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Two years later, in 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed and the
English recognized the independence of its 13 former colonies.
When the war of independence started, each of the 13 colonies
was a separate state with its own army, boundaries, customs
duties and finances. But they co-operated against a common
enemy.
In 1781, as states of the United States, they united through a
plan for a national government. A constitutional convention was
called in Philadelphia to frame a new constitution, which came
into effect in 1789.
The American constitution established a republican form of
government at a time when states in other parts of the world
were governed by monarchies.
The American Constitution set up a federal system under which
powers were divided between a central or federal government
and the state governments.
Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, and
his followers campaigned for the addition of a Bill of Rights to
the federal constitution.
This was done through ten amendments which guaranteed
many rights to the American people. The most noted of these
are freedom of speech, press and religion, and justice under
law.
The constitution marked the emergence of the United States of
America as a nation in world history. It was the first written
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