ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION:

ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS :
• Antenna Radiation Mechanism
• Properties of Antennas
• Directional Characteristics of Dipole Antennas.
• Travelling wave Antennas Effect of the point of feed on Standing Wave Antennas
• Antenna Gain Directivity Effective Area
• Antenna terminal
• Impedance Characteristics of impedance of Antennas

• Antenna Temperature Signal to Noise Ratio.

RADIATION :
• Potential Functions Electromagnetic Fields,
• Potential Functions for Sinusoidal Oscillations Alternating current elements
Application to short Antenna Assured Current Distributions. Radiation from
Quarter Wave Monopole Radiation from a Half Dipole,

•Far and near Fields

ANTENNAS FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR APPLICATIONS :
• Dipoles Folded Dipoles,
• V –Antennas Rhombic and Yagi-Uda Antennnas Log –Periodic Helical Antennas
Reflector Antennas,
• Lens and Horn Antenna Slot and Micro strip Antennas ii.Antenna Measurements:
Input and Mutual Impedances Radiation Patterns,

•Gain Phase Front and Polarization.

ARRAY ANTENNAS SYNTHESIS :
• Concept of Array Antennas,
• Uniform Linear Arrays Broadside and End Fire Arrays,
• Radiation Characteristics side – lobe and Beam Width Requirements
Multiplication of Patterns Binomial Arrays Effect of Earth on Radiation Patterns
Methods of Array Synthesis: Tchebyscheff Distribution,

•Super Directive Arrays Fourier Transform Method. Woodward Method.

WAVE PROPAGATION :
• Ground Wave Propagation,
• Plane Earth Reflections Estimation of ground wave field Strength,
• Space wave Propagation,
• Effect of Curvature of Earth,
• Shadow Zone and its Effects,
• Atmospheric Effects on Space wave Propagation,
• Duct Propagation,
• Wave tilt of surface wave ,
 • Ionospheric Wave Propagation,
• Ionosphere Layers,
• Reflection and Refraction of Wave in Ionosphere,
• MUF,
• Skip Distance Critical Frequency Virtual Height,
• Effect Earth’s Magnetic Field,

• Fading LOS and Faraday’s Rotation.

TEXT BOOK:

1. EM waves and Radiation Systems. E. C.Jordan and K.G.Balmain, PHI- N.Delhi,

1997, (for units 1, 2, 4, and 5).
2. Antenna Theory and Practice, Rajeswari Chatterjee, Wiley Eastern LTD.
N.Delhi (for unit 3)

3. Electronic and Radio Engineering, F.E.Terman, Mc Graw Hall- N.York, (for unit
5.)

PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS :

LINEAR WAVE SHAPING:
• High Pass and Low Pass RC Circuits and their Response for Sinusoidal,
• Step Voltage,
• Pulse,
• Square Wave and Ramp inputs high Pass RC Circuits as a Differentiator.
• Low Pass RC circuit as an Integrator Attenuators and their Application as CRO
Probe.

• RL and RLC Circuits and their response for step input Ringing circuit.
NON-LINEAR WAVE SHAPING :
• Diode clipper Transistor Clippers. Clip ping at two independent levels,
• Comparator- Applications of voltage comparators- Diode comparator.
• Clamping operation clamping circuits using diode with Different inputs.
• Clamping circuit theorem.

•Practical clamping circuits effect of diode characteristics on clamping voltage.

MULTIVIBRATORS :
• Transistor as a Switch – Switching times of a transistor Astable,
• Monostable and bistable Multivibrators using transistors,

•Resolution time of a Binary. Methods of improving Resolution time – Methods of

Triggering a binary. Schmitt Trigger.
SWEEP CIRCUITS :
• Voltage sweep- Simple Exponential sweep Generator. Errors that define deviation
 from linearity,

• UJT Relaxation Oscillator-Methods of linearising a voltage sweep- Bootstrap and

Miller Circuits – Current Sweep – Linearising current sweep by adjusting the
driving waveform.
SYNCHRONISATION AND FREQUENCY DIVISION :
• Principles of Synchronization – Synchronization of Astable Multivibrators.
Synchronization of Sweep Circuits with Symmetrical signal
LOGIC GATES :
•
o IC Families,
o TTL,
o CMOS,
o ECL,

oFFs and Circuits

BLOCKING OSCILLATOR :
• Base Timing. Emitter Timing and Astable Blocking Oscillator.
TEXT BOOK:

1. Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms – Millman and Taub

2. Wave Generation and Shaping - L.Strauss.

3. Digital Circuits and Design by S.Salivahanan S.Arivazhagan – Vikas Publishing

house Pvt Ltd.

LINEAR ICs AND APPLICATIONS:

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS :
• Design Aspects of Monolithic Op-Amps ideal Characteristics,
• specifications,
• Offset Voltages and Currents,
• frequency Compensation Techniques,
• Measurements of Op-Amp Parameters Applications of Op-Amps,
• Inverting and Non-inverting amplifiers,
• Integrators,
• function Generators,
• Logarithmic Amplifiers,
• Instrumentation Amplifiers,
• signal conditioning Circuits,
• Multivibrators,
• square wave Generators,
• rectifiers,
 • peak detection and voltage regulation.
555 TIMERS,556 FUNCTION GENERATORS ICs AND THEIR APPLICATIONS :
• Three Terminal IC regulators,
• IC 1496 (Balanced Modulator),

• IC 565 PLL and its Applications.

ACTIVE FILTERS :
• LPF,
• HPF,
• BPF,
• BEF,
• All-pass Filters high order Filters and their comparison. Op-Amp Phase shift,
• Wein-bridge and Qudrature Oscillator,
• Voltage controlled Oscillators,
• Voltage to Frequency and frequency to voltage converters,
• voltage to current and current to voltage converters. Switched Capacitance Filters,
• analog, Multiplexers,

• Sample and Hold Circuits.

TEXT BOOKS:

• Microelectronics, Jacob Millman

• Op-Amps and Linear IC’s Ramakanth Gayakwad.
• Integrated Circuits, Botkar, Khanna Publications.
• Applications of Linear IC’s Clayton.

SWITCHING AND LOGIC CIRCUITS :

I.INTRODUCTORY COMPONENTS:
• Number Systems,
• Base Conversion Methods,
• Complements of Numbers,
• Codes,

• Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes.

II.MINIMISATION OF BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS :
• Standard form of Boolean Functions Simplification of Functions-Karnaugh map
and quick McClusky methods multiple output functions.
III.LOGIC GATES :
• Symbols and Truth Tables of Gates – OR,
 • AND,
• NAND,
• NOR,
• NOT,
• XOR,
• Multiplexers,
• DeMultiplexers,
• Encoder,
• Decoders,
• Flip-flops,

• Counter and Registers.

IV.COMBINATIONAL LOGIC :
• Logic Design of Combinational Circuits-Binary addition,
• Subtraction,
• code conversion,
• Priority Encoders,
• Decoders,
• Seven segment Displays,
• Comparators,

• PLAs.
V. SEQUENTIAL MACHINE FUNDAMENTALS :
• The Flip-flops-RS,
• JK,
• and D Flip-flops the design of Clocked Flip-flops,

• Flip-flop Conversion from one type to another.

VI. TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO SEQUENTIAL C :
• Analysis and Design of Finite State Machines,
• State Reduction,
• Design of Flip-flops,

• Counters and shift Registers.

VII. ASYNCHRONOUS FINITE STATE MACHINES :
• Analysis and Design of Asynchronous Machines,
• Cycles,

•Races and Hazards.

SUGGESTED BOOKS:

1. Switching and Finite Automata Theory 2nd Edition ZviKohavi, Tata Graw –
Hill,1978 (for syllabus items 1,3,and 4)
2. Introduction switching Theory and Logical Design, 3rd Edition
3. Frederick J.Hill and Gerald R Peterson ,John Wiley and Son 1981.(for syllabus
 item 2)
4. An Engineering Approach to Digital Design, William I. Fletcher, PHI, 1980. (For
syllabus items 5, 6, and 7).

5. Digital logic Design by Morris mane.

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS:
LINEAR MODULATION SYSTEMS:
• Need for Modulation,
• Frequency Translation ,
• Method of Frequency Translation,
• Amplitude Modulation,
• Modulation Index, Spectrum of AM signal,
• Modulators and Demodulators(Diode Detector),
• DSP-SC signals and its Spectrum ,
• Balanced Modulator,
• Synchronous Detectors,
• SSB Signal,
• SSB Generation Methods,
• Power Calculations in AM Systems,

•Application off AM Systems.

ANALOG MODULATION SYSTEMS :
• Angle Modulation,
• Phase and Frequency Modulation and their relationship,
• Phase and frequency Deviation,
• Spectrum of FM Signal Bandwidth of Sinusoidal Modulated FM Signal,
• Effect of the Modulation index of Bandwidth,
• Spectrum of Constant Bandwidth FM ,
• Phasor Diagram for FM signals FM Generation: Parameter Variation method,
• indirect methods of Frequency Modulation (Armstrong Method),
• Frequency Multiplication,
• PLL FM Demodulator,
• pre –emphasis and De-emphasis,

•Comparison of FM and AM.

MULTIVIBRATORS :
• Transistor as a Switch – Switching times of a transistor Astable,
• Monostable and bistable Multivibrators using transistors,

• Resolution time of a Binary. Methods of improving Resolution time – Methods of

Triggering a binary. Schmitt Trigger.
NOISE IN AM AND FM SYSTEMS :
 • Sources of Noise,
• Resistor Noise,
• shot Noise,
• Calculation of Noise in Linear system Noise in AM systems,
• Noise in Angle Modulation Systems,
• Comparison between AM and FM with respect to Noise,

• Threshold improvement in Discriminators Comparison between AM and FM

RADIO TRANSMITTERS :
• Classification of Radio Transmitters AM and FM Transmitters,
• Radio Telegraph and Telephone Transmitters,

• SSB Transmitters.
RADIO RECEIVERS :
• Radio Receiver Types,
• AM Receivers –RF section Frequency Changing and Tracking,
• Intermediate Frequency in if Amplifiers,
• Automatic Gain Control(AGC) : FM Receivers-Amplitude Limiting,
• FM Demodulators Ratio Detectors ISB Receiver,

• Comparison with AM Receivers.

COMMUNICATION RECEIVERS :
• Extensions of the Super –heterodyne principles Additional Circuits.
TEXT BOOKS:

1. Principles of communication Systems, H. Taub and D.L Schilling, McGraw Hill,

1971
2. Communication Systems, Simon Haykins (2nd Edition)
3. Electronic communication Systems, G. Kennedy, McGraw Hill 1977 (2nd
Edition)
4. Applied Electronics and Radio Engg., K. Mittal.

REFERRENCES:

1. Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems B.P Lathi (2nd Edition)
2. Electronic communications Modulation and Transmission, Rebert J.
Schoenbeck, PHI N. Delhi. 1999.

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND

ORGANISATION:
REGISTER AND TRANSFER OF MICRO OPERATIONS :
• Register Transfer Language,
• Register Transfers,
• Bus and Memory Transfers,
• Arithmetic Micro Operations,
• Logic Micro Operations Shift Micro Operations,

• Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit

BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION :
• Instruction Codes,
• Computer Registers ,
• Computer Instructions,
• Timing and Control ,
• Instruction Cycle,

• Memory References Instructions input – Output and Interrupt Complete Computer

Description;
CPU ORGANIZATION :
• Introduction,
• General Register Organization ,
• Instruction Format,
• Addressing Modes,
• Data Transfer and Manipulation,
• Program Control,
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC),

•Stack Organization
MICRO PROGRAMMED CONTROL :
• Control Memory,
• Address Sequencing,
• Micro Instruction Formats,
• Micro Program Examples,

•Design of Control Unit;

MEMORY ORGANIZATION :
• Memory Hierarchy,
• Main Memory,
• Auxiliary Memory,
• Associative Memory,
• Cache Memory,

• Virtual Memory,
INPUT OUTPUT ORGANIZATION :
• Peripheral Devices,
 • input-output Interface,
• Asynchronous Data Transfer,
• Modes of Transfer,
• Priority Interrupt,
• Direct Memory Access (DMA),

• introduction to Multiprocessor System.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Computer System Architecture, M.Morris Mano, PHI Publications, (3rd Edition

May 1996)

EC - Electronics and Communication Engineering

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.

Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier
series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes,
Gauss and Green’s theorems.

Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters,
Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial
Differential Equations and variable separable method.

Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula,
Taylor’s and Laurent’ series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.

Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode
and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson,
Normal and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.

Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step

methods for differential equations.

Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Networks: Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set
and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network
theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton’s maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta
transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient
differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network
equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port
network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.

Electronic Devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport
in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and
recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS
capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Device
technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation,
photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.

Analog Circuits: Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog
CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of
transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and
operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits.
Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp
configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.

Digital circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC
families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code
converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-
flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor
memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.

Signals and Systems: Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and
discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and
FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and
properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and
cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through
LTI systems.

Control Systems: Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description,

reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability
analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions
of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency
response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz
criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag
compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable
representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems.

Communications: Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability

density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density. Analog communication systems:
amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these
operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog
communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation
(AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of information
theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation
(PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation schemes: amplitude,
phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers,
bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes. Basics of
TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.

Electromagnetics: Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss’ and

Stokes’ theorems, Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms. Wave
equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and
refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic
impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters,
pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; waveguide and optical
fibers. Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.