclusively alongside the concentration gradient
3. assist the membrane action potential
4. is mostly done by diffusion through the membrane lipid
layer
16.when stimulating hair cells in the inner ear, the
following processes happen :
1. sodium influx
2.calcium influx
3.chloride efflux
4.potassium influx
17.Lusitropia :
1. requires energy consumption
2. influences ventricular filling
3. is increased by sympathetic stimulation
4. is more efficient under vagal stimulation
18.The following features correspond to neurons :
1. have a high metabolic ate
2.transmit electrical signals in a uni-directional way
3. are long-lived cells
4. are mitotic cells
19.Choose the correct answers regarding the hexaxial
system :
1. lead aVL is perpendicular on lead III
2. lead aVR is the bisector of leads I and II
3. lead V1 is oriented from 180 to 0 degrees
4. lead aVL is oriented from +150 to -30 degrees

20.The following are correct :

1. myelin is a layer of lipid membrane of oligodendrocytes or
schwann cells
2. voltage-gated Na+ channels are highly concentrated
beneath the sheath of myelin
3. axonal myelination depends on neuroglia
4. conduction velocity is 0.5-2 m/sec in myelinated axons
21.Myocardial oxygen demand :
1. increases at high BP
2. increases at high HR
3. can be increased by digitalis
4. is not influenced by preload
22.The QT interval:
1. covers the QRS and the ST segment
2. Changes with HR
3. Is characterized by duration and polarity
4. approximates the duration of an AP in the myocite
23.During isovolumic contraction :
1. phonocardiongram records the 3rd heart sound
2. pressure inside the ventricle is constant
3. juguloram records a positive wave y
4. apexcardiogram reaches the lowest point
24.Myocardial working fibers:
1. are unexcitable during systole
2. have a constant membrane potential during phase 4
3. communicate to one another through gap junctions
4. receive nervous impulses through motor end-plates in
order to contract

25..The cells of the atrio-ventricular node :

1. can transmit AP with high velocities
2. have a dense distribution of gap junctions
3. normally fire 60-100 impulses/min
4. are inhibited by vagal stimulation
26.Which of the following are vasodilators ?
1. histamine
2. endothelins
3. NO
4. angiotensin II
27.The electrochemical gradient :
1. depends on the difference in concentration of the solute
inside-outside the cell
2. is the driving force that determines the active transport of
ions across the membrane
3. is involved in attaining the Nerst potential
4. is independent on the polarity of the electrical charge of
ions
28.As blood travels from the aorta towards the
capillaries:
1. Pressure increases
2. blood velocity decreases
3. total flow increases
4. pressure pulses decrease

29.QRS axis is oriented at +135 when the QRS net

amplitude is :
1. equal in lead III (+) and aVL (-)
2. maximal and positive in lead II
3. equal in lead I (-) and aVF (+)
4. minimal in V3-V4
30.Na+ voltage gated channels:
1. are active at a membrane potential below -50mV
2. are involved in the fast electrical signaling
3. are activated by tetrodotoxin
4. at resting membrane potential the channel is closed
31.Edema occurs if :
1. RV ejection fraction is 35%
2. plasma albumin decreases
3. lymphatic vessels are obstructed
4. hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries decreases
32.End systolic volume (ESV):
1. can increase when blood pressure rises
2. never changes with HR
3. equals the difference between EDV and SV
4. is increased by a high EDV in a healthy heart
33.The following are correct about the neurons:
1. protein synthesis mainly takes place in the dendrites
2. the dendrites and cell body the main areas for receiving
information
3. axonal transport is not dependent on the microtubules
and microfilaments
4. AP are initiated at the axon hillock region

34.The QRS complex:

1. is wider if the AP is not correctly transmitted within the
ventricles
2. allows the determination of the axis of the heart
3. is dominantly negative in the right ventricular leads
4. should begin with an r wave in V1,V2
35.As a response to increased blood pressure, the
baroreceptor reflex produces:
1. lowering of the heart rate
2. vasoconstriction in the periphery
3. inhibition of the C1 area
4. inhibition of the cardioinhibitory area
36.Capillary exchange of solutes:
1. follows ficks law
2. depends on the capilliary hydrostatic pressure
3. has a higher rate of O2,CO2 that hydrophilic compunds
4. is impaired by plasma colloid osmotic pressure
37.The lymph flow:
1. is decreased during breathing in
2. is increased by the interstitial pressure
3. is higher below the level of the heart
4. is increased by the activity of the
38.Na+-Ca2+ exchanger :
1. is present in the sarcoplasmic-reticolum of the myocardial
fibers
2. decreases the intracellular concentration of ca2+
3. is a primary active transport system
4. is slowed-down by digitalis

39.Wall tension :
1. is lower in a dilated heart
2. is a major determinant of the myocardial oxygen demand
3. increases when blood pressures rises
4. is lower when the ventricular wall is thick

40) The strength of contraction in the LV :

1. is Fairly evaluated by EF
2. Is decreased when ESV increases
3. Depends on the heart rate
4. is increased by Alpha1-andrenergic angonists
41) Pressure-volume loop :
1. Is a plot of the phases of the cardiac cycle
2. is used for calculating tension heat
3. Helps evaluating the activity of the heart as a pump
4. is not changed by an increase in afterload
42) Frank-Starling law of the heart:
1. is a regulatory mechanism intrinsic to the heart
2. relates to affinity of actin for TnC
3. adjusts the SV to the venous return
4. applies only to upright subjects
43) during systole coronary flow is :
1. raised by endothelin
2. lower in the right than in the lft ventricle
3. higher in subendocardium than in subepicardium
4. increased by sympathetic stimulation
44) autoregulation of tissue perfusion :

1. decreases tissue flow when adenosine accumulates

2. implies a change in vascular resistance
3. increases tissue flow when oxygen supply increases
4. keeps a constant local flow when AP varies
45) when the net QRS amplitude is equal and the
highest in leads 1 and aVl, the QRS axis can be
oriented at :
1. +135
2. -15
3. +75
4. +165
46) ECG leads in the frontal plane :
1. are all bipolar
2. allow the estimation of QRS axis
3. can record the electrical activity of the HIS bundle
4. when overlaid, form the hexaxial reference system
47) normal sinus rhythm is characterized by :
1. a regular rate between 60 and 100bpm
2. two or more R waves higher than 15mV in V5,V6
3. A positive P wave in leads 1,3,aVL,aVF
4. an ST segment on the isoelectric line
48) The ECG recording of ventricular activation
shows :
1. a small q in right ventricular leads during septum
depolarization
2. a big R in aVL for left ventricular activation
3.A small r in aVR for right ventricular activation
4. AN R/S>1 in V5,V6

49) Blood flow in systemic circulation:

1. is directly proportional to vascular resistance
2. produces murmurs when is turbulent
3. increases when pressure decreases
4. can become turbulent in severe anemia
50) in elastic vascular beds there is non-linear
pressure flow relationship due to :
1. the arrangement in parallel of big arteries
2. the arrangement in series of big arteries
3. arteriolar constriction
4. distension of elastic vessels when pressure
increases
51) systemic arterial pressure increases when :
1. vascular compliance decreases
2. vascular tone decreases
3. venous return increases
4. blood velocity increases
52) Central venous pressure:
1. is measured in the right atrium
2. increases when RB has an EF of 25%
3.is kept fairly constant in a healthy heart
4. when higher than 0, makes jugular veins to
protrude
53) lymphatic system:
1. maintains a low protein interstitial fluid
2. prevents accumulation of CO2 in the tissue
3. begins with closed-ended capillaries
4. transports O2 from the lungs to the tissues

54) filtration through the capillary wall is favored

by :
1. low lymph flow
2. low plasma albumin
3. venodilation
4.high blood pressure
55) when arterial pressure increases :
1. vasomotor area is stimulated
2. SAN is stimulated through the baroreceptor reflex
3.carioingibitory area is inhibited
4. cardioacceleratory center is inhibited
56) atrial dilation has the following consequences
:
1. decrease of the heart rate
2.increased natriuresis
3. increased ADH release
4. dilation of renal arteries
57)angiogenesis is stimulated by :
1. physical exercise
2.sustained hypoxia
3.VEGF
4.NO
58)ventricular contractility:
1. increases with heart rate
2. can be evaluated on the pressure-volume loop
3. is estimated by the ejection fraction
4. decreases when the venous return lowers
59) coronary blood flow :

1. increases during systole in RV

2. falls with increased levels of adenosine
3. increases during diastole in LV
4. decreases after direct administration of
acetylcholine
60.The relaxation of the contractile proteins in
myocardial fibers
1-is enhanced by phospholamban phosphorelation
2-is enhanced by phosphorelation of troponin i
3-is enhanced by sympathetic stimulation
4-depends on the dissociation of Ca++ from
trompomyosin
61.The duration of the cardiac cycle
1-is imposed by the SA node
2-influences coronary blood flow in the left ventricle
3-influences ventricular filling
4-is increased following sympathetic sstimulation
62.Ach dependent potassium channel
1- when activated , decreases the threshold of fast AP
cells
2-is an inward rectifier channel
3-is responsible for the physiologic delay of the AP in
AVN
4-is involved in decreasing heart rate

63.Rapid ejection
1- provides the peak systolic pressure
2-produces the 3rd heart sound
3-begins firstly in the right ventricle
4-can be evalucated on the jugulogram
64.First heart sound covers
1-point E in the carotidogram
2-the c wave of the jugulogram
3-the first ascending limb on the apexcardiogram
4-isovolumic contraction
65.Which of the following is/are true regarding
the cerebral cortex
1-the visual cortex os located in the occipital lobes
2-the right hemisphere is responsible for spatial
perception
3-70% of the cortex represented by association area
4-broca's area is responsible for comprehension of
speech
66.Glial cells
1-cannot divide by mitosis
2-provide support for CNS
3-produce and transmit AP
4-act as scavangers

67.Myelin
1- is produced by oligodendrocytes in the PNS
2-is a good electrical isolator
3-covers the nodes of ranvier
4-increases conduction velocity long the axons
68.Na++ channels of the neunoral membrane
1-are dense at the soma
2-are will represented in the presynaptic segment
3-are absent in the dendrites
4-are ery dense at the axon hillock
69.Electrical synapses in the NS
1-allow the transmition of an AP only in one direction
2-can transmit metabolic signals between the cells
3-make only neuro-neuronal coonexions
4-allow a fast transmission
70.Inhibitory post synaptic receptors:
1.depress ,e,brane conduction for Cl2.raise membrane potential closer to the threshold in
respone to the specific ligand
3.provide increased membrane permeability for Ca2+
4.lead to membrane hyperpolarization when
activated

71.Which of the following are small molecules

transmitters
1-Ach
2-serotonine
3-dopamine
4-enkephalin
72.In fast chemical synapses
1-transmitter molecules are large
2-storage is in small vesicles
3- the vesicle with mediator are located further away
from the terminal
4-neurotransmitter is produced in the presynaptic
terminal
73.Ach
1-acts on nicotinic receptors at the neuromascular
junction
2-is a ionotropic ligand for muscarinic receptors
3- is released by pre ganglionic fibers of ANS
efference
4-has a methacholine as a precursor
74.Norepinephrine is removed from the secretor
site by
1-reuptake into the nerve ending
2-diffusing away from the nerve ending

3- lysis by monoamine oxidize in the nerve endings

4-lyses by COMT in all tissues
75.Cranial parasympethatic system innervates
1- the cilliari muscle by n III
2-the parotid gland through n V
3-the lacrimal glands through n VII
4-urinary bladder by vagus nerve
76.Sympathetic stimulation produces
1-activation of nicotinic receptors of the post
ganglionic receptors
2-sweaty palms
3-dilated pupils
4-stimulation of the secretion of digestive glands

78.central venous pressure :

1. can be measured with a sphygmomanometer
2. depends on the activity of the right ventricle
3. decreases during a forced expiration
4. influences the aspect of jugulogram

79.autoregulation of microcirculation:
1. maintains a normal perfusion when arterial blood
pressure decreases

2. involves myogenic mechanisms

3. is important for organs sensible to ischemia
4. inceases perfusion in a muscle at rest
80.following symoathetic stimulation :
1. skin vessels dilate
2. muscarinic receptors in the vessels of the skeletal
muscles are stimulated
3. epinephrine is released by postganglionic
sympathetic fibers
4. vasoconstriction occurs in the kidney
81.normal atrial depolarization :
1. occurs from anterior to posterior in the left atrium
2. produces a negative P in aVL
3. can produce a biphasic P wave in V1,V2
4. occurs from left to right
82.arterial pressure depends on the :
1. effective circulating blood volume
2. duration of the atrial repolarization
3. compliance of the vessels
4. blood velocity, directly proportional
83.SAN in NOT the pacemaker of the heart if :
1. QT interval is longer than normal
2. P wave is negative in lead 1
3. P wave is taller than 0,25mV
4. there are no P waves
84. in precordial leads :
1. A QRS axis at +30 is normal
2. R/S increases from right towards left leads

3. Tow recording electrodes are used for each lead

4. Discrete right ventricular abnormalities can be best
recorded
85. Cardiac output :
1. Is higher for the left than for the right ventricle
2. is the product of end systolic volume and heart rate
3. is maintaind constant in spite of blood pressure
variations
4. is related to cardiac performance
86. Veins :
1. carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
2. have valves if located below the heart
3. dilate following sympathetic stimulation
4. are important blood reservoirs
87. The electric axis of the heartis at -75 when
QRS net amplitude :
1. is positive in aVL
2. is negative in lead 3
3. is equal and negative in lead 3 and aVF
4. is null in aVR
88.blood viscosity is increased by a raise of :
1.hematocrit
2.plasma albumin
3.plasma fibrinogen
4.blood velocity
89)Lymphatic system is involved in:
1.controlling interstitial volume

2.keeping a negative hydrostatic pressure in the

interstitium
3.transporting fats absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract
4.transporting O2 and CO2
90)Adenosine:
1.is an important vasoconstrictor
2.is released in response to angiotensin II
3.decreases coronary blood flow during vagal
stimulation
91)the external work of the heart is :
1.the energy invested in isovolumic contraction
2.estimated as the product of peak systolic blood
pressure and stroke volume
3.an index of cardiac performance
4.increases by high preload