International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig

Thermodynamic properties of lithium bromidewater

solutions at high temperatures
Y. Kaita *
Utilization Technology Department, Osaka Gas Co., Ltd., 1-1-3 Hokko-shiratsu, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0041, Japan
Received 10 March 2000; received in revised form 17 May 2000; accepted 26 May 2000

Abstract
Emerging triple-eect LiBrwater absorption chillers operate at higher temperatures and pressures than traditional
double-eect chillers. However, there is not enough data about thermodynamic properties of LiBrwater solutions at
such high temperatures. Using recently measured data of vapor pressure and heat capacity, we have developed the
equations which can calculate the vapor pressure, enthalpy and entropy of LiBr solutions at such high temperatures.
The developed equations are valid from concentrations of 4065 wt.% and also from temperatures of 40210 C. These
equations will be very helpful for the modeling and design of triple-eect LiBrwater chillers. # 2001 Elsevier Science
Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Refrigerating system; Absorption system; Chiller; Multistage system; Lithium bromide/water; Solution; High temperature;
Physical property

Proprietes thermodynamiques des solutions bromure de

lithium/eau aux temperatures elevees
Resume
Les refroidisseurs a absorption a bromure de lithium/eau a triple eet fonctionnent a des temperatures et a des pressions
plus elevees que les refroidisseurs classiques a double eet. Cependant, on dispose de peu de donnees sur les proprietes
thermodynamiques des solutions de LiBr/eau a de telles temperatures. A partir de donnees recentes comportant des
mesures de la pression de la vapeur et de la chaleur massique, nous avons developpe des equations permettant de calculer la
pression de la vapeur, l'enthalpie et l'entropie des solutions de LiBr/eau aux temperatures elevees. Les equations developpees s'appliquent aux concentrations de 40 a 65 % (en poids) et aux temperatures de 40 a 210 C. Elles seront utiles lors
de la modelisation et la conception des refroidisseurs d'eau a bromure de lithium/eau a triple eet. # 2001 Elsevier Science
Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
Mots cles : Systeme frigorique ; Systeme a absorption ; Refroidisseur d'eau ; Systeme polyetage ; Bromure de lithium/eau ; Solution ;
Haute temperature ; Propriete physique

1. Introduction
Existing double-eect LiBrwater absorption chillers
are usually operated at the temperature and pressure
* Tel.: +81-6-6460-6270.

under 160 C and 100 kPa, respectively. Under this temperature and pressure, the equations characterizing the
thermodynamic properties of a LiBr solution which
were developed by McNeely [5] or Patterson [6] will be
successfully applied. On the other hand, for the tripleeect absorption chillers, the temperature and the

0140-7007/01/$20.00 # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
PII: S0140-7007(00)00039-6

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

Nomenclature
Cp
H
H0
H1
Hd
Hf
Hv
S

heat capacity of the solution (kJ kg 1  C 1)

enthalpy of solution (kJ kg 1)
enthalpy of solution at base concentration
X0 for each isotherm [Eq. (4)] (kJ kg 1)
enthalpy of solution at base concentration
X1 [Eq. (4)] (kJ kg 1)
the dierential heat of dilution at concentration X and temperature T (kJ kg 1)
steam table enthalpy of water at temperature T1 (kJ kg 1)
enthalpy of water vapor (kJ kg 1)
entropy of solution (kJ kg 1 K 1)

pressure at the high temperature generator is usually

over 200 C and 300 kPa. However, there are still no
accurate equations characterizing the thermodynamic
properties of a LiBr solution in these conditions. The
purpose of this work is to obtain equations characterizing the thermodynamic properties of a LiBr solution
at such high temperatures and pressures.
First, we examined recently measured data of the
vapor pressure of a LiBr solution and developed the
equation characterizing the relationship between solution
temperature, concentration and vapor pressure. We compared the developed equations with existing equations.
Second, we examined the data of heat capacity and differential heat of dilution of a LiBr solution and developed
equations characterizing the relationship between temperature, concentration and enthalpy. We compared the
developed equations with existing equations.
Finally, entropy of the LiBr solution was derived by
combining the above results with our original calculating model. The results were compared with those of
Feuerecker [3].

P
Sv
S.D.
T
TD
X
X0
X1

375

vapor pressure (kPa)

entropy of water vapor (kJ kg 1 K 1)
standard deviation
temperature ( C, K)
dew point of the vapor ( C)
concentration of the solution (wt.%)
base concentration of solution (wt.%)
nal concentration after water is added to or
evaporated from the base concentration
(wt.%)

Subscripts
pres
pressure
temp
temperature

2.2. Comparison of vapor pressures with proposed

equations
The three kinds of data mentioned above were compared with ve kinds of equations of vapor pressure.
The ve equations are the ones proposed by Uemura [4],
Jeter [2], Feuerecker [3], McNeely [5] and Patterson [6].
The details of these equations are shown in Appendix B.
Comparisons were made for the concentration range
of about 4065 wt.%, since this range is wide enough to
design absorption machines. Table 1 shows the standard
deviation of vapor pressure [SDpres, (%)] and Table 2
shows the standard deviation of dew point temperature
[SDtemp, ( C)].
Here,
SDpres

!1=2
n
X
2

pressure deviation % =n
1

SDtemp

n
X

!1=2


temperature deviation C =n

2. Vapor pressure
2.1. Measured data
Three sources of vapor pressure data at high temperature are discussed. The range and the number of
these data are as follows:
Iyoki [1]: 38.970.3 wt.%, 94182 C, 39 points
Jeter [2]: 43.765.2 wt.%, 125210 C, 24 points
Feuerecker [3]: 40.476.0 wt.%, 45190 C, 78 points
Part of the original data is shown in Appendix A.

where n is the number of the points.

Calculated pressure values by the equation of
McNeely [5] or Patterson [6] are substantially lower
than the measured ones at high concentrations and
temperatures. Since their equations were obtained from
the data of relatively low temperatures, it is not recommendable to apply their equations to high temperatures.
Jeter's [2] equation has a very good consistency with
his own data. However, total standard deviation is
rather large. It is probably because their data is limited
to a high temperature range and does not mean a lack of
reliability in their measurement.

376

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

Table 1
Standard deviation of vapor pressure (%)
Tableau 1
Pression de la vapeur : ecart type
Data

Equations

Iyoki
Jeter
Feuerecker
Average
a

Uemura [4]

Jeter [2]

Feuerecker [3]

McNeelya [5]

Patterson [6]

2.80
4.16
4.87
4.22

2.41
0.59
5.45
4.05

4.09
2.58
0.53
2.51

5.14
4.45
2.15
3.65

4.48
3.96
2.02
3.34

Calculation was made for the concentration range over 45 wt.%.

Table 2
Standard deviation of dew point temperature ( C)
Tableau 2
Temperature du point de rosee : ecart type
Data

Equations

Iyoki
Jeter
Feuerecker
Average
a

Uemura [4]

Jeter [2]

Feuerecker [3]

McNeelya [5]

Patterson [6]

0.78
1.56
1.02
1.12

0.70
0.22
1.15
0.89

1.15
0.89
0.12
0.74

1.44
1.50
0.56
1.09

1.27
1.36
0.52
1.00

Calculation was made for the concentration range over 45 wt.%.

Among the equations, Feuerecker's [3] shows the best

result in terms of the deviation. However, the consistency with Jeter's [2] data is not very good. Also, at
low temperatures and relatively high concentration,
consistency with the data of McNeely [5] is not good, as
shown in Appendix A, Table A4. This will also be
because their measurement range is not wide enough,
although it is widest among the three data.
2.3. Proposal for a new equation
Fig. 1 shows the temperature range which the data of
Jeter [2] and Feuerecker [3] cover for the concentration
of 4065 wt.%. Although they cover the range from
middle to high temperature well, the low temperature
range is not covered adequately.
Supplying the dew point data from McNeely's table
[5] for the low temperature range, as shown in Table 3,
the following equation for the dew point TD was
obtained by a least square tting.
TD

2 X
3
X
Aij X

40j Ti

i0 j0

(204T4210 C; 404X465 wt:%.

The coecients are

A0j

0
1
2
3

A1j

9.133128E0
4.759724E 1
5.638171E-2
1.108418E 3

9.439697E
2.882015E
1.345453E
5.852133E

A2j
1
3
4
7

7.324352E
1.556533E
1.992657E
3.924205E

5
5
6
8

Vapor pressure is obtained using the following relationship given by McNeely [5]:
log P k0 k1 =TD 273:15 k2 =TD 273:152

where
k0 7:05 k1

1; 603:54 k2

104; 095:5

As shown in Table 4, the standard deviation of dew

point by this t is the best among the equations.
3. Enthalpy of the solution
3.1. Heat capacity
McNeely [5] derived the enthalpy data from the dew
pointsolution temperature plot (Duhring chart) and

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

377

Fig. 2 shows the comparison among the calculated

values of heat capacity by the above mentioned equations.
The equations of McNeely [5] and Patterson [6] give
far dierent results from those of empirical equations in
the high temperature range. The fact that the four
empirical equations agree very well in most regions,
within 2% centering on Rockenfeller's equation, seems
to assure the high reliability of their measurement.
Among the four empirical equations, Rockenfeller's
[9] is the most recommendable for the following reasons:

Fig. 1. Coverage range of the data.

Fig. 1. Eventail des donnees.

Table 3
Number of points used for ttinga
Tableau 3
Nombre de points utilisesa
Conc. (wt.%)

McNeely [5]

Feuerecker [3]

Jeter [2]

40
45
50
55
60
65
Total

3 (2040)
6 (20120)
3 (3050)
4 (3060)
6 (4080)
5 (5080)
27

11 (45131)
none
11 (56153)
11 (66162)
8 (91162)
11 (87186)
52

none
6 (125210)
6 (135210)
5 (150211)
4 (165211)
3 (180210)
24

Temperature range ( C) shown in parentheses.

heat capacity data of 50 wt.% solution based on the

Clapeyron equation. Heat capacity is obtained by taking the partial derivative of the enthalpy with respect to
temperature (Appendix C).
In recent years, heat capacity has been directly measured at high temperatures and empirical equations for
the heat capacity have been obtained based on the
results of some researchers, i.e. Feuerecker [3], Iyoki [7],
Jeter [8] and Rockenfeller [9] (Appendix C). Jeter used a
drop calorimeter and the rest employed dierential
scanning calorimeters (DSC) for the measurement. The
range of their measurements is as follows:
Feuerecker
Iyoki
Jeter
Rockenfeller

575 wt.%, 15 C to a temperature

corresponding to a vapor pressure
of 100 kPa
10.262.5 wt.%, 40160 C
4464.8 wt.%, 62151 C
4065 wt.%, 65205 C

a. Measurement by Rockenfeller covers the widest

temperature range (65205 C).
b. The results obtained by Rockenfeller's equation
occupy an intermediate position among the four
empirical equations.
c. Feuerecker's equation [3] has a concave shape and
calculated specic values tend to decrease in proportion to the temperature at high temperature
range (over 200 C), which does not agree with the
characteristic of the heat capacity of water.
d. Iyoki's equation [7] agrees to Rockenfeller's [9]
very well under 62 wt.%. However, as shown in
Fig. 3, it has a dierent trend from others over 62
wt.%, where his data does not cover.
e. The temperature range of measurement by Jeter [2]
is rather small due to a safety problem of their
calorimeter (e.g. 65117 C for 50 wt.%, 88151 C
for 65 wt.%). Besides, DSC data is evaluated to
have higher reliability than that by drop calorimeter as mentioned by Jeter in his paper.
Consequently, the following Rockenfeller's equation
[9] will be used to calculate heat capacity of solution.
Cp A0 A1 X B0 B1 XT

where
A0 3:462023;

A1

B0 1:3499E

3;

2:679895E
B1

6:55E

2;
6:

3.2. Enthalpy
At a constant temperature, T, the relation of solution
enthalpy with dierent concentrations is expressed by
the following equation: [5]
H1

H0

X1

X0 Hf

Hd d1
X0 =X1

X0 =X

Hf can be obtained from a steam table. The dierential heat of dilution (Hd ) was measured by Lange and
Schwartz [10] or Uemura and Hasaba [4] at 25 C and

378

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

Fig. 4. Heat of dilution (at 25 C).

Fig. 4. Chaleur de dilution a 25  C.

Fig. 2. Calculated heat capacity (conc.=60 wt.%).

Fig. 2. Chaleur massique calculee (concentration = 60 % en
poids).

Fig. 4. The enthalpy of the base concentration 50 wt.%

and the constant temperature 25 C is given below:
H0

25
0

Cpt; 50dt

where
Cpt; 50 specific heat of 50 wt:% lithium bromide
with the temperature t C kJ kg

1 

C 1

Using Rockenfeller's equation (3) for Cp, H0 is given

below:
H0 H25; 50 53:37 kJ kg 1

Fig. 3. Heat capacity of 150 C.

Fig. 3. Chaleur massique a 150 C.

The enthalpy of the 25 C solution is obtained by the

above calculation, as shown in Table 5. The results can
be expressed by the following equation by a least square
t.
H25; X

3
X
Cn Xn

n0

was derived theoretically from the Duhring chart by

McNeely [5]. As shown in Fig. 4, these three results
agree very well.
The reference state for zero enthalpy must be chosen.
Following McNeely [5] or Feuerecker [3], the reference
state is set at 0 C for each of the two constituents, water
and 50 wt.% lithium bromide solution.
If the base concentration X0 and the constant temperature T are set to be 50 wt.% and 25 C, then the
integral of Eq. (4) can be graphically solved by using

where
H(25,X)=enthalpy of 25 C , X wt.% solution
C0 249:79; C1 6:7138; C2
4:5348E-3; C3 1:2053E 3:
The solution enthalpy of any temperature is calculated by
T
Cpt; Xdt
7
HT; X H25; X
25

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

379

Table 4
Standard deviation of dew point temperature ( C)

Table 6
Calculated enthalpy

Tableau 4
Point de rosee ( C) : ecart type

Tableau 6
Enthalpie calculee

Data

Temperature Conc. Calculated enthalpy (kJ kg 1 )

(wt.%)
( C)
This work McNeely [5] Feuerecker [3]

Equations
This work Jeter Feuerecker McNeelya Patterson
[5]
[6]
[2] [3]

Jeter
0.32
Feuerecker 0.19
McNeely 0.19

0.22 0.89
1.15 0.12
0.77 0.47

1.50
0.56
0.12

1.36
0.52
0.22

Total

0.91 0.50

0.73

0.76

0.23

Calculation was made for the concentration range over 45

wt.%.

Table 5
Calculated enthalpy (25 C)

50

45
50
55
60
65

105.7
107.4
118.0
138.2
169.1

102.9
104.0
114.4
135.1
163.8

105.0
105.5
115.2
136.0
168.7

100

45
50
55
60
65

222.5
217.4
221.1
234.5
258.6

219.5
214.3
218.1
231.7
253.4

221.9
216.2
219.4
233.1
257.8

150

45
50
55
60
65

341.9
329.9
326.7
333.2
350.3

338.1
325.7
322.2
328.4
343.1

343.0
330.6
327.0
333.7
350.7

200

45
50
55
60
65

463.9
444.9
434.7
434.3
444.4

458.6
438.3
426.8
425.2
432.9

466.4
446.7
436.2
435.9
445.9

Tableau 5
Enthalpie calculee (a 25  C)
Conc.
(wt.%)

Enthalpy
(kJ kg 1)

Conc.
(wt.%)

Enthalpy
(kJ kg 1)

40
42
44
46
48
50
52

48.92
48.47
48.51
49.18
50.71
53.37
57.45

54
56
58
60
62
64
66

63.18
70.73
80.15
91.36
104.15
118.09
132.60

4. Entropy
4.1. The calculation method

From Eqs. (3), (6) and (7), the enthalpy of the solution can be represented by the following equation:
HT; X A0 A1 XT 0:5 B0 B1 XT2


D0 D1 X D2 X2 D3 X3

where
HT; X enthalpy of T C and X (wt.%) solution
(kJ kg 1), A0 , A1 , B0 and B1 are the same as in Eq. (3).
D0 162:81; D1
1:2053E 3

6:0418; D2 4:5348E

3; D3

204T4210 C; 404X465 wt:%:

Table 6 shows the enthalpy calculated by Eq. (8) and
other equations. Our data agree very well to Feuerecker's [3], within 1% on average.

First, the reference states of the entropy have to be

determined. The reference states used in this paper are
S 0 kj=kg K for both liquid water and 50 wt.% solution of 273.15 K (0 C).
4.1.1. Temperature dependence
The entropy of a LiBrwater solution is given by
S ST; X; P

where T, X, P are the concentration, temperature and

pressure, respectively.
Since the pressure dependence of the entropy for a
liquid may be neglected, the dierential of the entropy is
given by the following equation when X is constant:

dS

@S
Cp
dT
dT
@T
T

10

380

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

4.1.2. Concentration dependence

A quasi-isothermal evaporation process (Fig. 5) was
considered. One kg of solution with temperature T (K)
and concentration X (wt.%) is heated by
Q (kJ) at
the equilibrium pressure P (state A) and
Y (kg) of
water is evaporated. At state B, the amount of the solution is reduced by
Y (kg) and the concentration and
temperature of the solution is increased by
X and
T.
This change can be regarded as an isothermal and
reversible process if
Y is innitely small and, consequently,
X and
T are also innitely small. In
this case, entropy is preserved in state (A) and in state
(B), i.e.

ST; X; P
Q=T ST
T; X
X; P

1
Y Sv T
T; P
Y

From the enthalpy and material balances, the two

equations below are obtained:
HT; X; P
Q HT
T; X
X; P
1
Y Hv T
T; P
Y

12

Y
X=X
X

13

Since the pressure is constant, the change of entropy

and enthalpy of the solution from state (A) to state (B)
is represented by
ST
T; X
X; P

11

@S
@S

X
T
@X
@T

HT
T; X
X; P

ST; X; P
14

HT; X; P

@H
@H

X

T
@X
@T

15

The partial dierential of entropy and enthalpy of the

solution is
@S 1 @H Cp

@T T @T
T

16

Fig. 5. Quasi-isothermal evaporation process.

Fig. 5. Procede d'evaporation quasi isotherme.

From Eqs. (11)(16), the following equation is

obtained for innitely small
X and
T:
@S
1
Sv T; P
ST; X; P X
@X
T


@H
HT; X; P X
Hv T; P
@X

17

Since the pressure dependence on the entropy and

enthalpy of the solution may be neglected, S and H are
regarded as function of concentration X alone when the
temperature is kept constant. Then Eq. (17) reduces to
1 h
1
dS=X
Sv T; PX; T
2
X
T

i
@H
Hv T; PT; X dX
HT; X X
@X
Fig. 6. Calculated entropy.
Fig. 6. Entropie calculee.

18

Integrating both sides of Eq. (18) from the base concentration X0 to X,

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

X
1 h
ST; X XS0 =X0
Sv T; PT; X
2
X0 X

i
1
@H
HT; X X
Hv T; PT; X dX

T
@X

Table 7
Comparison of calculated entropy
Tableau 7
Comparaison de l'entropie calculee
Temperature ( C)

Conc. (wt.%)

Entropy (kJ kg

Feuerecker [3]

40
45
50
55
60
65

0.387
0.336
0.293
0.257
0.230
0.213

0.383
0.333
0.287
0.250
0.225
0.211

40
45
50
55
60
65

0.684
0.615
0.555
0.503
0.458
0.424

0.676
0.611
0.549
0.496
0.454
0.422

40
45
50
55
60
65

0.955
0.870
0.794
0.725
0.666
0.617

0.946
0.868
0.792
0.724
0.666
0.618

40
45
50
55
60
65

1.203
1.104
1.013
0.931
0.858
0.795

1.195
1.104
1.015
0.933
0.861
0.799

200

40
45
50
55
60
65

1.434
1.322
1.217
1.121
1.036
0.962

1.421
1.319
1.219
1.125
1.040
0.964

220

40
45
50
55
60
65

1.544
1.425
1.314
1.212
1.121
1.041

1.526
1.419
1.313
1.214
1.123
1.041

80

120

160

i
0
1
2
3

Bi0
5.127558E
1.226780E
1.364895E
1.021501E

Bi1
01
02
05
08

19

K 1)

This work
40

381

1.393954E 02
9.156820E 05
1.068904E 07
0

where S0 ST; X0 :
Sv and Hv are obtained from a steam table. H and
@H=@X are calculated by Eq. (8) and PT; X is
obtained from Eqs. (1) and (2).
4.1.3. Calculation
Since the entropy of 50 wt.%, 0 C solution was set to
be 0, entropy of 50 wt.% solution with any temperature
T ( C) is obtained by integrating Eq. (10), i.e.

ST; 50

T
0

Cpt; 50
dt
t 273:15

20

Eq. (3) can be used for the heat capacity Cp. Eq. (19)
is graphically solved by using ST; 50 as S0 and the
entropy of any concentration is obtained.
4.2. Calculated result
Fig. 6 shows the calculated results and Table 7 shows
the comparison between this work and Feuerecker's
result [3] (Appendix D).
As is evident in the table, there is a very good agreement between the two data sets, within 1% on average,
which is very reassuring for the two results since the
calculation method for entropy is quite dierent
between the two data.
The calculated entropy of the solution can be represented by the following equation:
S

3 X
3
X
Bij Xj Ti

21

i0 j0

[S (kJ kg

K 1), X 4065 (wt.%), 40210 ( C)].

Bi2
2.924145E 05
1.820453E 08
1.381109E 09
0

Bi3
9.035697E 07
7.991806E 10
1.529784E 11
0

382

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

5. Summary
We developed the equations for calculating the vapor
pressure of a LiBr solution by using recently measured
data. We also developed the equations for calculating
the enthalpy by using the data of heat capacity for the
wide range of concentrations and temperatures and the
data of the dierential heat of dilution at 25 C measured by Lange and Schwartz [10]. Finally, the entropy
of a LiBr solution was derived by using the developed
equations for calculating vapor pressure and enthalpy.
Though our methodology to calculate enthalpy and
entropy is dierent from that used by McNeely [5] or

Feuerecker [3], our results are consistent with Feuerecker's results. The developed equations are valid from
concentrations of 4065 wt.% and also from temperatures of 40210 C.
These equations will be very helpful for the design of
triple-eect LiBrwater chillers.
Acknowledgements
I wish to thank Professor T. Uemura and S. Iyoki of
Kansai University and Dr. Uwe Rockenfeller of Rocky
Research for the helpful suggestions and critical comments.

Appendix on next page

Appendix A. Comparison between the measured and calculated pressure

Appendix A. Comparaison entre les pressions mesurees et calculees
Table A1
Comparison with the data of Iyoki and Uemura [1]
Tableau A1
Comparaison avec les donnees d'Iyoki et Uemura [1]
Calculated result

Measured data

This work

Uemura and Hasaba [4]

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Feuerecker [3]

Deviation
(%)

Deviation
(%)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

1.11
1.01
0.76
1.35
5.33

70.66
93.52
123.49
205.50
278.68

(17.6)
(20.7)
(20.9)
(22.4)
(27.6)

59.97
78.97
103.79
171.45
231.65

0.20
1.88
1.58
2.10
6.07

56.53
69.39
98.51
156.33
219.80

0.27
0.61
0.86
0.66
0.56

63.41
78.02
111.17
177.15
249.71

(11.9)
(11.7)
(13.8)
(12.6)
(13.0)

56.78
69.72
98.99
157.13
220.94

0.18
0.15
1.36
0.16
0.04

0.34
0.83
1.02
1.43
1.25

69.01
130.22
156.90
181.04
287.27

0.82
1.02
1.38
1.92
2.10

69.85
131.89
158.93
183.40
291.11

0.39
2.31
2.70
3.26
3.46

70.07
132.18
159.22
183.68
291.16

0.70
2.54
2.88
3.41
3.48

68.47
129.63
156.37
178.64
284.06

1.87
0.26
1.00
4.05
5.40

68.10
129.80
156.85
179.41
286.31

2.41
0.40
1.31
4.50
6.23

68.92
131.44
158.86
181.72
290.08

1.23
1.67
2.61
5.85
7.63

67.17
131.80
159.23
182.08
290.27

0.87
1.94
2.85
6.06
7.70

7.86
4.87
2.21
0.43
7.83

11.33
31.29
62.61
90.96
222.36

5.47
1.84
0.17
1.45
5.17

10.72
29.92
60.22
87.71
215.32

0.16
2.63
3.66
4.96
8.17

10.99
30.52
61.23
89.05
217.84

2.34
0.68
2.04
3.52
7.10

10.97
30.43
61.05
88.79
217.38

2.11
0.97
2.33
3.79
7.29

0.27
1.80
1.27
1.96

31.95
40.02
46.30
58.21

1.93
0.44
2.31
2.46

29.77
37.37
43.31
54.59

8.63
6.19
8.61
8.53

29.72
37.22
43.06
54.15

8.77
6.57
9.13
9.27

29.62
37.11
42.94
54.02

9.10
6.86
9.39
9.48

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Deviation
(%)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Temp.
( C).

Pressure
(kPa)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

38.9

100.3
108.0
116.0
131.7
141.8

60.09
77.51
102.17
167.93
218.39

59.45
78.27
102.81
169.57
228.80

1.07
0.98
0.63
0.98
4.77

59.73
78.14
101.90
165.28
220.33

0.61
0.82
0.26
1.58
0.89

60.29
79.12
103.62
170.01
228.72

0.33
2.08
1.42
1.24
4.73

59.43
78.29
102.95
170.19
230.04

40.7

100.8
106.5
116.7
131.1
142.5

56.68
69.82
97.67
157.37
221.04

56.81
69.65
98.65
155.92
218.46

0.23
0.24
1.00
0.92
1.17

56.28
68.85
97.00
151.82
210.74

0.70
1.38
0.69
3.53
4.66

56.82
69.59
98.40
155.29
217.43

0.24
0.33
0.75
1.32
1.63

49.8

120.6
140.3
146.5
151.4
168.1

69.58
128.91
154.76
177.62
281.36

69.29
130.02
156.35
180.12
284.23

0.41
0.86
1.03
1.41
1.02

69.22
129.36
155.18
178.36
287.72

0.52
0.35
0.27
0.42
0.94

69.34
129.98
156.34
180.16
284.87

50.0

120.6
140.6
146.9
151.5
168.4

69.78
129.29
154.82
171.68
269.52

68.38
129.61
156.32
178.55
283.38

2.00
0.25
0.97
4.00
5.14

68.38
129.30
155.26
176.94
278.01

2.00
0.17
0.29
3.06
3.15

59.9

93.9
119.4
139.2
150.8
181.7

10.74
30.73
62.51
92.29
234.49

10.79
30.10
60.76
88.73
219.96

0.49
2.05
2.80
3.85
6.20

11.58
32.23
63.89
91.90
216.14

63.4

127.8
134.1
138.3
145.1

32.58
39.84
47.39
59.68

29.91
37.59
43.61
55.08

8.21
5.64
7.99
7.71

32.49
40.56
46.79
58.51

3.57

Patterson [6]

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Deviation
(%)

Conc.
(wt%)

Average

McNeely [5]

2.80

2.41

Deviation
(%)

4.09

5.14

4.48

383

Note: The deviation values in the parentheses are not used to calculate the average deviation of McNeely's because his equation is valid for the concentration of over 45 wt.%.

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

Deviation
(%)

Jeter [2]

384

Table A2
Comparison with the data of Jeter [2]
Tableau A2
Comparaison avec les donnees de Jeter [2]
Calculated result

Measured data

This work

Uemura and Hasaba [4]

Jeter [2]

Feuerecker [3]

McNeely [5]

Patterson [6]

Pressure Calculated Deviation Calculated

Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation
(kPa)
pressure
(%)
pressure (kPa) (%)
pressure
(%)
pressure
(%)
pressure
(%)
pressure
(%)
(kPa)
(kPa)
(kPa)
(kPa)
(kPa)

43.8

125.0
134.9
149.9
165.0
180.3
210.4

112.1
152.5
235.2
351.8
513.3
1000.2

112.96
153.35
236.36
353.20
514.72
999.64

0.77
0.56
0.49
0.40
0.28
0.06

110.50
149.50
228.78
338.73
488.24
924.82

1.43
1.96
2.73
3.72
4.88
7.54

111.95
152.12
235.00
352.25
515.32
1010.20

0.14
0.25
0.09
0.13
0.39
1.00

112.84
153.79
238.56
358.95
526.93
1038.60

0.66
0.84
1.43
2.03
2.65
3.84

119.27
162.76
252.86
380.83
559.40
1103.20

(6.40)
(6.73)
(7.51)
(8.25)
(8.98)
(10.30)

113.45
154.68
240.02
361.16
530.07
1043.90

1.20
1.43
2.05
2.66
3.27
4.37

49.4

135.0
150.1
165.1
180.3
195.3
210.3

113.4
177.5
268.8
395.9
565.2
785.7

113.26
177.61
268.24
395.01
563.20
783.76

0.13
0.06
0.21
0.22
0.35
0.25

112.66
175.69
263.21
383.60
540.46
742.28

0.65
1.02
2.08
3.11
4.38
5.53

113.13
177.53
268.65
396.81
567.99
794.14

0.24
0.02
0.05
0.23
0.49
1.07

113.28
178.53
271.05
401.35
575.41
805.23

0.10
0.58
0.84
1.38
1.81
2.49

114.77
180.95
274.81
406.99
583.58
816.74

1.21
1.94
2.23
2.80
3.25
3.95

114.92
181.03
274.63
406.20
581.65
812.82

1.34
1.99
2.17
2.60
2.91
3.45

54.9

150.0
165.0
180.2
195.2
210.5

125.3
194.4
291.3
422.7
600.1

125.23
193.46
291.30
423.82
605.31

0.06
0.49
0.00
0.27
0.87

126.88
193.11
285.65
407.51
569.52

1.26
0.66
1.94
3.59
5.10

126.34
194.64
292.58
425.38
607.62

0.83
0.12
0.44
0.63
1.25

124.73
192.74
290.27
422.34
603.14

0.46
0.85
0.35
0.09
0.51

127.00
196.22
295.45
429.79
613.64

1.35
0.93
1.43
1.68
2.26

127.30
196.48
295.53
429.44
612.48

1.60
1.07
1.45
1.59
2.06

60.8

165.0
180.4

130.5
201.3

127.67
198.58

2.17
1.35

129.68
195.84

0.63
2.71

130.60
201.53

0.08
0.12

125.53
194.09

3.80
3.58

126.60
195.31

2.99
2.98

126.30
194.99

3.22
3.14

60.9

195.5
210.6

298
429.5

296.94
432.30

0.36
0.65

283.65
399.08

4.82
7.08

299.10
432.30

0.37
0.65

288.32
416.79

3.25
2.96

289.56
417.85

2.83
2.71

289.34
417.92

2.91
2.70

65.2

179.7
194.9
209.9

145.1
218.8
316.7

140.10
214.22
316.63

3.44
2.09
0.02

139.69
205.39
291.19

3.73
6.13
8.05

146.34
220.06
319.98

0.86
0.58
1.04

137.21
207.83
304.09

5.44
5.01
3.98

131.21
197.75
288.05

9.57
9.62
9.05

131.54
198.53
289.59

9.34
9.26
8.56

Average

1.04

4.16

0.59

2.58

4.45

3.96

Note: The deviation values in the parentheses are not used to calculate the average deviation of McNeely's because his equation is valid for the concentration of over 45 wt.%.

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

Conc. Temp.
(wt%) ( C)

Table A3
Comparison with the data of Feuerecker [3]
Tableau A3
Comparaison avec les donnees de Feuerecker [3]
Calculated result

Measured data

This work

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Deviation
(%)

McNeely [5]

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Deviation
(%)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Deviation
(%)

Patterson [6]

Temp.
( C)

Pressure
(kPa)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

40.4

45.1
51.0
60.9
70.5
80.4
90.4
100.4
110.1
122.2
131.4

5
6.8
11
17
26
39
57
80
120
160

5.05
6.82
11.06
17.10
26.07
39.01
56.83
79.87
119.77
159.68

0.96
0.32
0.52
0.61
0.27
0.02
0.30
0.16
0.19
0.20

4.93
6.71
10.96
17.03
25.99
38.86
56.43
78.95
117.45
155.46

1.34
1.32
0.36
0.17
0.02
0.37
1.00
1.32
2.13
2.84

5.17
6.96
11.23
17.30
26.28
39.20
56.96
79.89
119.55
159.20

3.37
2.40
2.10
1.79
1.08
0.51
0.07
0.13
0.37
0.50

5.02
6.78
10.98
16.98
25.89
38.78
56.59
79.68
119.83
160.15

0.49
0.26
0.19
0.12
0.42
0.56
0.73
0.39
0.15
0.09

5.46
7.41
12.12
18.89
29.01
43.71
64.10
90.64
136.90
183.46

(9.16)
(9.04)
(10.2)
(11.1)
(11.6)
(12.1)
(12.5)
(13.3)
(14.1)
(14.7)

5.04
6.81
11.03
17.06
26.02
38.97
56.88
80.10
120.46
161.00

0.87
0.14
0.25
0.34
0.06
0.07
0.22
0.13
0.39
0.63

50.4

55.7
61.6
71.3
81.7
90.8
101.0

4.5
6
9.5
15
22
33

4.51
6.06
9.59
15.16
22.16
33.04

0.32
1.00
0.90
1.08
0.72
0.12

4.28
5.81
9.34
14.95
22.02
33.00

4.89
3.13
1.72
0.33
0.07
0.01

4.66
6.23
9.78
15.39
22.39
33.27

3.55
3.77
2.99
2.58
1.79
0.81

4.46
5.98
9.47
14.99
21.93
32.76

0.91
0.26
0.34
0.07
0.31
0.73

4.50
6.04
9.56
15.14
22.17
33.12

0.10
0.60
0.60
0.94
0.76
0.37

4.50
6.05
9.59
15.21
22.27
33.28

0.05
0.85
0.96
1.37
1.23
0.86

50.4

111.0
121.0
131.4
141.5
152.5

47.80
67.76
95.34
130.28
179.98

0.42
0.35
0.36
0.21
0.01

47.87
67.89
95.37
129.90
178.53

0.27
0.16
0.39
0.08
0.82

48.00
67.92
95.46
130.38
180.17

0.00
0.12
0.48
0.30
0.10

47.49
67.48
95.21
130.45
180.80

1.07
0.76
0.22
0.35
0.45

48.04
68.29
96.37
132.09
183.10

0.08
0.42
1.45
1.60
1.72

48.27
68.59
96.76
132.54
183.59

0.56
0.87
1.85
1.95
2.00

55.4

65.6
71.5
81.3
91.9
101.1
110.7
120.5
130.6
140.5

4.58
6.07
9.56
15.13
22.07
31.94
45.81
64.80
89.74

1.71
1.22
0.66
0.85
0.30
0.18
0.42
0.31
0.29

4.58
6.15
9.80
15.63
22.89
33.16
47.45
66.81
91.89

1.89
2.42
3.16
4.23
4.05
3.62
3.15
2.79
2.10

4.82
6.37
9.96
15.65
22.71
32.72
46.72
65.84
90.88

7.08
6.11
4.81
4.32
3.22
2.25
1.56
1.29
0.98

4.53
6.02
9.49
15.02
21.93
31.76
45.57
64.47
89.29

0.66
0.27
0.15
0.15
0.32
0.74
0.94
0.81
0.79

4.62
6.14
9.67
15.32
22.36
32.38
46.45
65.72
91.00

2.64
2.25
1.83
2.12
1.63
1.20
0.98
1.10
1.11

4.65
6.17
9.73
15.40
22.47
32.52
46.62
65.91
91.21

3.31
2.89
2.42
2.66
2.11
1.62
1.34
1.40
1.35

4.5
6
9.5
15
22
32
46
65
90

Deviation
(%)

Feuerecker [3]

Deviation
(%)

385

(continued on next page)

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

Jeter [2]

Conc.
(wt%)

48
68
95
130
180

Deviation
(%)

Uemura and Hasaba [4]

386

Table A3 (continued)
Calculated result

Measured data

This work

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

152.5
161.8

130
170

130.07
170.54

0.05
0.32

131.79
171.12

1.37
0.66

131.30
171.80

1.00
1.06

129.42
169.66

0.45
0.20

131.87
172.85

1.44
1.67

132.07
173.01

1.60
1.77

60.2

90.5
101.0
110.9
121.0
130.6
140.7
150.5
161.8

9
14
21
31
44
62
85
120

9.02
14.15
21.13
31.03
44.03
62.19
85.67
121.51

0.23
1.06
0.63
0.08
0.07
0.30
0.79
1.26

9.69
15.25
22.76
33.26
46.82
65.39
88.90
123.96

7.61
8.95
8.40
7.28
6.41
5.47
4.58
3.22

9.49
14.84
22.09
32.30
45.64
64.16
87.98
124.11

5.42
5.99
5.18
4.18
3.73
3.48
3.50
3.43

8.96
14.07
21.02
30.84
43.71
61.61
84.67
119.69

0.49
0.48
0.09
0.52
0.66
0.62
0.39
0.26

9.19
14.39
21.46
31.42
44.46
62.56
85.85
121.17

2.06
2.80
2.18
1.36
1.04
0.91
1.00
0.98

9.16
14.35
21.39
31.32
44.31
62.37
85.60
120.85

1.80
2.49
1.85
1.03
0.71
0.59
0.70
0.71

65.4

87.2
91.4
101.0
111.2
121.5
131.0
140.9
150.3
159.9
172.5
180.9
186.0

4.5
5.5
8.5
13
19.5
28
40
55
75
110
140
160

4.54
5.49
8.45
12.96
19.53
28.01
40.01
55.09
75.47
111.18
142.50
164.78

0.80
0.10
0.61
0.34
0.16
0.04
0.02
0.17
0.63
1.07
1.79
2.98

4.94
6.02
9.33
14.34
21.53
30.61
43.17
58.55
78.75
112.87
141.76
161.82

9.74
9.40
9.76
10.3
10.4
9.33
7.93
6.46
5.00
2.61
1.26
1.14

5.09
6.17
9.48
14.47
21.67
30.85
43.66
59.56
80.75
117.32
148.94
171.22

13.20
12.24
11.51
11.34
11.15
10.17
9.14
8.29
7.67
6.65
6.379
7.071

4.48
5.44
8.41
12.93
19.52
27.97
39.88
54.76
74.72
109.39
139.55
160.87

0.47
1.06
1.07
0.50
0.09
0.09
0.30
0.44
0.37
0.55
0.32
0.54

4.53
5.48
8.40
12.80
19.17
27.30
38.68
52.84
71.77
104.52
132.91
152.94

0.75
0.29
1.23
1.52
1.70
2.51
3.30
3.92
4.31
4.98
5.07
4.41

4.51
5.46
8.36
12.76
19.12
27.25
38.65
52.84
71.83
104.73
133.27
153.42

0.23
0.78
1.64
1.85
1.95
2.68
3.39
3.92
4.80
4.22
4.81
4.11

4.87

5.45

Deviation
(%)

Patterson [6]

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

0.77

Deviation
(%)

McNeely [5]

Pressure
(kPa)

Average

Deviation
(%)

Feuerecker [3]

0.53

Deviation
(%)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Deviation
(%)

2.15

Note: The deviation values in the parentheses are not used to calculate the average deviation of McNeely's because his equation is valid for the concentration of over 45 wt.%.

2.02

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

Jeter [2]

Temp.
( C)

Conc.
(wt%)

Deviation
(%)

Uemura and Hasaba [4]

Table A4
Comparison with the data of McNeely [5]
Tableau A4
Comparaison avec les donnees de McNeely [5]
Calculated result

Measured data
Conc.
(wt%)

Temp.
( C)

This work
Pressure
(kPa)

Deviation
(%)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Deviation
(%)

Jeter [2]
Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Feuerecker [3]
Deviation
(%)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

McNeely [5]

Deviation
(%)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Patterson [6]
Deviation
(%)

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Deviation
(%)

40.0

20.0
30.0
40.0

1.21
2.22
3.89

1.20
2.21
3.89

0.56
0.50
0.05

1.13
2.13
3.81

6.53
4.34
2.19

1.26
2.30
4.02

4.06
3.34
3.21

1.21
2.22
3.89

0.12
0.33
0.15

1.27
2.37
4.22

(5.41)
(6.75)
(8.53)

1.22
2.23
3.91

0.77
0.30
0.48

45.0

20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0

0.92
3.00
8.42
20.65
45.58
92.47

0.91
3.00
8.38
20.49
44.99
90.28

0.70
0.02
0.47
0.74
1.29
2.37

0.79
2.74
7.95
19.88
44.08
88.57

14.4
8.55
5.49
3.70
3.29
4.22

0.94
3.03
8.37
20.36
44.58
89.45

1.80
0.92
0.54
1.40
2.20
3.26

0.91
2.97
8.25
20.20
44.54
89.96

0.68
1.14
1.98
2.15
2.28
2.71

0.92
3.03
8.48
20.86
46.15
93.44

0.44
0.89
0.70
1.01
1.24
1.05

0.90
2.94
8.23
20.24
44.76
90.55

2.65
2.08
2.23
1.96
1.80
2.07

50.0

30.0
40.0
50.0

1.12
2.00
3.46

1.11
2.01
3.47

0.11
0.37
0.11

0.98
1.82
3.24

12.2
8.73
6.46

1.18
2.09
3.59

5.51
4.83
3.56

1.11
1.99
3.42

0.83
0.66
1.09

1.11
2.00
3.45

0.33
0.02
0.34

1.10
1.99
3.45

0.92
0.31
0.40

55.0

30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0

0.66
1.21
2.14
3.63

0.65
1.20
2.12
3.60

0.98
0.71
1.08
0.81

0.58
1.12
2.04
3.55

11.8
7.65
4.85
2.11

0.71
1.29
2.26
3.80

7.62
6.81
5.40
4.77

0.64
1.18
20.9
3.56

2.73
2.21
2.36
1.91

0.65
1.20
2.13
3.62

1.05
0.47
0.59
0.11

0.66
1.21
2.14
3.65

0.37
0.24
0.12
0.59

60.0

30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0

0.35
0.67
1.22
2.12
3.57
5.81

0.36
0.67
1.21
2.09
3.51
5.71

1.30
0.05
0.88
0.95
1.47
1.81

0.32
0.63
1.19
2.13
3.67
6.06

9.92
5.76
2.38
0.89
2.83
4.18

0.37
0.70
1.26
2.20
3.70
6.01

4.22
4.12
3.88
4.21
3.80
3.39

0.34
0.64
1.17
2.05
3.46
5.65

3.90
3.77
3.65
2.92
2.85
2.78

0.35
0.67
1.22
2.12
3.57
5.81

0.57
0.27
0.02
0.42
0.19
0.02

0.36
0.67
1.22
2.12
3.57
5.80

1.14
0.62
0.19
0.46
0.11
0.18

65.0

40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0

0.36
0.67
1.19
2.04
3.36

0.36
0.67
1.18
2.02
3.34

1.55
0.15
0.15
0.83
0.63

0.33
0.64
1.19
2.12
3.59

8.80
3.92
0.74
3.86
6.83

0.37
0.71
1.28
2.22
3.70

3.70
5.96
8.16
9.03
10.15

0.33
0.63
1.13
1.96
3.28

6.93
5.94
4.41
3.66
2.41

0.36
0.67
1.19
2.03
3.35

0.61
0.02
0.10
0.42
0.29

0.36
0.66
1.18
2.02
3.33

0.06
0.70
0.56
1.05
0.87

Average

0.96

6.75

5.00

2.96

0.59

1.14

387

Note: The deviation values in the parentheses are not used to calculate the average deviation of McNeely's because his equation is valid for the concentration of over 45 wt.%.

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

Calculated
pressure
(kPa)

Uemura and Hasaba [4]

388

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

5 < T < 180 C; 20 < D < 110 C; 45 < X < 70 wt:%:

Appendix B. Equations of vapor pressure

Appendix B. Equations de pression de vapeur
B.1. Uemura and Hasaba [4]

log P A B=T C=T

A 3:1934 1:3292E-1 X 1:4278E 3 X2
B 1:0575E3 9:4632E1 X 9:816E 1 X2
C 6:01350E5 1:9734E4 X 2:3701E2 X2
P, vapor pressure (kPa), T, temperature (K).

P=Pw Xw Xw 1
Xw 0:652 A3 Xw
T 150
Xw 0:652
150

h
Xw A0 A1 Xw 0:65 A2
T 150
A5
0:653 A4
150
i

P solution vaporpressure kPa

Pw saturation pressureofpurewaterofT C kPa
Xw water molfraction Nwater =Nwater Nion
B.3. Feuerecker [3]
T AXm BXm D
with
4
X
Ai Xi=2
m ;

2.00755
0.16976
3.13336E 3
1.97668E 5

i0

124.937
7.7165
0.152286
7.9509E 4

1603:54=D 273:15

104; 095:5=D

B.5. Patterson et al. [6]

TDP

5 X
2
X
Bij Xi Tj
i0 j0

A0= 1.809784, A1=1.059895, A2=20.307708, A3=

43.314071, A4=0.536261, A5= 15.298850

0
1
2
3
log P 7:05
273:152

B.2. Jeter [2]

Bi

Ai

4
X
Bi Xi=2
m
i0

T, boiling point of the solution ( C);

D, dew point of the vapor ( C);
Xm , mol ratio=(mol salt)/(mol water)
404X475 wt.%, T4190 C).

where
TDP =dew point temprature ( F).
T=solution temperature ( F).
B00
B20
B40
B01
B21
B41
B02
B22
B42

1:313448E
5:177356E
6:380541E
9:967944E
2:215597E
7:308556E
1:978788E
2:002427E
1:201525E

1; B10 1:820914E
2B30 2:827426E
5; B50 4:340498E
1; B11 1:778069E
4B31 5:913618E
8; B51 2:788472E
5; B12 1:779481E
6B32 7:667546E
9; B52 6:641716E

1
3;
7
3;
6;
6
5;
8;
12

Appendix C. Equations of heat capacity

Appendix C. Equations de chaleur massique
C.1. Iyoki and Uemura [7]

Ai

0
1
2
3
4

340.879
2638.978
7262.473
8119.078
3302.087

Bi
0.01050
6.70042
15.42090
16.42477
6.34249

Cp

i0

3
3
X
X
T D An Xn
Bn Xn

0
1
2

n0

i0

i0
1

Cp, heat capacity (kJ kg

concentration (wt.%)

B.4. McNeely [5]

n0

6
6
6
X
X
X
Ai Xi
Bi Xi T
Ci Xi T2

Ai
5.62514E+00
1.40395E 01
1.06479E 03

C 1); T, temperature (K). X,

Bi
8.96356E 03
8.19462E 04
2.72788E 05

Ci
1.38744E 05
8.86288E 07
7.06171E 08

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

3
4
5
6

9.97880E
4.59723E
7.61618E
4.37013E

04
05
07
09

7.56136E
3.12107E
4.98885E
2.81480E

06
07
09
11

1.21807E
4.74146E
7.39772E
4.11735E

08
10
12
14

389



Cp 2:326 1:8BT 3:6C1:8T 32
T, temperature ( C) (164T4166 C;
404X470 wt:%:

C.2. Jeter [2]

1015:07 79:5387X
0:03031583X3

Cp A0 A1 X B0 B1 XT
T, temperature ( C).
A0 3:067819; A1
B0 6:018E

B 4:68108
2:15232E

3; B1

7:31E

5:

4:9107e

H
B0 1:3499E

2:679895E

3; B1

6:55E

Cp

n0

6:

Cp

Ai1 Xi 2Ai2 Xi T

04X470 wt:%

n0

with: H, enthalpy (kJ kg ), T; temperature (K).

(404X475 wt.%, 2734T4463 K)

0 954.8
1 47.7739
2 1.59235
3 2.09422E 2
4 7.689E 5

5
X

04T4180 C;

n0

bi

10X4

5:897E

T, temperature ( C).

i ai

1:078963E

i0

3
2
X
X
bn Xn 2T cn Xn 3T2 d0
n0

4X

i0 j0

4
3
2
X
X
X
an xn T bn Xn T2 cn Xn T3 d0
n0

7X4

5 X
2
X
Aij Xi Tj

2;

C.4. Feuerecker et al. [3]

H

7X

3X2

C.6. Patterson et al. [6]

T, temperature ( C).
A0 3:462023; A1

1X 8:44845E

3 3:83184E

5X 1:3152E

Cp A0 A1 X B0 B1 XT

4X4

4X3 4:80097E

C.3. Rockenfeller [9]

1:400261E

3:037766E

1:047721E

2;

2:358016X2

ci
3.293E 1
7.4285E 3
4.076E 2
1.5144E 4
1.36E 5
1.3555E 6
7.1366E 6

di

Ai0

Ai1

Ai2

0
1
2
3
4
5

1.134125E0
4.80045E 1
2.161438E 3
2.336235E 4
1.188679E 5
2.291532E 7

4.124891E0
7.643903E 2
2.589577E 3
9.500522E 5
1.708026E 6
1.102363E 8

5.743693E 4
5.870921E 5
7.375319E 6
3.277592E 7
6.062304E 9
3.901897E 11

2.269E 6

C.5. McNeely [5]



H 2:326 A B1:8T 32 C1:8T 322

Appendix D. Feuerecker's equation of entropy [3]

Appendix D. Equation d'entropie de Feuerecker [3]
S A1 A2 A3 T2 A4 X A5 XT A6 XT2 A7 X2
A8 X2 T A9 X3 A10 X4
S, entropy of solution (kJ kg
190 C, 404X475 wt:%

K 1) (04T4

390

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374390

A1

1:01961E3;

A2 1:101529E

A3

1:042150E

2; A4 1:036935E2;

A5

5:87032E-2 A6 8:63107E-5;

A7

3:266802;

A9 4:100993E

A8

3:16683E

2 A10

1;
[4]
[5]

1:790548E

[6]
[7]

References
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[2] Jeter SM, Lenard JLY, Teja AS. Properties of lithium
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Transactions 1992;98(1):16772.
[3] Feuerecker G, Scharfe J, Greiter I, Frank C, Alfeld G.
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[8]

[9]

[10]

AES vol. 31, International Absorption Heat Pump

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Rockenfeller U. Laboratory results: solution=LiBrH2O,
properties=PTX, heat capacity. Unpublished data.
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