M Ozanam S Introduction To The Mathemati

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AL
OZ AN A Ms
Introduction
TO
THE.
MATHEMATICKS
OR
HIS
ALGEBRA:
Wherein the
Rudiments of that most Useful Science
are made Plain to a mean Capacity.
Done out of FRENCH.
LONDON:
Printed for R. SA RE at Gra/s-Inn-Gate in
Holbortt. MDCCXI.
ll
is
TO
THE
Growing
Hopes
O F
Mr. Edward Nortbey,
Second SON of
Sir Edward Northey,
Her Majesties Attorney General ;
THIS
TRANSLATION
A S
Suitable to his Youthful Studies,
Is with due Respect
DEDICATED
BY
THE
TRANSLA TOR,
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T H E
PREFA
.
: '
T O
CE
T H E
READER.
MOST Persons who care not to be at the fains
of studying this useful Science, excuse them
selves by prMending it 'is too difficult.
It is true there are vast ascents in its Ptogrefs^yet
the Paths are slain and easily preceftible j and Cu
stom and Asplication mil help the Diligent even to
ascend those flupendious Heights.
To begin with them, is indeed difficult ; but Algebra has its pleasant and delightful Valleys, as weU as
its craggy Mountains ; and there are Seats of Plea
sure and Profit bebw-HiB as well as above.
This,I hose, will be evinedfrom this Treatise ; the
Author needs no Recommendation ; if bis fault be
JWmhV it if most easily born, (where the Prejudice
is against Difficulty), and whoever profits but a little
by reading him, cannot complain that his Time is
mifpent,
I am sure I Tranflattd him with a great deal of
Delights and no less Profit, altho I had read our In.
iufiriom MirKersy : Plainness is both their Excel
lencies, and therefore herein I [oftenjnake them go
Hand in HanJ*
/
A }
l,et
The Preface to the Reader.

Let me be understood also, That the Recommenda
tion of this Stranger takes not offfrom the due Cha
racter of our Countrymen, who have out-gone already
all the World in this Science. -.
But different Men have different Methods ; and
ai toe take their Town's, why not their Methods also,
if we lik? them ? In short, with some Ment some Me
thods take where others will not ; and that this may do
with you, is my hearty Desire.
1 interfere not with those Ingenious Men who have
undertaken to Translate his whole course of Mathema
tics ; I own 1 think, this Part the Best, and there
fore Translated it, and finished the Translation six
Tears ago.
If this he not enough, you may soon have more j
however if you learn this well, you will the better be
able to comprehend that .- Which that you- may dt, it
the hearty Desire of
. , ,
Epsom, Newyears Day,
171 1.
,- -
Your well Wisher,
Daniel Kilman.
INTRO-
INTRODUCTION
.i , T O
T H E
: :::M% xhjs mat i c k s: 1 - .

M m "H E Mathematicks is a Science which takes
I
Cognizance of whatsoever can be Counted
<*4L or Measured j and because that which may
be Counted or Measur'd, is either continued or dicontinuedy it follows, That Quantity, or finite Mag
nitude, (suehas is capable of Increase by Addition
or Multiplication, or Diminution by Subtraction or
.Division) is the Object of Mathematicksj and
whensoever such Magnitudes hath a sensible Extent,
called Dimension; as a Line; Surface or Solid; or
which is the fame, either Time, Motion or Weight,
it becomes the Object of Geometry j but when the
fame Quantity, such as Number, whose Dimensi
ons are imaginary, that is to fay, such as we can
perceive but by Thought, they become the Object
of Arithmetics.
These two Parts, (that is to fay) Arithmetick
and Geometry, are those which are called Simple
Mathematicks, and which Plato calls the two
Wings, because they mutually help each other,
and are the Foundation of' the other Parts of the
Mathematicks, which are commonly call'd mixt
Mathematicks ; such as Astronomy, Opticks and
Mechanicks, which are no other than Physicks ex
plained by the Principles of Arithmetick and Geo
metry,
Although
fi
Introductionto the Matbematicks.
Although the Mathematicks do only consider

Magnitude,' nevertheless <fhey 46)nojcdrjsidejij>f ab
solutely, and'iri Tts -filf,""but ' ifaeerly tie relation
that it hath to another Magnitude of the fame kind,
by homogeneally comparing them, in Order to the
finding out some hidden Truth ; which afterward ,
by Reasons founded on other known T/whs, such
as are naturally known by everyone, tiey demon
strate it.
TMse;known 3J/th.Mc BorrimMilSi known by
,the Names of common; Notions or Principles, of
which there are three sorts,
Definitions, Axi
oms, and Postulates-.
.;/ -.;:.., - J&efinitjms, are the Explications of such. Words
and Terms which pQncewui -Proposition, towards
itheêndfing lit more <Hear- and Near, and avoid
ing in the Demonstration all sorts of Difficulties and
.Objections.: . ;. Au-A -, .- :'i\niU. A , -ifvoltîly/
-v jteioms Qt ifoxms are soeh Propositions, whe
ther Simple or General, the knowledge of. which
is of it self so evident, as not to be denied by any
-one, .unless; he.'giy*s-the4y;to:his Sense and natu
ral Reasons so .that every rational Man is coniftrainjd rtp gree *o them, ;there jbeing no Proof so
convincing, as the light of Nature, as when it is
{aid between two Points, there can be drawn but
one Right Line.
.
Postulates or Demands are Suppositions of certain
Things practicable, whereof the Execution is so
jeafy, that no Man of Sense and Judgment can pos
sibly deny or contest them.
Such as upon a Plain with a Compass to describe a
Circle, they are called Demands; because it is de
manded or expected, that every Mali should ac
knowledge them to be naturally true, and so easy,
a*
Introduction to the Mathematicks.
iii
as co require neither direction or Demonstra

tion.
These three Principles being granted, are those
which Mathematicians make use of to demonstrate
their Propositions, which are of two forts j name
ly Principals, which are either Problems or Theo
rems j or less Principal, which are, Corollaries or
Lemmas ; which alter having been demonstrated,
do in their turn conduce to the Proof of other Pro
positions which depend on them.
A Problem is a Question which proposes to do
somewhat, and (by precedent Principles) sliews the
manner how it is to be done and constructed, and
relates to some Action necessary in Demonstration :
Thus ; To find the Center of a Circle given, thereare divers sorts of Problems, of which, after we
have explained what i{ meant by the Word Givent
we will explain some.
By the Word Given, Mathematicians understand
tobe meant, of that which the Magnitude, the Po
sition, the Kind, or the Proportion is known j so
that if the Magnitude be known, it is called the
Magnitude given j ifthe Position, the Position given;
if its Magnitude and Position, the Magnitude and
Position given : As in describing a Circle on a Plane,'
the Center is the Position given, the Diameter the
Magnitude given, the whole Circle the Magnitude
and Position given. Again, If a Diameter is drawn
at Pleasure, this Diameter is in a Magnitude and
Position given at the fame time j that is, whilst the
Circle subsists only in imagination, of which the
Diameter only is knowrij that Circle can only be
in Magnitude given; likewise when only the Kind
is known, as that it is to be a Circle, it is in *
Kind given j and when the relation of two Mag

nirudes are known,, they are in a Proportion
given.
Problems are Direct or Indirect; Determinate or
Indeterminate, Simple, Plane, Solid, Sur-solid,
that is to fay, more than Solid.
A Limited Problem is such a one as can be done
only in one manner^ as to Cause j The Circumfe*
rente of a Circle to go through three Points, there be
ing but one Circle which can go through those
three Points given.
An Unlimited Problem is such a one as can be- done
after sundry manners ; as to describe the Circumfe
rence of a Circle, which shall go through two Points
given, it being apparent, that 'through any two
Points an infinite variety of Circles may be drawn., A determinate Problem is that which hath a deter
minate, or a certain number of Solutions ; as to di
vide a Line into two equal Parts which hath but one
Solution, or to find two whole numbers, the differ
rence of whose Squares JhaU be equal to 4S, which
hath but two Solutions, vi\. 8, 4, and 7, 1, are
all the Numbers so qualified.
- 1-'-i \l -.<,
An indeterminate or local Problem, is that which if
capable of an infinite variety of different Solutions,
so that the Point which contributes to the Resolu
tion of it 6when in GeometryJ be at Pleasure with
in a certain Place, which is called she Geometrical
-W**,',which may ibe ejtheriaJLinei a Plane, arSor
lid : And therefore when the said Place is in a right
Line, it is called Simple Place, or PUce of a right
Linen when on the Circumference of a Circle,
Plane, , or Place, Place -of a Circle^ when on the Cir
cumference of any Conick Section, as a Parabola,
Hyperbola or Elypsis, Solid Piece.
-:- .
-j 'so :jY-~u,:\
u--iv/ I ,:- ; -ih b-r-X
Introduction to the Matbetrtathks.
'v
A simplex* linear Problem is such a one as can be

refolv'd by the intersection of two Right Lines j it
is true, all such Problems are also direct, because
capable of but One Solution, since two Right Lines
can cut each other but in one Point only.
A Plane Problem is such a one as can be refolv'd
in Geomttty by the Intersections of two Circles, or
the Intersection of a Right Line with the Circum
ference of'a Circle j it is also here evident, such
Problems are -only of two Solutions, because two
Circumferences, or a Right Line and a Circumfe
rence can cut each other but in two Points only.
The Solid Problem is (in Geometry) that which
can be resolved1 by the Intersection of two Conick
Sections, other than two Circles ; it is evident, that
such Problem at the most can have but four Soluti
ons, because two Conick Sections can cut each other but in four Points.
The Sur-Solid Problem is that which cannot be
resolved by Geometry, without making use of some
Curved Line of a more exalted kind than what
comes from1Conick Sections ; it is evident such a
Problem is capable of more than four Solutions,
since such a Curved Line may be cut by another
Curved Line in more than four Points.
A Problem which is exrreamly easy, and almost
demonstrates it self, and serves only to demon
strate others more difficult, is called a Porima,
from she GreeiWotd Poritfiot, which signifies easy
to be apprehended, and which .opens the way to
something more diffcultj as from a Line given, to cut
js 4 left Linegiven.
A Problem which is possible, but has not yet
been resolved, because it has appear'd too disficult
is called an Aporimeas, as is now the squaring the
Circle,
Vi
Introduction to the Matbematicks.
Circle, and before Archimedes the squaring the

Parabola.
:i
By this word Squaring, is meant in the Matheticks the manner of reducing a Curved Lined Fi
gure, into a Right Lined Figure i by Curved Li
ned, I mean a Figure bounded with Curved Lines,
for all Right Lined Figures are easily deduc'd into
Squares j thus the squaring the Parabola is the way
of finding a Right Lined Figure equal to a Para
bola ; the squaring the Circle, the way of describing
a Right Lined Figure equal to a Circle.
The Theorem is a determinate Proposition con
cerning the nature and propriety of Things, which
shews how to find out a hidden Truth, and deduce
it from its proper Principles j of which sort is this
Proposition which asserts, That when the two fides
of a Triangle are equal, the two Angles at the Base
are also equal.
A general Theorem, which discovers it self in any
Place found, is called a Porisma j so (whether by
the Ancient or Modern Analysis, the Construction
of any local Problem is found out j from which
Construction a Theorem is drawn,) such Theorem
is called a Porisma, and therefore a Porisma is no
other than a Corollary discovered in its Place,
with its Construction and Demonstration declared
by way of Theorem, serving (faith Pappus) to
wards the Construction of the most general and
difficult Problems : This word Porisma comes from
Poriso, which, according to Proclus, signifies an Eftablisliment or Conclusion of what hath been done
and demonstrated, which made him define a Poris
ma, A Theorem drawn by reason of another The-;
orem, done and demonstrated.
The
Introduction- to the Mathematicks.
vii
The Corollary is a necessary and evident Truth,

that is to fay, a Consequence drawn from wh
hath been done and demonstrated, as if from the
precedent Theorem, vi\. The two Angles of a Tri
angle are equal when the opposite Sides are equal ; it
Jhould be concluded that the three Angles of an Equi
lateral Triangle are equal.
The Lemma is a Proposition made use of to con
tribute to the Demonstration of a Theorem, or Re
solution of a Problem j it is most commonly put
before the Demonstration of a Theorem, to the end
its Demonstration should be less incumbred j or be
fore the Resolution of a Theorem, to the end it
should be the shorter.
Thus it happens, that Euclid in his Elements, be
fore he shews how from a Point given, to draw a
Line equal to a Line given j shews how to make an
Equilateral Triangle, and that he always demon
strates a Theorem before its Inverse, which in an
other Place we call a Reciprocal Theorem.
Amongst the number of less Principal Propositi
ons may also be'mentioned the Scholium, which (af
ter we have shewed what Demonstration is, and
explained its different Kinds) we shall fay some
thing of.
Demonstration is one or several Syllogisms, or suc
cessive Reasonings drawn one from the other, which
clearly and invincibly demonstrate a Proposition ;
that is, which convince the Mind of the Truth or
Falfliood, the Possibility or Impossibility of it; and
without Demonstration, (unless it be a Principle)
there is great reason to doubt of any Proposition ;
for it often happens, that what appears true to the
Sense as well as the Mind, is False, for the Sense
B
. " - often
-viii
often imposes upon the Mind, especially where the

Thing is not sufficiently examined.
These Reasonings are founded on three forts of
Principles mentioned before, indiscreetly applying
them the one to the other j that is, in applying one
Truth to the other, and from these two Truths
drawing a Third j and thus by continuing to draw
Truths from Truths in Choice, Discretion and Or
der, not only by Definitions, Axioms and Postulates,
which are agreed to, but by Theorems, Lemmas',
Problems and Corollaries we attain the Truth
fought, which is called a Conclusion, because it
concludes and comphrats the vanquishing the Mind
50. what was demonstrated.
'" Besides the Conclusion, there belongs to a De
monstration the Hypothesis, which is a supposition of
the Things known or given in the Proposition to be
demonstrated j as also the Preparation, which is a
Construction made before-hand, in drawing some
Lines, whether Effectually or by the Head j to the
*nd the Demonstration may be performed with the
greater Ease, and the more easie to entice the Mind
to 'the knowledge of the Truth intended for the
Demonstration. There are several sorts of Demon
strations, of which the two most considerable are
those which are called Positive, Affirmative or Di
rect, and Negative, ImpoJJtble or Indirect.
The,Positive., Affirmative or Direct Demonstra
tion is that, which by Affirmative and Evident Pro
positions, directly drawn one scorn the.- other, at
the bottom, discovers the Truth sought j this con
cludes what it pretends to demonstrate, in such a
-manner, That it forces the Reason to, consent to- its
Truth j of which fort is, that in Prof. 1 . Boel^the 1 st.
i%
of the Elements of Euclid, upon a Finite Right Line

given to describe an Equilateral Triangle, and di
vers others.
The Negative, Impossible, or Indirect Demon
stration, is that which demonstrates a Proposition
by some Absurdity, which must of necessity follow,
if the Proposition proposed and contested should not
be true. Thus Euclid, to demonstrate, That a 7W
angle that hath two Angles ecpual, hath also two Sides
equal, shews that the Part must be equal to its
Whole, if one of the two Sides were greater than
the other, from whence he concludes they must be
equal. " , Either of these two ways of Demonstrating equally convince the Mind, and oblige it to agree
to the Truth of what is demonstrated j but it must
be confess'd they do not equally enlighten it, for it is
most Manifest, that the Direct, abundantly more
enlightens, satisfies, and clears the Mind than the
Indirect ; Wherefore the latter is not to be used
but in default of the former, Euclid, indeed, dotftin several Places make use of Indirect Demonstra
tions, but we ought to do our utmost endeavour
to demonstrate them directly.
'
Th? Scholium is a Remark made on the Demon
stration of a Theorem, dr the Construction of a
Problem j as if after having demonstrated a The
orem by Synthesis, it be observed that the Demon
stration might have beeh performed by Analysis, or
having found the Resolution of a Problem, it is
observed it might have been found out a shorter
way by Abridgments drawn from the general Re
solution $ and now it behoves us to explain whac
is Synthesis, and-wiias Anotyfii,B i
Synthesis
Synthesis or Composition, is the Art of finding

the Truth of a Proposition by Consequences drawn
from establifh'd Principles, in their Order, or from
Propositions which demonstrate one the other ,
beginning it the most Simple, and continuing to
wards the more Compound, until arrived at the last;
at that which compleats the convincing the Mind
of the Truth fought, and commands the Consent,
without having made any Digression from the Pur
pose : So that whosoever slull attentively consider
their Consequence, shall be invincibly convinced j
and it sliall not be in his Power to deny the Truth
found, of which before he was in doubt, or abso
lutely ignorant of. 1 ' '
n - -- :
Analysis or Resolution, is the Art of discovering
the Truths of a Proposition by away disferent from
the former j namely, by taking the Proposition for
granted, and examining its Consequences until ar
rived unto some clear Truth , being a necessary
Consequence of the Proposition from whence its
Truth is agreed unto or concluded : This may
be called a making use of Composition in a retro
grade Marnier, that is, beginning where the other
ended. You have an Example of Synthesis and
Analysis in the arf Part, Chap. 3. of Geometry.
N. B. This refers to the Continuation of our Authors
Cours de Mathematiques.
.
Analysis, when concerned only in pure Geome
try, as practised by the Ancients, depends more on
the Judgment and strength of Thought, than any
particular Rusesj but at present it is made use of
in Algebra, which is a sort of Arithmetick of Let
ters, by the help of which, hidden Truths are more
easily and methodically sound out.
.'
- ,.
Hear
Introduction to the Matbematick,
xi
tieit wiia* MonC- Prtftet says in his New Ele-tnents of Mathetnaticks; - - '' -j'aoV'
' .* Never dould the Synthesis of Geometricians
" have arrived to so high a point as it hath in this
" Age, had it not been supported by the Analyfis" of the Moderns, which has brought to light an
" infinite Number of noble Discoveries, altogether
" unknown to the most knowing Men of former
" Times j in short, it is impossible to Argue in
" any other Manner, more Ingeniously, Methodi" cally, Profoundly, Learnedly and Short ; its eri
" pressions by Letters (of which it makes use) are
" altogether Simple and Familiar ; and there is
" nothing with which we can supply our Minds,"
" of so great Strength and Skill to find out hid" den Truths, for it diminishes the Labour, dt" rects the Application aright ; it fixes it and ren" ders it attentive towards the Object of its search}
" it marks and distinguishes all the Parts, it sup" ports the Imagination; it renews, spares and" improves the Memory as much as possible ; in
" short, it rules and perfectly guides the Mind j
" and although it works and imploys it, yet sub" jugates it so very little to Sense, that it leaves it '
" in intirely Liberty to employ all its Vigour and
" Activity in its search after Truth, so that no" thing may escape its Penetration: And by reason
" of the neatness and exactness of its Reasonings ;
" it for the most part discovers the shortest way to " the Truth it is in quest of, or at least the distance
" it is from it, when it comes short in its attempt.
These, and many other Reasons have made me
of Opinion, That since Agebrn is at present more
Esteem'd and Cultivated than ever j fit would not
be amiss) before we goto any thing else, for the
Bj
sakee
- -
\n
ItitroduStionto the Mathematicks.

1
*~
sake of young Beginners, to begin with an Abridg
ment of that Noble Science, at least as much of it
as may be of Use to us in the Elements of Euclid
and others j and that to soften the Demonstrations
which would seem more difficult any other way
than by this Analysis.
ABRIDGEMENT
O F
.',
ALGEBRA
ALGEBRA is a Science, by means ofwhich
we may endeavour to resolve any Problem
possible in the Mathematicks ; and this by
the means of a sort of Litteral Arithmetick,
which for that Cause has been called Specious , because
its Reasonings act by the Species or Forms of Things,
Vi%. the Alphabet. This is extreamly assistant to the
Memory, as well as the Imagination of all those who
study this noble Science ; for without it, whatsoever is
necessary to attain the Truth sought, must at once be
contained in the Mind, which requires both a vast
Memory, and a strong Imagination ; which cannot be
obtained but by a vast labour of the Brain.
TBese Letters do in each particular represent either
Lines or Numbers, according to what the Problem be
longs unto, either to Geometry or Arithmetick ; and be
ing applyed to each other, represent Planes, Solids, or
more elevated Powers, accdPUing to the Number ofthem;
for if there are two Letters together as (a b) they re
present a Parallelogram, whose two. Dimensions are re
presented by the Letters a and b ; namely,- one side by
the Letter a, and the other side by the Letter b,
to the end that being Multiplied into each other
they may,form the Plane a b ; In the fame manner^ if the two Letters are the same as (a a) the
Plane a a shall be a Square, whose Side a is called the
Square Root ; but if there are three Letters together, as
(abc) they represent a Solid; that is to say, a Re
cto ngular Parallelopipedon, whole three Dimensions
.'--' i
are
Abridgement of Algebra.
are represented by the Letters (a) (b) (e) to wit, the
Length by the Letter (a), the Brdadfh by the Letter
(b), and the Depth Or HeiglitWtrie^Lotter (e); and
therefore these three Multiplied one into the other,
produce the Solid (abc).
In the same manner, if the three Letters are the
same as aaa, the Solid aaa /hall represent a Qibe,
whose Side is called the Cube Rooh
Further,' Ifthere are more than three Letters, they
represent a moreexalted Power? and of as many Di
mensions as these' are Letters ; which Powers are call
ed Imaginary, because in Nature there is no sensible
Quantity capable ofmore than three Dimensions ; this
Power, or imaginary Magnitude is called Planes Pla*e9
or a Power of four Dimensions, when consisting offour
Letters, as (abed), a'nd when the Letters are. the
fame as (a a a a) 'tis called the Square Squared, whose
Side is (a), which is called the Root of the Square
Squared.
'
The next Power is called Sur-Solid, when consist
ing of five Letters; and when alike, as (aaa a a) is
called Surfolid, whose Side (a) is called the Sursolid
Root.
Thus you see these Powers go on Increasing, in 3
continual Addition of Letters, which is an equivalent
to a continual Multiplication, which whilst they conlist' of the fame Letters, are called Regulars y and Vieta
calls them Gradual Magnitudes, because they Increase
by a Scale conformable to the number oftheir Letters :
Thus (a a) is known to be a Power of the second De
gree because it consists of two Letters; (aaa) of the
Third, because- it consists of three, S2f<\ From whence
it also follows, that the common Root Of all these
Powers, the Side a is the Power of the first Degtee, or
Torver.
But seeing by continually augmenting the gradual
Magnitudes,' by often annexing the fame Letter, the
Number may happen to be so great as to make it dif
ficult to number them, and even to describe them on
Paper ;
Abridgement of Atgebra.
Paper ; let it then suffice to write only the Root, that

is to say, only one Letter, and towards the Right
Hand to add a Figure equal to the Number of Letters
the Power contains ; which- Number is called an Ex
ponent of the fame Power, and shews the Number of
its Dimensions; they are ordinarily written a little
higher than the Letters, for sear of confounding them
with the Numbers when there are any, or any other
Letters that may be annexed. As to express a Sursolid as a Power of the fifth Degree, whose Side or
Root is (a), instead of representing it by five Letters,
it may be represented by a5 ; the same for expressing
the Cube of a, a', for the Square Squared, a4; and
so of the rest.
From hence may easily be seen, that all graduate
Magnitudes or Powers that have any Root, as (a) have
this natural Consequence ;
a1 a1 a> a4 a' a4 a7 a a9 a', Ve.
and that they are in a Geometrical Progression, whilst
their Exponents are in an Arithmetical one ; for as the
Powers arise by continual Multiplication of the same
Root; so the Exponents, by the continual Addition of
the same Root, which let here be 1, which is not men
tioned in the first Place, because a is equal to a* .
Or if for (a) any Number at Pleasure be taken ; as
suppose (2), it will then appear a1 is equal to 4, 4' to
8, and the rest of the Powers- will be such as these,
a1 a? of a* af
2 4 8 16 32
a*
64
a1
a*
128 Z56
which sliews that the Powers are in a Geometrical

Progression, and the Exponents in an Arithmeticalone ; and that is the Reason why these Exponents may
be considered as Logarithms to the Powers, to whichthey belong..
1.
From
From whence it also follows, That the Exponent of

a Power produced from the Multiplication of two ci
ther Powers, is equal to the Sum of the Exponents of
the two said Powers. Thus the Sursolid 32 has for its
Exponent 5, namely the Sum of the Exponents 1 and 4,
of the Powers 2 and 1 6, or of the Exponents 2, 3 , of
the Powers 4 and 8 which produced it.
And hereby you may fee the vast disference between
3 a and a'; fora' signifies the Cube ofthe Root <, but
3 a the triple of that Root; so that if (a) be equal to 2,
the Cube shall be 8, but the triple 6 ; likewise, 3 a* ex
presses the triple of the Squared Square of (a), which
suppose equal to 2, shall be equal to 48 ; and so of the
rest.
-
CHAP.
'-- '
Of Monomes.
; '. '
AMonome is a literal Quantity by it self consist

ing ; that is, such a one as is not accompanied
with any other Magnitude, joyned by this Character
-r-; which signifies More, or by this , which signi
fies Less..
- i."
.
PROBLEM K .
To a Quantity, add a Quantity.
t As all Homogeneal Quantities affect not those who
are Heterogeneal ; that is, one Quantity cannot.aug
ment another of a different kind by being Added to it,
or diminish it by being Substracted from it ; it fol
lows, that such Quantities as may be added together,
ought to be ofthe same kind ; if they are,- then Unity
may be added to Unity, and the same Letters, and
same.
t
Abridgment of Algebra.
same Exponents are retained ; but when of different

kinds they may be added by the Sign
or more, as
.well as by the Sign , or less j this Addition is easy
to be apprehended by the following Examples.
ia 2<t'
4 < 4. a*
3 a 8<t'
.
sQa 14a'
iabb
4. abb
10 abb
. ,
16 abb
la
yb:
2+3&
i
laab
âbb
4-**
.
âab-\- yzab-^-â1
Where you may see, by the Addition ofseveral Mag

nitudes of the same kind, the Aggregate is one only
Magnitude, vi\. a Monome ; and by the Addition of
several Quantities of different kinds a Polynome is
formed, which when composed of two Monomes is
called a B.inome, as 2 a -f- 3 b ; the Monomes are here
called Terms, and when composed of three Terms or
Monomes, a Trinome, iaab-\-iabb~\-\a*, &c.
PROBLEM II.
Ifrom a Magnitude, to take away a Magnitude.
Substruction supposes its- Magnitudes to be Homogeneal ; sor it is evident, that, a Plane cannot be dimi
nished by the Substraction ofa Liney for a Plane is com>
posed ofinfinite Lines. Neither can a .Solid be dimir ,
nistied by Substraction of a Line or Plane, because a So;lid is composed of infinite Lines and infinite Planes.
.. Whereas we* have bespre observed, that the. Sign
(less) .doth npfc make that Magnitude it is annexed un
to, ofa different kind from what hath the Sign , or
more; now a Magnitude, is taken from a Magnitude
expressed by the same Letter, by taking the Units of
tie Left.from the Greater, and retaining the same Let
ters with their Exponents ; but if they are expressed by
different Letters, the Less is set after the Greater to
wards the Right Hand with the Sign (less) annexed,
which
which Quantity is called a Negative Quantity, which

although in its self it is Affirmative, yet it is other
wise in respect to the Quantity it is to be taken from.
See thefollowing EXAMPLES*
From 6 a From 8 a a From \ iabb From 3 a
Take 2 a Take 3 a a Take 4 a b b Take 2 b
44
From 2 <'
Take iaab
5<<
8*6
3<26
l a1 laab.
It often happens that a greater Quantity is required
to be Substracted from a less, which because it is abso
lutely impossible, take (as before shewed-) the Less from
the Greater, and to the Remainder set down the Sign
, towards the Left, to shew that such Remainder is
Negative, and by Consequence less than nothing : Thus
if 5 < be taken from 3 a the Remainder shall be 24,
or if 10 b b be taken srom 3 the Remainder shall be
7 b b.
To express the Excess os one Quantity and another
Quantity of different Letters, without knowing which
is the greater ; seeing we cannot tell to whkh to annex
the Sign , let them be joined together with this
Sign . . ., which signisies Difference : Thus the Diffe
rence of these two Quantities 2 a, 3 b, is 20... 3 b,
or 3 b ... 2 a, and the Difference of these two 2
. .. + abb is ia> ...$abb, or 4 a b b . .. 2 a'.
PROB,
PROBLEM III.
To Multiply a Quantity by a Quantity.
Multiplication as well as Division doth not require its
Quantities to be Homogeneal; for a Plane may be
Multiplied by a Line, and it becomes a Solid ; a So
lid by a Line, and it becomes a Plane's Plane ; so that
the Multiplication of different kinds changes and ex
alts them, except when exprest by Numbers, and in
thatyCafe the kind remains.
First then to Multiply a litteral Quantity by a Num
ber, the Units of this litteral Quantity are to be Mul
tiplied by this Number, retaining the lame Letters
with their Exponents: Thus to Multiply this litteral
Quantity 3 a a b b by 4, Multiply 3 by 4, and the Pro
duct is 12 a abb.
But to Multiply one litteral Quantity by another*
Multiply together the Units on the Left-Hand, ana
if the Letters in each are the fame, add together their
Exponents, if different, aster the Product ofthe Num
bers annex towards the right Hand the Letters of
each particular Quantity, with their Exponents, as is
to be seen in the following
EXAMPLES.
Multiply 2a
By 3
6ab
2
4
3a
3a
gaa
3a
lSaabc
\aacd
84
27a'
72a*bccA
Here you may fee the Exponent of a Square is doul to its Root, of a Cube Triple, of a Square Squa-'
1 Quadruple.
PRO B,
PROBLEM IV.
To Divide a Quantity by a Quantity,
Division, which Vieta calls Application, as we have al

ready Noted, requires not its Quantities to be Homo-geneal, for oftentimes a Quantity of a greater Power
is Divided by a Quantity of a lefler, as a Plane by a
Line, when the Quotient will be a Line; - a Solid by
a Line, when the Quotient will be a Plane ; but no
continual Magnitude can fGeometrically speaking; be
Divided by another continual Magnitude os a higher
Power, begause it is against the nature ofMagnitude ;
hvtt any such Magnitude may be Divided by another
of the same kind, and then the:Quotient is an absolute
Number, generally speaking. , ..'--'-.>-.. - ' - >
First then if the Divisor be a Number, let the Units
on the Left of the Dividend be divided by this Num
ber, retaining the same Letters and their Exponents :
Thus, if I divide 8 a. b b by 4, the Quotient shall be
2 j
and dividing 3 2 a ' by -8, the Quotient shall
be 4*.
v
But ifto the Divisor there are oae or more Letters
annexed, and that the same Letters are sound in the
Dividend, (which is here supposed of a higher Power
-than the Divisor-) let the Units of the Dividend be
divided by those of the Divisor, and the Exponent of
the Divisor substracted from that of the Dividend,
and those which remain without Exponent will ex
p^nge each other, and the remaining Letters will be
the Quotient s which fifthe Divisor have no different
Letters from the Dividend, or if the Exponents ofthe
Divisor may be substracted from the like Exponents in
the Dividend) shall be an entire Quotient, otherwise
ithise different Letters, as well as the difference- of the
Exponents of the same Letters found by substracting the
Lester from the Greater, trust be placed under a Line,
* you may iee in the last of the ensuing Examples.
Abridgment of Algebra'
E X AMP L B $
o-
3abb{fib'
o
6a-bb\jjib.
o
7b Extra& a Root from a Quantity given;We have taken Notice in, what we faid of MukipKettion, that the* Exponent of the Square is double to-'
that of its Root, the Exponent of a Cube triple to its
Root ; wherefore to Extract the Square Root of any
Magnitude proposed, take the Square Root of its Unjties and the halfofits Exponent,and for the Cube,the
Cube ofits Unities, and the third ofits Exponent ; thu
the Square Root ofthis Power 64 a6b", will be 8 a' b%%
and the Cube Root 4 a a b b, whose Square Root will
be 2-a b, the Root of the sixth Power.
A'Power, that hath neither the Signs -f-or be
fore it, is look'd upon as Affirmative, and if it be*
preceded by a Number that contains the Root fought
and its Exponent may be commensured by the Ex
ponent of the Root;- namely for the Square Rootby 2, for the Cube by 3, 5V.) it-will contain the Root
sought.
Thus it appears, that the Square Root of 48 ris
2*?b+, and the Cube Root of a6, b" is a a bj> Unity
being understood in the Root as well as in the Power ;
for it is evident that a6 bs is the fame with 1 a6 b6, anct
ite'Cube Root a a b b, the fame with 1 a abb.
Ifthe Power, whose Root is proposed to be extracted
be Negative, or preceded by , it shall not have any
such Root, (although under the above-mentioned Qua
lification, unless the Exponent ofthe Root fought be an
C 2
odd
jo
abridgment of Algebra*
odd Number, and then the Root also will be Negative;

Thus the Cube Root of 8 *' hf it 2 a b, and the
Sursolid or ^th Power of 32' b' is 2 a b,
Tart 4 a 0 b hath no Square Root, such a Root is only
Imaginary, and expressible thus, y 4 aab, the Cha
racter tf, signifies Root.
When a Quantity proposed hath no Root, the Cha
racter V is annexed on the Left with the Exponent of
the Root ; which to prevent Consusion with the Unityof the Powers, may be enclosed with Parenthesis, as
(2) for the Square Root, (3) for the Cube Root, CSV.
Thus to express the Cube Root of 12
it i* W3) 12
a* b*, and to express the Square Root of 24 a a b b, it
is V (2>24 a abb, or V 24 a a b b, the Exponent 2 be
ing understood, which (for the most part) in express
ling Square Roots is neglected ; such Roots as these arc
called Irrational Quantities.
These Irrational Quantities, or their Roots, may.
more simply be exprest when the Power is divisible by
another Power which has5 the Root- sought^ namely,,
in fcttirig the Character V between* the Root of this
dther Power, and tho Quotient ofsuch Division : Thos
to express the Cafes Root of this Power 12 ' b3, *B
May be set down a bt(l) 12, because 12 *' b* is di
visible by *' b*, which hath for its Cube Root ab, and
for its Quotient 12. In the fame manner to express
the Square Root of the Power 6a abb; instead of
writing V 6 a abb, it may be a b V 6, because the
Power propos'd 6 aabb, is_divisible by aabb, whose
5quare Root is ab, and its Quotient 6.
CHAP.
C H A P.
II.
0/ Polynomes.
BY the precedent Chapter hath heen shewn, how by
the Addition or Subtraction of several Quanti
ties of different kinds, a Polynome is formed, whofe
Terms, that-is, the Monomes that compose it, may be
differently affected ; that is, may be Asfirmative or
Negative, according as they may have gone through
Addition or Substraction; wherefore, lest the differ
rente between -\- and which are called Signs, should
raise some Difficulties, e'er we venture upon Practice
we /hall Propose the following Theorems*
THEOREM I.
The Summ of tw> Quantities alike affeSed, is oflike dffettion with them.
That is to fay, if any two Quantities are Asfirma
tive, namely preceded' by the Sign +, their Summ.stall be Affirmative ; if Negative , their Sumnrstall be Negative ; for it is evident the Summ a -+- by
of the two Quantities a and b, or-r-rt-^r, fwhich are.
alike affected, that is preceded by the fame Sign, and
whish we fee here are both Affirmative,) must also be
Asfirmative ; for if it were Negative, as a by
each of the said two Quantities should also be Nega
tive", contrary to the Supposition.. It is also evident,
that the Summ a. b, of two Negative Quantities
d.and by is Negative; because if it were- Asfir
mative, as a -+- B, each of the said two Quantities
must also be Asfirmative, which is also contrary to the
Supposition.
Thus we fee + added to -4- makes
and added
to makes , 2^ E. D.
C 3
T H E
o
12
THEOREM. II.
The Summ of two unequal Quantities diverffy affeSed, is

of the fame JffeSion mtb the grtater, and it equal
to their Differences.
Pbr seeing by Sti^pofrcion they are diverfly affected,
the one ought to he Xfflrrrfat'ive, the other Negative J
amd their Summ Being compounded of one Affirmative
and one Negative Quantity, shews that the Negative
Quantity ought to be takenfrom the Affirmative, be
cause Negation is a Mark of Subtraction : Wherefore,
If the Negative be less than the Affirmative, it may
Be talcen from it, and then a part of the Affirmaftive
will remain, and by Consequence an Affirmation ; thTat
is to fay, the Difference will be Affirmative, and ofthe
fame Assection with the greater, whith is one of the
Truths we were to demonstrate.
But ifthe Negative Qtrantfty is greater than" the Af
firmative, seeing the Negative cannot be taken fromthe
Affirmative, which is supposed left than it, the left
frrtrft be tafcen from the greater, that is, the Affirma
tive from the Negative, and there shall remain a part
fthe Negative; so that the Difference shall be Nega-tive, and by Gonsetjuence of the fame Affection with
the greaitest. g. E. D.
Thus the Summ of 2 a and + 5 * shall be found
to be -r- 3 *, and the Summ of -j- 2 a and 5 a, shall
he 3 a ; from whence it appears, that two equal
Quantities diversly Affected, eipunge each other, or
are ec|iial to P, dr nothing.
THEO*
'i
_-1
THEOREM III.
To take ahq a Qaanihy froth a Quantity, is the fame
mitb adding io the latter the sirfly ntti its contrary
Sign.
For if, ser Example,-!- 2 *fee to fee taken from-4- *, a,
it is the fame with adding 2 * to 3 a, because the
privation of Asfirmation is the restoring Negation, arid
the Summ + 3 a shall be the Remainder after ûbstrkction.
In like manner ff *- *beto be taken from $ a,
it is the fame as if unto <} <r-r- 2 * should be added,
because the privation of Negation is the restoring os
Affirmation, and the Summ 3 a shall be the Remain*
der after Substraction.
But if from 5 a you would take +- 2 a, it is the
feme as ifto '> a you should add 2 a, and the Summ
7 * shall fee the Remainder after Substraction.
And if from 5 * you would take - 2 a, it is the
feme with adding 4- 5 * to .+ 2 ayand the Summ -\- 7 *
stall be the Remainder after Substraction.
B. tie Examples of ihft Theorem may he TUustra.
ted after tbit manner.
that is, if being worth 5/. Iam o- sp4|
fclieed to pay 2 J. the Remainder < t,u s"
(2.; 2 5 -)* = 30;
that is, if I am in debt <; /. and take from it a debt of
2 J. the Remainder ofmy debt will be 3 /. or = 3 a.
(-$.) .Asia & 5
7a; thit is, if I oi
^ /. and am obliged to pay 2 /. I shall be in debt 7 /.
that is, 7 a.
(4.J 2 < <i-+-'5a,)*=-r-7<; that is, if I have
3 J. and have taken off from me a debt of 2 /. I shall
then have 7 1, that is. 4- 7 .
THEO
14
THEOREM IV.
7te ProduB of two Quantities alike affeBed V. Affirma

tive, and the ProduB of two Quantities diverflj as
feBed is Negative.
It is already sufficiently, evident if the two Quanti
ties are Affirmative, their Products /hall be Affirma
tive ; because when an Affirmative Quantity is Multi
plied jjy an Affirmative Quantity, the one is as often
added as there are Unities in the other ; for Affirmati
on is a Mark of Addition, and ifsuch Addition be made
osan Affirmative Quantity, the Summ it produces lhaH
also be Affirmative.
It is also evident, that if the two Quantities Multi
plied are Negative, their Products shall nevertheless
be. Affirmative ; because in Multiplying a Negative
Quantity by a Negative{ the one is as often Substracted
as there areUnities in the-other, for Negation is aMark
ofSubstraction ; and whereas this Substraction is made
from a Negative Quantity, the Negation is destroyed',
and by consequence the Affirmation is restored; which
is the reason t$at the Remainder, which is the Product,
is also Affirmative.
To Conclude, It is evident that i&one of the two
Quantities is Negative , and the other Affirmative,
their Products shall be Negative : Because in Multiply
ing the Negative by the Affirmative, the Negative is
as often added as there are Unities in the Affirmative.;
and whereas this Addition is made by a.Negation, the
Summ or Product shall be Negative;
'.i
In the same manner when the Affirmative is Multiplied by the Negative, the Affirmative is as often Sub
stracted as there are Unities in the Negative ; and fee
ing this Substraction is done by Affirmation, in destroy
ing the Affirmation the Negation is Substituded, which
is the occasion ofthe Remainder or Products being Ne?
gative.
.; . , .
N..B..7I*
Abridgement of Algthr*.
jf
N. B. This Thesrem majtbefurther illustrated in tbit

manner*
(i.) 4-6ax + 24 O = -f I2,
because if I have 67.- and it be dou- ft Multiply.
bled to me, or augmented as many O Trodub.
times as there are Units in 2, it will = Equal to.
then:be 12 7. thatis, -\- 12 at
('2.) 6ax 2*-D=-f- 12*, because iflowe
6 1, and it is forgiven me, or taken off from me twice,
my Condition is amended 12 1. that is,
rt a>
(3.) 6 a X + 2 a = 12 a, because if I owe
6 1, and I increase the Debt twicej my Condition is
worse by 12 /. which is, 12 a.
(4.) -\-6aK 2<*0 = 12a, because ifl have
6 7. and lose twice the Summ at Play, or otherwifei
my Condition is worse by 12 7. which is, via.
From hence plainly appears, that -\- xd by -\- makes
Multiplied by makes -+-, but
Multipli
ed by or ' Multiplied by
makes .
TH E O R E M *
Tie Quotient of two Quantities alike affelled is Affirma
tive, and the Quotient of two Quantities diverst}
affefted is Negative.
This Theorem appears from the Precedent, because
if the Quotient of two Quantities alike affected were
not Affirmative* (whereas by Multiplying the Quo
tient by the Divisor, the Dividend is produced) the
Product- would not be of the fame Affection with that
Quantity. The fame Inconvenience would happen, if
die Quotient oftwo Quantities, divetfly affectea:, werenotNegative.
PROB.
16
PROBLEM F.
Addition of Polynomes or Compound Quantities.
Having set down the Polynomes one under the other

in Order, as in Arithmetick, vi$. in such a manner as
that, such of the fame kind (if any be) may answer to
each other. Let the Quantities of the fame kind be
added together, as hath been sliewn in the preceding^
Chapter, and let those of different kinds be set underthe Line, each in his Order, with their fame Signs of
-J- and , as may be seen in the following Examples,
where the fame Rules for -+- and are followed, aswere directed by Tbeor. i and 2.
EXAMPLE I.
3 a' b J-ja* 6aabb "Jftb*
jai ^ q*-\-âabc 4:bbcc
ioa*b 2-<4 6'aa-bb^3 aaic~j
4W(t-
EXAMPLE. II.43'
$as
f
aab
o
t
P R O B. n.
Stibfira&ion of Polynomes.
To take a Polynome from a Polynome we must, ac

cording to Tbeor. 3. change the Signs of ~\- and of
the Polynome, to, be Substracted from the other
into their Contraries, that is, of -\- must be made
and of must be made _U ; after which th; faid Poly
nome so changed being added to that from which one
would Substract according to the foregoing Rules,
that
17
that Summ shall be the Remainder after the Substraction propos'd, according to Tbeor. 3. as may be seen
in the following Examples,
E X A MPL E L
From : 6 a abb 3 ' -\- 4 a b b s
Take : laabbTÎ a* b
6 abbcir^c i
lâabb
<*' b 2 abbs 3 ci
E X A MP L U. . ' ^N
From : 8 ab -\- 2 b bZ\~ 4 c f
.Take- lab 7s. %bb~. ice
6abJ\-$ bb-\- 6c c
.' P R O B.- III.
-Multiplication of Polynomes.
'Having set the Multiplicator under the Multipli
cand, as in common Arithmetick, let the Poh/nome
Multiplicator Multiply every part of the Pdlynome
Multiplicand, according to the Rules of the precedent
Chapter ; and those of f- and , as they are set
forth in Tbeor. 4- after which, let the several Products
be added together, as in the following Examples. Of
which the. lail but one shews that the Square ofthe Bi
nomial a (- b is the Trinomial a a -\- 2 a b \- b b, and
which may serve for a Model towards the Extraction
of Square Roots.
EX A M-
18
Example i.
Example 2.
2 < -4-4 b
2 -4-3$
By a a -T^ft
go 36
4 at -\-%T>b
'6ab $bb
8ab
4.aa-\-6ab
4aa-\~i2ab-\-%bb~ 40a
o 966'
Example 3.
. Example 4.
2aa
s.i ^-2<j6 -f
2aa 236
2ab-6b
4. a a b b-\- ^ b+
aa 2abbbb*
4 a4 4 a a
2a4--4-4aa&-}-2a
4 a4 8 a a -4- 4 i + 2a4_)-2aa
o bA
a |- 6 Example 5 . 7aS
one.
a
the Side.
~ ah Z^Tbb
a a -|- rt
a a \- 2*i a-\-b
-f- Side.
Square. Example 6. last.
aa b -\- 1 abb-\-b*
a> -4- laab -\- abb
a* -f-3 aab - iab b ~\-bf Cube ;
whether in Litteral Quantities or Numerical ; and Ex
ample the last Ibews that the Cube of the said Binomial
a b is the Quadrinomiala' -f- 3 aa
3 a b b-^-b1 ;
which also may serve as a Model for the Extraction of
-the Cube Root, whether Litteral or Numerical.
19
PROB. IV*
Division of Polynomes.
In the first Place to divide a Polynome by a Monome.
Each Term of the Polynome, one after the other,
ought to be divided by the Monome propos'd, accord
ing to the Rules of the precedent Chapter ; and the
Quotients placed on the Right, as in ordinary Arith
metics with the Signs -j- and , according to the
Rule in Tbeor. 5. as may be seen by the following
E X A M P L ES.
2 * jg 12 bb-4bbc-.{ra'H^flf 00
o
But if the Divisor be a Polynome, let it and the
Dividend be set down as in ordinary Division ; after
which let the Division begin with that Quantity ;
which, with regard to the Divisor, contains its Let
ters, most of the rest is done as in common Arithmetick, as may be seen by the Examples following.
, ,\
l2ab-\-%bb/r
o -+- 8 ab-\-%bb
4- %ab-\-%bb
O
O
ao
Ao aa-~64b-\-bb1Jg aa^-iab
I 3 6
&<^*)T*bbc -^cx+6bb*cZ bccx

(
'6bbcc-\-^bccx
o ^-qbccx2x
^bccx iccx
O
If after having multiplied the Divisor by the Quo

tient, the Product cannot be taken from the Divi
dend, because it is found not to be a Quantity of the
fame kind; let this Product be set under the said Di
vidend, with its Sign changed from -f- to , or
from to -f-, by which the Substraction will be found
done by Tbtor. 3. after which the Division may be con*
ttnued until all the Terms are divided, as may be
feen by the following Examples,
^ O 6
.
t r
9 bb
tab gb b
o
o
O aa b -+ 6'
aab abb
O -^-abb-^rb*
-+-abb-\-b*
O
O
ai
a abb 2 a 6' 64
a&&
->t-ahb b*
ao
t
If after Division any thing remains, or if (because
of the difference of Letters in the Divisor and Divi
dend) the Division cannot be performed, the faid Polynome may be formed into a Fraction, by putting
the Divisor under the Dividend jvith a small Line be
tween.
Thus the Quotient of a a -f b b, divided by a + b
shall be
and * > divided by a i
shall have for Quotient ^liL, the like ofothers.

/
<t b
N. B. 1 have a little differed from the Author in the
manner of hit Division, knowing by Experience the
way I here use, being according to Mr. Kersey, it
be the best.
PROB. V.
To extraB the Hoot of a Polynome.
We have already said in the Problem of Multipli
cation, that the T rinome a a -\- 2 a b -V- b b, whole
D 2
Square
22
Square Root is a -\- b, serves as a Model for the Square

Root ; which to make yet more plainly appear, let us
find its Square Root as tho' we knew it not,,which will
be found, in the manner followingSeeing ;the Terms a a and b b are square, it matters
not which is- begun with ; if with (a a), -let its Square
Root (a) be set towards the Right, in manner of a
Ouotient, for the first Letter of the Root sought; as
also under the Square {a a) to the end, that Multiply
ing (a) by (a), the Square a a be produced, which
being taken from the Trinome a a -I- 2 a b T\- b b, let
the Remainer 2 a b \- b b be let under the Line ; and
whereas in the faid Remainder there will be 2 a, as
may be seen in the Term (2 a b), it shews that the faid
Term (iab) ought to be divided by (2 a) double to
the Letter first found, vi$. (a), whose Quotient is -4- b,
for the second Letter of the Root sought ; wherefore
the faid second Letter (fr) ought to be set after the
Letter sa) on the Right, with its Sign
as also
under its Square (bb) which is the last Term of the
Remainder 2 a b -,\- i b, in such manner, that under
the said Remainder there will be^ a -\- b for Divisor ;
and whereas after having Multiplied and Substracted it
according to the Rules of Division, there will remain
nothing ; it follows that tjjje Square Root as the aa-\-2 alt
b b is precisely a
b-.
m,
} O -\-iab -\-b b
2a
b ^ by which- -- 2 b -\- '&2ab-\-bb-)'
O
O
In the fame manner the Square Root of any other
Power is drawn to understand ; which no more is needfull than the fallowing Examples.
Double
z4
If in this second Example the Square Root had been

begun to have been drawn from the least Term 36 4,
the Root found had been 6b b \- 6 ah 3 a a, in
which the Signs -\- and are contrary to those of
the former Root found, 3 a* 6ab 6bb, which
shews that a Polynome hath always two Square Roots
as- well as a Monome and all- other Powers ; and there*
fore here we shall in general observe, That a- Quantity
hath as many Rjoots as the Exponent of its-Roots con
tains Unities.
We have faid in Trob. 3. that the Quadrinome
a* _j- 3 a a b -4- 7<tb b \- bi, serves for a Model to theCube Root, its Cube Root being a -\- b ; which that
we- may see, let us extrast-the faid Root, as though
we knew it not, in the following manner.
Seeing the Terms a3 and b} are both Cubicks, we
may begin with which of them we please ; if we be
gin with a', let its Cube Root be set on the Right,
as before, for the first Letter of the Root sought,
whose Cube a' must be substracted from the Polynome
propos'd , and- the Remainder 3 a-ab -f- 3 a b b~-\- 1*
ought tol>e set below the Line, to be divided by 3 a a,
that is, by the triple of the Square- of the first Letter
sound, vi^- a, because in the first Term 3 a a b of the
Remainder 3 a a b -\- 3 a-b b -\this triple is found,
the Quotient b must be set Upwards the Right, as be
fore, tor the second Letter of the Root sought, and
the rest of the Division on 3 abb .+- is performed
by substracting 2 abb and b} ; that is to fay, the tri
ple Solid under the Figure found {a) and the Square
bb of the second (b), and theCube ofthe fame second;
and because there remains nothing, it appears that the
C^be Root of the Polynome propos'd, a} -\- 3 a c b -fj a b I + b 3 , is exactly a
b, .
Abridgment os Algebra.
o -J- 3 a. a b.-\- 3 ab b
$aa b
o
if -
b*
- .
%abb
Q
o
If the Polynome- propos'd have not such a Root js

is required, the said Root must be exprest by the Cha
racter V, which must be put on the left side of the Po
lynome, with a Line over the said Polynome, which is
to shew that the said Character extends universally
over the whole Polynome. Thus to express the Square
Root of thisBinome*-r-<j*sc, it-may be wrote
-\Z~aabb -\-a a c c, or else <j-V b b -+- c c , because the
Bynome a a bb-\-a.a c c is divisible by the Square- a a,
whose Side is a, and the Quotient b b and c c. In like
manner to express the Cube Root of the Bynome <*
.J^-a* c*, it may be wrote/ J a> } _|-<,;<7* , or. as
well thus, a V b1 -\-cl, because the Bynome a1 b*
-+-<' f* is divisible by the Cube a', whose Side is a,
and whose Quotient is -4and in like manner
others*.
' - .
C H A P-.
26
c rt a p.
in-
Of Equations.
AN Equation is the Comparison which is made fcetween two different Quantities, which we would
bring to an equality. They are ordinarily separated
with this Character =, which signifies equal to. But
here our Author changes it to t/> , which he fays is
more Proper and Natural. I shall, however, indiffe
rently use them.
The two Quantities are called Members ofthe Equa
tion, and are for the most part composed of several Monomes or Terms ; of which all those which are on one
side ofthe Equation, that is, in one Member, are con
sidered together as one whole Quantity.
An Equation always follows the Analytick Resoluti
on of a Problem, and at least contains an unknown
Quantity, which is ordinarily exprest by the last Let
ters of the Alphabet, xy
the known being indiffe
rently exprest by other Letters.
Thus in this Equation x x -f- a ax <n b c ; it is known
that the unknown Quantity is x, from whence the two
Terms x x and a x where x is found, are called ("Un
known Terms) which are ordinarily placed in the
fame Member ; and he where it is not found, is called
(the Known, or last Term) which ordinarily Compo
ses the other Member of the Equation, that which isto be compared with the Unknown ; for which cause
Vieta calls it the Homogene of Comparison.
N. B. In Mr. Kersey and most of our English Alge
braists, the Quantity unknown if exprest by a; if
there be many, by e, y, o, or u, and the Quantities
}norvn by the Consonants.
Amongst
ay
Amongst all the Terms of an Equation, the first is

that where tha unknown Quantity is in its highest de
gree; the fecond,that where the faid Quantity is abated
one degree below the highest, and so forwards until the
last Term, as in this Equation.
x3 -\-axx bbxtnacc^ the first Term isx' the
second axx, the third b x x, and the last acc.
Although amongst all the Terms of an Equation/the
degree ofthe Quantity unknown is rot equally abated or
lessened, by reason ofsome Term that is wanting, which
very often happens, it hinders not, but the faid unknown*
Quantity or Term may be the third in distance from
thefirst, although in order it stand next unto it. Thusin the Equation following, x4 -f- a ax x -\-b* x<s> c* ;
Where the second Term is wanting, the first Term is
4, the third is a axx, the fourth is ' x, the lastis c*.
N. B. Our Authors Meaning is, rohen the Terms con
stitute fme parts of i Power, as berex* and at XX
constitute part of the fourth Power of the Binomial
Root
w?,x44-4,x' a-j-o'xxa a-J-4*a
-j- 4 a4; So that a axx if indeed the third, and
b' x the fourth, as being but owe multiplied- intox, as 4xa',
*
All the Terms of an-Equation ("especially in Geome
trical Problems) ought to be Homogeneal; and those:
where the unknown Quantity happens to be equally ex-alted in, ought to be accounted as one only Term. Asin this Equation, x x -\-a x 4- bx<s> ad -\- bd, where
xx is the first Term, a x -J- b x the second, andai-^b d the last ; in which last the unknown Quantity x, is
noo at all found, and therefore a d -j- b d is called but
one Term-.
An Equation is esteemed to be of-as many Dimensi
ons as the Quantity unknown has in the first Term ;
that is of two Dimensions or Squares, ifthe Squares
ofthe unknown is found in the first Term. Of three
Dimensions
a8
Dimensions or Cubick, ifthe Cube of the said unknown

Quantity is found in the first Term, Ofr. Thus it is
known, that the following Equation x} a b
aab
is of three Dimensions or Cubical", because the-Cube of
the unknown Quantity is found in the first Term. Also
when in the Equation there is only one Term unknown^
it is called a pure Equation,as x} in abb, or x x to a b.
The unknown Quantity of an Equation may have
as many different Values or Equalities as the Equation
hath Dimensions. Thus we know that in this Equati
on of two Dimensions xx = 2.xco 15 there are two
Roots, vi%. -\- 3, which, because it is Asfirmative, iscalled a.true Root, and 5 which is a false Root ;
that is, x may be supposed equal to
or 5.,
This indeed requires Demonstration, but here is not; the Place to say any more. See the Geometry of des
Cartes.
When one of the Roots of an Equation is known
which depends upoa some Problem, the Problem alsois resolved : But to find this Root, the Equation should
be so reduced, that the first Term be Multiplied by no
ether Quantity than Unity, which is always under
stood although not mentioned ; or at least into another
Quantity which hath a Root, whose Exponent is equal
to the number of Dimensions of the Equation.
Further, All unknown Terms ought to be in oneMember of the Equation ; for which Reason it is
called the unknown, or first Member, because it is
commonly wrote on the Left, and the known on the
other Member, which is commonly plac'd on theRight, after the Character t/i .
To Conclude, the Equation ought to be brought as
fow as possible ; that is, the Equation ought to be so
reduced, that the unknown Quantity be brought to the
lowest Degree possible, that the Roots may more easily
be founds This Reduction is performed by means of
the following ProblemsPRO!.
29
PROB. I.
To reduce an Equation by Antithesis.
When Terms are not in a due Disposition, they are
by this Rule of Antithesis transserred from one Mem
ber to the other ; which is ordinarily in such a manner,
that , if there are First, Second, CSV. that the first is
immediately followed by its second, the secofld by its
.third, and so successively to the last Term.
Ifthe Term to be transserred is Affirmative, it is
.taken away from each side ; if Negative it is added,
which performs the Transposition without troubling the
Equation, according to this
AXIOM.
KJ %axx<nb'i bbx-\-2ax,x
Transser bb x-\- 2axx
* 3 axx-\-b b x 2axx<s)b*
' Contract.
xi 5 axx-\-bbxssb*.
If from equal Quantities equal Quantities are taken
-away, or added unto, their Remaindersor Summs stiall
be equal.
As in this Equation, x> 3 ax xt/> i' bbx-\2 a x x, if it be proposed to put into one -Member all
the unknown Terms, the Negative Term bbx must be
added, and the Affirmative Term 2 a x x taken away
from each Member, and then the Equation will te
x3 5 axx-bbx = *. The faid Rule is Abridged in the following manner, by which any Term
may be transserred from one side to the other.
Cancel the Term to be transerred in the Member m
which it stands, and place it in the other Member
"with its contrary Sign.
Thus
go
Thus the following Equation x4 a a\b b a a\e c

maa\xx c'|x, .is changed into x* aa\xx-\*' x <naac c - aabb, orintothis, thus, x4 aabb
aacc ir>aa]xx c}|xintox4 aaxx-^-c* x-\*
aabb aacctsiO.
N.B. This way of cancelling by Strokes, I find to be
much the better nay, and hinders the Blotting-Paper or Slate, from running into Confusion, which
should be the particular Care of ayoung Algebraist,
P R O B. II.
To reduce an Equation by Parabolisin.
It suffices not towards the obtaining the Roots of an
Equation, that by the former Rule of Antithesis the
Known compose one, and the Unknown the other
Member of an Equation. But the first Terntmust also
have a Root conformable to the number of its Dimen
sions ; namely, if of two Dimensions a Square Root, if
-of three, a Cube Root, CSV.
To this intent ifthe first Term be sound multiplied
into any other Quantity than Unity, it must be reduc'd
into Unity, which is done by dividing each Member
of the Equation by the said known Quantity, by which
the Equation will not be in the least altered : This
Rule of Parabolisin depends on this Axiom, if equal
Quantities are divided by the fame Quantity, the Quoti
entsshall be equal.
As in- this Equation, a x x
labxirib cc, if it be
divided by (a) the Quotients will be x x ~\- 2bx<s>
.
*
which is another Equation equal to the former. Or
if this Equation, a b x s -\- aab bxtsic* dd,be divided
by the known Quantity a b, this other Equation will
arise, x' -f- * b x v>
equal unto the former.
na
:.;.'r.
P R O B.
PR OB.
31
IIL
To reduce an Equation /jÎsomeria.

Isomeria serves to deliver an Equation whin pestred
with Fractions, by which the Calculation is most
troublesome.
To expunge thefe, Multiply the Equation by the
Denominator of the Fraction to be destroyed ; and
the Equation produced shall also bs Multiplied by the
Denominator of another Fraction, if any ; and so ad
injinitum.
Let this Equation be propos'd, i x' -}- a x x
- - X>s> a b, which multiplied by 4, the Denominator
a
of gives this Fraction, x' -\-$axx - - C C- * </
%b b, which Multiplied by a, gives ax1 -\- aaxx
4 b c c x 4 a a b b.
For a shorter way let the Equation proposed be
multiplied by the Product of the two Denominators,
v/?. 4, of the Fraction! i x', and tlUli which at
a
once gives this Equation without Fractions,
4 a a x x 4 1 c <; x </> 4 <* <r b> as before.
P R- O B. IV.
To reduce an Equation by Hypobibafm.
*
Hffobibasm is an equal abatement of the Pow-T of
the unknown Quantity of the Equation, when the un
known Quantity is found in all the Terms ; it is per
formed by taking away the least Exponent of the un
known Quantity, which is to be sound, in all the Terms
ofthe Equation, by which the number of Dimensions
are diminished.
E
(Or
Abridgment of algebra.
-3f
P -(Or in other Terms) By dividing all the Terms by the
rjeafl Quantity of the unknown 'found in all the Terms
Thus this Equation x -4-^ a*' in b bxx, which
ffeems to be of sour Dimensions, by taking away the
'lea-H Exponent of the unknown Quantity, to be found
.all the Terms, namely, se x, which is dividing by
;ac x, this Equation of two Dimensions iS produced,
rx-x -4- 1 a.x V5 b b. Also this Equation which seems to
ihe of four Dimensions at4 a.a x x "> c* x, by being
-divided by x, is reduced into this, x' - a a x Xinc*,
vhich Jias but three ; the like of many others.
PROB. Y.
'To reduce an Equation by Multiplication,
Tor avoiding of Fractions, which commonly ariie
.from Division, fwhen you would have the first Term
>of an Equation to have a Root, whose Exponent shall
'Jbe equal to the number of its Dimensions; make use of
.Multiplication, and multiply each Member of the Erfjuction by the known Quantity of the first Term, ifthe
liquation be Square ; or if Gubick, by the Square of
ifhe fame Quantity ; and so forward.
, This puts not the Equation into any Confusion, but
depends on this Axiom ; if equal Quantities are multi
plied into thefame Quantity, their Tro&u&sfoall be equal.
Only the Equation propos'd may by this means be re
duced into another, whose first Term shall have what
Jtoot we think fitting.
For to bring the first Term" of this Equation ax x -\-i i x u>i b d into a Square : Let it be Multiplied by
<the known Quantity a, of the first Term a x x, and it
/hall produce this Equation, aaxx-âbcx<*>abbd;
of whuh the first Term a a x x hath for Square Root
Abridgment of Algebra*
In the same manner to make the first Term of this;
Equation a x ' -\- be xx b be x cn c* Cubick, let it be :
multiplied by the Square (a a) of the known Quantity
(a) of the first Term ax', and this" Equation shall be
produced, wf. a* x 3 -f a a b c xx aa b cx </5 aa c*,^
of which the first Term a' x1 hath for its Cube Roots
ax.
^
N. B. // must be remembred what cur Author said tip
the beginning of this third Chapter, concerning what'
ought to be the first Term, especially in the unknown*
Member of an Equation ; namely, where the unknown Quantity, which with him is (x). is in the
highest degree ; to which the Coefficient fa J must alfa'
be brought as to make a x x a Square, x x is Jo al
ready, and by multiplying it by a, a becomee so like~wise; viz. aaxx, and so of the other Powers.
Sometimes this may be abridged, for 'tis not of Im
pgrtance by what Quantity the proposed Equation U
multiplied, provided the first Term be brought ' into
the. Power or to have the foot demanded thus .. In this Equation a a x ' -J- abcxxooabc', if it
be multiplied but by a single (a) the first Term wilt
become Cubick, for the Equation will be a' x -I
a a b c xx co a a b c'.
P R O B. VI.
Ib reduce an Equation by Division.
By Division we may cause the first Term of an Equation to have a consormable.Root to the number of
its. Dimensions, and that by reducing it by Parabolism,.as has been shewn in the 2dPre.and needs noRepetition.
But it may also sometimes be mad* use of to abate'
an Equation ; namely, when the Equation is divisibleby a Binomial composed of the unknown Quantity, andan Aliquot Part os the last Term;, which in this
Cafe shall be one ofthe Roots of the pro'pqs'd Equation;
/- E 2
Namely,
24
Name y, if (he Divisor be Negative, the true Root ;

hut if Affirmative, the false Root. But then it is
pre- supposed that,the Equation be so reduced by An
tithesis, that all its Terms are in one Member, that is,
that they are </i to so).
Thus in dividing this Equation fof three Dimensons x' bxx a xx~ labx aauiojbyxa,
the Quotient shall be this Equation of two Dimensi
ons, xx -{-ax bx abwo. There are divers de
monstrable ways to find soch a Divisor, which shall be
explained seme other time.
N. B. In the Equation above-mentioned, there is a
Mistake either of the Author or the Printer ; for
x> -bxx axx jabi aab, divided by
x a, bath fir Quotient xx b x 3 ab X 3Also isthe Author's Quotient x x-|- ax bx-ab
be multiplied by x a, tbe Product Ux* bxx
a a x a a b, nthicb if mt our Author's DivU
deni.
P R O B.
VII.
To reduce an Equation by ExtraSion of Roots.

An Equation may be also abated byExtraction of tht
Square and Cube Root, os each Member where it is
feasible. To which end it is sufficient to have the
Root of the unknown Member, for the other being
known, may have its Root exprest (although it be an
irrational Quantity) by the invention of Mean Pro
portionals.
Thus to abate^nis Equation xx -f- 2 * x -\- a a ts> b o,
bv extracting the Square Root of each Member, this
lower Equation is formed x-j-aiVc, and by sup
posing (d) to be a Mean Proportional between b and t,
it may be exprest x a <si d, for then will bcmdd.
"-- In
In like manner to abate the following Equation, x!
3 a x -J- 3 a a x -\- a' <s> b* , by extracting thff-'
Cube Root os each 'Member the Equation is abated to
x -J- a <s> b, and by Antithesis x on b a.
If the unknown Member of an Equation cannot
br,ing forth a Root, but there will remain somewhat,
(provided what remains be a known Term,) let that Re
mainder, if it be Negative, be added to each Member,
if Affirmative, âbstracted from-each, and the Equation shall he abated.
Thus in this Equation x' -j- 6 a x x -\- 12 aaxr
<s>abb, in extracting the Cube Root of the unknown '
Quantity x*-\- 6 axx 12 aa x, there remains %a>'wherefore let 8 a! be added to each Member of the Equation, and' this other Equation will be form'dx' -4j"
6 ax x + 12 a a x -+- 8 a> <s> a b b -j- 8 ' ; whence ex?
tracting the ube Root, from each Member, this lower'
Equation is formed x-j- a t/) Vi.abb-\- 8a'. In like
manner because in the extracting the Square Root of
the unknown Member of this Equation x4 2*?-(r'
a a xx 2bbbxx-\-iabbx^ -$b+ , there remains
*; let b4 be added to each Member, which will
form this Equation x4 2 ax1 -\-aaxx ibbxx
-\- 1 a b b x -\- b* in \b* , whence extracting the Square
Root from each Member, this lower Equation is formed
x x . . x. . . b b ;/> 2 b.
N. B. This it an admirable useful Rule, and- the Rea
son it m plain, and may in few words be thus ex*
plain d, 144- + 6=150; but 144 6 6 =
14-4= 150 6. Also, 144 6 = 138 ; but
144 4- <5 6 = 144 138 4" ~.
When all the Terms ofan Equation are in one Mem'
ber, and (o) in the other; it is not absolutely necessary
that what remains after Extraction oftheRoot should be
known Terms ; it is sufficient if it be capable of havijig
E-3
a like
56
a like Root extracted from it, because being a -sole

Member ps one side ofthe Equation it mayte abated.
Thus in this Equation gaab b24*2 a b x-\- uaaxx
\%abxx-\-\2axi t/>o. Extract the Square Root
of the unknown Member, and there will remain
qaaxx i2ax' -j-ox4, which added to each
Member brings forth this Equation, 9 a a b b24 aabx
ii6aaxx 18 a bx x 24 ax* -+- 9 x4 t/> 4 aaxx
iia x' -f- 9 x4, of which the Square Roots give
this- lower Equation, 3 a b . . . 4 a x. . . 3 x x</> 2-ax.
xx. N. B. This Equation u 3ab 4ax
3 x x </) 2 ax -\- 3 x x
This Method may be applyed to all Equations Quad'ratick, as may be seen in this, xx 4>a x<n b b,
where by extracting the Root of the unknown Memher xx 4 a x, there remains 4 a ; which added toeach Member, there will be this Equation,
4 ax
-^4*m^> + 4x, whose Square Roots give this
thitlbweronff, x . . . 2 av> i~bb-\- $a, which by An
tithesis may be found to be x f> 2 a + Vb b-i-âa
for the true Root; or x <s> 2 * V b A+4 aafbt the false
Root of the Equation propos'd, x x 4 a x 10 b b.
N. B. What our Author means by a false Root may be
found in.-his Problem 5. of Chapter, u '
Whersas what remains after the Extraction of the
Square Root is always equal to the Square of the half
known Quantity of the second Term ; Equations of
two Dimensions may be abated by this Abridgment..
To each Member of the Equation add the Square of
half the Quantity known in the second Term, which-will give another Equation, which may be abated by
the Square Root.
For Example; Let this Square Equation be proposed x x
6 a y in b b, to which add 9 a a the Square
f j, the half of 6 a the known Quantity in the secoi3 Term 6 a x, there will be then this Equrtion,
%-j
k x -t 6a-\- gutatnbb-t-gaa, whence drawingthe Square Root of the Member, this Equation isbrought forth x*\- 3 a V bb-i^âa^
N. B. This Rule depends on the Formation of a Bino
mial Square , which wxx-4-2ax-^-aa; the
Quantity known it here supposed to he (a); it is
therefore evident that the halfof (2 a; it (a), whose
Square it (it); so that ifx x -J- 2 a x be onlygiven
bi annexing rj5f Square of half the Quantity known
m the second Term, namely (a a) x x 2 a x jhah"
become xx-|-2ax-^-aa, fghose Root it x -\- a ;
the like of all others See Mr. Kersey, Book 1.
CHap. 5.
'^Thus have you a general Rule to find the Roots of
aW Equation oftwo Dimensions, with their Derivativeswhich shall suffice for the presents. Whoever is desi
rous of more, may find it in our general Method, set
forth in our (Treatise of Lines of the first kind) where
Rules may be found for finding the Roots of Equations
of two or .three Dimensions.
The same Method may be apply'd to Equations of
three or four Dimensions, which may be abated by
taking away the second Term, of which the Practiceis much more long and laborious than by the Extracti
on of Roots, as we could easily shew, were it not for
our design'd Brevity.
Wherefore to finish this final? Treatise, untill such
time as we may publish what is more Ample ; we shall
only add here some Arithmetical (Questions, to apply
the Rules-we have taught, concerning the Reduction of
Equations, and put the Learner into a condition to re*
solve many others ; in which they who intend to advance in this Science, will do well to exercise them*
filvcs, '
'
A Colr
58
A CoUetlion of some Arithmetical Qiiejli~

ons resolved by the Analytical Method.
BEing obliged by a certain way of Reasoning to
come to the Resolution of a Question, by ma
king use ot the Letters of the Alphabet r It is
evident that the Letters represent to the Eye, the
Quantities known, as well as the Quantities sought of
each Question, the latter being for the most part expreft by the- last Letters of the Alphabet, such as
The Quantities known and unknown, which serve
to resolve the Question,; being supposed In Letters, the
Question is taken as resolved, and' upon this
position, according to the tenure of the Question ;
by comparing together the several Quantities, as
many Equations as possible are obtained. This is per
formed by adding divers Quantities to each other ; bytaking them from each-other; by Multiplying them
with, or Dividing them by the same Quantity as ne
cessity requires, until stwh an Equation is form'd, as
being resolved by the Rules of the precedent Chapter,
shall produce a V alue_pf the unknown Quantity sought*
And if there be many unknown Quantities, by the
help of this (substituting it in the other Equations alreody made) there imy be found the Value of another
unknown Quantity, which again substituted as the for
mer, (and so of the rest) will at last form an Equation
in which one Member will'consist but of one unknown
Quantity, as may more clearly be seen by the following
Questions.
v
Q.U EA
59
QUESTION I.
Three Persons found 120 Crowns, for which they
scrambled afterwards. The first faid, If I had two
Crowns more than I have, I could buy a certain Horse
(which he nam'd). The second faid, If I had sour
Crowns more than I have, I could buy him. Thethird faid, had I six Crowns more than I have, I
could buy him. The Question is, What was the Price
of the Horse, and how - many Crowns had each Per
son?
To resolve this Question, put the Letter x for thePrice of the Horse ; and then the Money that the first
Person had shall be x 2 ; the Money of the second
Person *. 4 ; ofthe third Person 6 ; and because
all- this Money, wfe, 3 jr 13 ought to make up the
Summ of 120 Crowns by Supposition; this Equation
is sorm'd 3 v> 132, which divided by 3, gives 44 for
the Price of the Horse \ from whence taking 2 Crowns
there wiH be 42 Crowns for the number of Crowns the
first Person had ; and from the faid 44 Crowns let 4;
Crowns be taken, there remains 40 for the numberof
Crowns the second Person had ; and if from the faid
44 Crowns be taken 6 Crowns, there remains 38 for
the number of Crowns the third Person had j and
thus the Question is resolv'd.
SCHOLIUM.
To the end (when your Numbers given undergo di
vers Changesj you may not be obliged to renew your
Analysis at every turn. FSr your Numbers known
put Letters, as for (120) put (), for (-2) (b), for (4)
(cj, for (6) (d). Then shall the Money of the first
Person be * b, of the second * c, of the third
x d . And whereas all the Money they all three
had, which was 3* A c d ought to be equal to
the Quantity given (a), this Equation is formed,
- y
4<>
3 x b c 4 </1 a, which reduced bv Antithesis and

Parabolism shall give x </> f a + f b -f f c -4- j d, for
the general Solution of the Question. By a general Solu
tion is here understood what may be.exprest by Letters,
which serves to solve all Questions of thclike Nature,
let the Value of the Letters be more oriels. Thus in
this Question, ofwhatsoever Value (a) (b) 0) (<0 are,
the Question is refolv'd without having recourse to. a
new. Analysis ; namely, in applying to thele Letters
their supposed Values. This is easy to comprehends
and therefore I sliall not surther trouble the Reader
therewith.
N.B. Mr. Kersey, one of our English Algebraists,
and since him Dr. Harris, who make the unknown
Quantities Vowels, and the known Consonants, would
haw done this Question as. follows.
Let 120,= ib), 2=(d), 4 = ( /), 6 = ().
1. For the Price ofthe Horse set*
2. Then the first had in Money
a d
3. Then the second had in Money
a f
4. Then the third had in Money
a g
5. So that the Sum of these.wj. 3 adfg 2E
6. Transfer d /g, and the Equation will
be3a
d +f- g
7. Divide by 3
*
5. Then for the number of Crowns the first had,
there is " .
<*
9. For the number of Crowns the second had a J
10. For the number of Crowns the third had a g
w
Illustration.
The Value oftfie Horse is 44 Crowns ; ofthe Money
the divers Fersons had (4.2) (40^ f38).
CLU Er
1
4-1
(QUESTION. II.
At the going into a Church a certain Person gave
^to a Beggar 5 Pence ; coming forth again he found the
rest of the Money in his Pocket doubled by a Miracle,
Wherefore being desirous of rendringThanks to God,he
went into -another Church, and to the first poor Person
that presented himself, he gave 100 Pence ; after which
he found he had 2 Crowns, or 120 Pence in his Pocket ;
guerie How much Money had he when he first enter'd
the Church ?
If x be put for the Money he had in his Pocket when
'he first entred the first Church,seeing he gave 5 Pence to
the Poor, there remain'd at his going out but x 5,
which being doubled, he had 2 x 10, with which
he entred the second Church ; there having given an
100 Pence, there did remain 2 x ioo, which by
supposition is <s> to 120. Hence follows this Equation,
2x 110= 120, where by adding 1 10, the Equa
tion will be 2 x = 120 -j- 1 10, or 2 x<s> 230, which
divide by 2, and x-c/> 11$ will be sound the number of
"Pence with which the Person went to the Church at
first.
N. B. Although our Author contents himself with the
numerical Answer, yet the specious is much better,
which in the last Question he alsoproposes to the Rea
der ; but seeing he batbjnot perform''d it, I JhaB
produce it in our English Analytical Method ac
cording 10 Mr. Kersey.
Let
-4*
Abridgment ofAlgebra.
Let (5 <f = b), (iood=c), (izod d).

1. For the Money he test carried into the sirst
Church, set
a
2. What Moneys he had aster he had
gave the sirst Beggar, was
a b
I- This was doubled by Miracle, that
is
ta 2 b
- 4. He gave from this (t) Pence, fo there
remained
3 a ib c
*). This is equal to what remain'd in his Pocket, (d)
1 a 2 b c =a d
tf. Transfer 2 bc, then this
Equation is form'd
2* = i-{-2&-4-r
d-H2fr-ff
7. Divide by 2
a=
5
1204-
Illustration.
100 = 230-^ by 2= ii^ BS a.
<*U E S T I O N III.
A Merchant was to pay 2^0 1, at 4 several Pay

ments ; namely, the second Payment one Pound more
than the sirst, the third Payment one Pound more than
the second, and the fourth Payment one Pound more
than the third. Question howmuch is he to pay at
each Payment ?
- - .
If for the first Payment yoa pert (x), the second Pay
ment shall be x -4-1, for the third
and for the
fourth * -I- 3. And whereas all these Payments put
Together ought to amount unto 2?0 /. this Equation
arises 4 x -H5 </> 250; Substract 6 from each, and it
will be 4xt/va44, which divide by 4, there will be
x = 61 for the first Payment, and for the second 62,
for the third 63, and for the fourth 64.
Let
43
Let (2<fOl.=.b) the difference of Payments (e).

1. The first Payment let be
a
2. The second Payment will be *+ c
3. The third Payment will be
n+Jt
4. The sourth Payment
* 3*
3. Summ os all the Payments is
4-fo"c
6. Hence this Equation to () 44-6<s= *
7. Transser 6*
4*=s b 6e
5. Divide by 4,
...-.. -
^-
Illustration.
2 50 6 = 244 -r hy 4 as fix for the first Pay
ment, Cfr.
1
, -.
QUESTION. IV.
Some Persons desirous to go by Water between Lyem
and Marseilles, agreed with a Boat-Man for each 6
Crowns, with this Condition, That if any other. Per.
son were admitted, he should pay the fame Price ; tut
then the said Money should be so divided, that the
Boat-Man should have one half, and the other half
should be equally divided amongst these Persons. In
fine, they took in a fourth Part of their first Number
and three ever ; and each of the first Bargainers had
5 Crowns to pay. Ouestion, How many was there
at the first ?
Let 4 x be the Number of the first
Company.
4 je
Then there was due to the Boat.
Man
24 x
By Supposition there came to them . 1 x-j- 3
Which brought Over-plus in Money
6 x -i- 1 8
The half of which is
3x4-9
Which taken from 24 x, remains
21 x 9
F
Being
44
"Being the Money due to the Boat-man from the

first Company.
If this Money is divided by 4 x, the
21 x 9
first Number or the Persons,
*x
The Quotient shall be the Money
-due from each to the Boat-Man, which
because it is before supposed to be e'qual to 5 Crowns, this Equation a- 21* 9
arises
4x
5
WhicTi multiplied by 4 x, this E'quation follows,
21 x9 c/520*
And by Antithesis
x </i 9
And by Consequence 4x^36 the
number of the Persons sought.
Tjet 6 Crowns = (), 3 Crowns z= Qc), < Crowns
1. Let the number ofthe first Com
pany be
a
2. Then their first Bargain-to she
'Boat-Man was
a. b
3. Moreover there- came unto them a
.of Company
~^ "T '' " .
4. Who paid Overplus in Money
~- J^be
^ The half of which Is
, - J^+jlbc
8
6-, Which taken from ab shall be
what is due to the Boat-Man from 7 * 0 4 & <?
the first Company.
8
7. If this be divided by the first
lumber of Persons (a), it leaves each
Man's Share he
is i,to aud
pay ;there
which
by 7a<>b
,
Construction
is ss
is this
c^
Equation
:----)
.' '
A Bv
4?
8. By multiplying by 8 <*
7 b $bc%*t
9. By Transposition
7 a b 8 i= 4 k s
^bs
10. By dividing by j.b 8 4 a - ^
g
Illustration.
4^ = 72, 7 8 << = 2 -i-72 by 2 -rr == 36.
QUESTION
(4) Three Ells of Cloatb, with (c) Four Ells of
Tafteta cost (d) 5 7 Shillings, and at the fame Price
(/; 5 Ells of the fame Cloath, with (g) 2 Ells of the
same Taffeta cost (b) 81 Shillings: How much is the
Cloath worth, and what is the Taffeta by the Ell ?
If (x) be set for the Value of an Ell of Cloath, and
( 1 ) for the "Value of an Ell os Taffeta, according to
the tenour of the Question, there will arise theft two
Equations ;
Now to tRe end (that in these two Equations-) ore

of the said unknown Quantities, to wit, (x) or (y)i
and for Example, (x) may be found Multiplied into
the same Number : Multiply the first Equation 3 x-t4jk/) 57 by the Number (j), which Multiplies the
unknown (*) in the second, and reciprocally the se
cond Equation, 5
2j<n 8 J by the Number (3;,
which multiplies the same unknown (x) in the first
Equation, and you will have these two Equations;
15 x -U 2<D/(/>28$
"'
15 x -4- 6y<r> 243
i4^</> 42
r
\. '
. -' .
>
This Operation being necessary towards the Substracting- one Equation from the other, (Namely, in
F 2_
making
46 -.
Abridgment ef Algebra.
making them consist of Aliquot Parts one of the other)

and if the second be taken from the first, as here,
there remains this Equation, 14^^42, which being
divided by 14, toavesj't/) 3. .
And if in the PlacS of_y its Value 3 'is substituted,
the first Equation 3 x -f- \y </> 57 will be changed into
this, 3 *-f- \t<s> 57, from which taking 12 from each
fide, it will be 3x1/545, which divide by (-}) it will
be *</> 1 5, for the "Value of an Ell of Cloath, which
resolves the Question.
Let (3=*A (4i*i (57 = ^, (}c=/;, (2 D,
C81 =
: 1. Let the Value ofan Ell
of Cleath be
#
2. Let the Value ofan Ell
of Taffeta be
3. By Hypothesis there arises these two Equations
4. Out of these let us en
deavour to find the Value of
(e), particularly of the si),
first by transferring b
ce d bm
. -- ct
ib
c
5. By dividing by c
6. Particularly of the se
cond, by transferring f a
7. By dividing byg
8. By the 5th and 7th
Steps
" .
9. Bringing them under $&--bag __bcfac
one Denomination
~
CS
10. Cast
10. Cast away the com~
mon Divisor cg,
- - - - g i bag cb J"'
1 1. Transserg d
* = *
*J * c.
12. Transser /ac
facr-bag = bc- g*
i j. Divide-by/, - 2 '
Then
, - , ft bg
Illustration.
be = 324' g d = 114 .) r= aio which -f by/ '
=?0 b'gz=-6, vis. 14-^-= 15 = . QE.D.
This,- with submission to our Author, is much the
better way ; and whereas in Transposition the Equa-tion might have been^ - ~" f it had not been altoge,
bg / c
ther Preposterous although c and / c exceed g d and
bg ; for it would then haVe been their Difference, ati4
might have been exprest " '
bgxfc
-
QU E S T I O N. VI.-
One said to another, give me three ofyour Crowns^

and I (hall have as many as you have, The otherrepty*d, Let me have <; of yours, and I shall have as"
many more as you have. Question how many had
each T
If k he put for the number of Crowns the first had,
and/ for the number of Crowns the second had ; by
tha tenour of the Question these two Equations will
be farmed
, - ,
* + 3<<> J 3
, , ,
jHr
2 * ta - '
F?
<.
N,S, To*
N. B. I'or in thefirst the 3 that k added tt> (x), it fatten

from the Cf)
the second, the 5 that it
added to the fy), being taken from the x, causes it
with that addition to be equal to 2x io; for if
oncex want 5, 2 X must want 10.
In tSieErst os these Equations x+ 3 <s>y 3, there
is sound ^ = x-j- 6 ; ana in dae second ji on 2 x . 15 ;
whence arises this third Equation, x 6 <s> 2 x 15,in which x is found <s> 21, trie Money ofthe first Per
son. N. B. For if x -+- 6 <s> 2 x 1 ^ , tfcffn Transpo
sition {2 xx 2iiAojDj x 21 O, by Transpo
sition es 21, is x t/> 2 1 .
And if instead ofy t/) x-f<S, or y</> 2 x i1? / be re
duced to Numbers, it will be {bund o *7, the Money
of the second Person.
- N. B. Thus far our Author ; but if this be performed
according to Mr. Kersey's Method it will stand as
follows , which it much Jhorter, and also gives a
Let 3 Crowns = (b\ % Crowns =r (c), thegreater
Number (aj, the lesser (e).
- -' 1. The greater Number by
Hypothesis hath this Equation
r- be -f- b
2. By Transposition <A b
az=e -\-zb
3. By Hypothesis the second
4 + t=se-.i-(
4. By Trap Position - , - --a ie 3*
^. Hence by the second
e+ 2 b 2
3c
6. By Transposition
e =2 b -\-.
Illustration*
e2 b, 6 -f 3 f, i5=(li; = e, 21 4- ai, &sf27)
^. . J?.
auE-
Abridgment of jlig&ra*
49-
Children, expended for a Feast 100/. each Man paid

for his Share joo*. ach Woman for hers 205. and
each Child 5 s. How many Men, Women and Chil
dren were there ? )-'....
. .
If x be taken for the number of Men, y for the num
ber of Women, and 7 for the number (ff Children;
by the tenour of the Queftion these two Equations are
to be resolved, x +/+TV1 100 Pounds ; and because
ia toot, there is 2000 s. 100 x-+- 2oy-i- 5 xc/i20OO
Shillings. Now if from each Member of the firft E
quation x^/+f<ioo there be taken away or
transferred x and^j we have/t/i too x ^ ; and
then if instead of (y) its known Value 100 x %
be set down instead of 20 y, there will be 2000
20 x 20 7 > and instead of the fecond Equation too x
-J- toy 5 ^ /> 2000, you will have So x 15 ^H2000 /> 2000, from which taking 2000 this Equation
arises, 8ox 15 {</>o ; by transferring 15 ^ it will
be 80 x t/> 1 5 ?, which dividing by 5, it will be 16 x
if> 3 which divided by 3, gives this last Equation,
^-f x */> ? ; where it appears the Quantity 7 would be
known , if the Quantity x was also known : And
whereas there is no' determination of this Quantity (xjj '
it follows, that the Question propos'd is indeterminate;
That is, it is capable of infinite different Answers ; be
cause here is a Latitude given whereby this undeterminate Quantity x may have many "Values at Pleasure..
However, there is a necessary Precaution to be obser
ved in settling its Value, which must be in such a man
ner as that or its Value here -f x be an integral or
' whole Number, because representing a number ofChiU
dren, bv the.- nature of the Question, it ought not'to, i
have any Fractional Parts. - v. ' ', i ft ; "
x-- -wv. \ -*
Wherefore
Wherefore x ought here to be a Number divisible

by 3, the Denominator of the Fraction -^f x. If then
it be supposed = a, instead of
x in
it will be
idirt?, and instead of 100 x f>y, it will be
_y 8 1. So that if there were 3 Men, 81 Women,
and 16 Children, the Question is resolved.
For another Solution or the fame Question : Suppose
act/) 6, and then f 10 32, and by Consequence y<s> 62 'r
so that there were 6 Men, 62 Women, and 32 Chil
dren for the second Solution.
For a third Solution ; Suppose x co 9, and you will
find ? </5 48, and by Consequencey </> 43 ; so that there
will be 9 Men, 43 Women, ani 48 Children for the
third Solution.
For a fourth, suppose a.t/> 12, and then you wilt
find ^ i/i 64, and by Consequence y in 24.
For a fifth, suppose
1^, then ^</i 80, and byConsequence y in 5 . There are no other Solutions in whole- Numbers,
because ifx be a Number multiplied by 3, greater than,
seeing it must be multiplied by 3, the number of
will exceed ico.
Let (h) = 100 1.) e 100 s.) f =20 s.)g=>i s.) Let
the Men befa), the Women (e), the Children (y thenumber of Persons 100 r= b.
1. There 1
to our Author,
*+y=btwo Equations.
2. From the first transposea andy, then
3. Multiply this into/,
that in the 2d Equation it
may stand in the Room of
/e, then
fe-^fh-af-ys
4. This put into the 2d
Equation, in room of/ e.
5.- Transfer sb
6. b sb
Abridgement of Aigtbra.
Si
-6. bfb are known Num

bers, therefore I would reduce
them into Figures, and take a
single Letter for them, but find
acaf-js+gy=:C
them r=o ; wherefore
7. But by transferring the
Quantities wherein * is found,
I again form this Equation
ac -as
8. Divide each Part by/ g
this Equation is formed
1^7
9. For as much as hereby it
appears this is an indeterminate
Question, and capable of as ma
ny Answers as the Value of fa)
shall vary within a certain limi
tation, I will here chuse for the
Value of (a) s g, which I
find will be within the prescri
bed limitation, and then this
Equation is formed.
y=<-f
Illustration.
(c fy 80) /g as l-> = <*, and by Conse
quence e fc 5. So that the number of Men was
the number ofWomen 5, and the number ofChildren
80.
N. B. There are 4 other Answers to this Question,
-which our Author recites, the whole being asfoUomr
it being to besolved these several way:.
-- 3 Men 81 Women -i 6 Children..
6
62
32
48
.43
9
12 '
24
64
80
*
Where
Ja
Where Note, that all the Answers, whether ascend

ing or descending, have their divers Values in a cer
tain Arithmetical Proportion ; as here, the Men have
3, the Women 19, and the Children 16 for a common
Difference. So that having any two Solutions, you
may easily have all of them. See Mr. Kersey, p. 31
QUESTION VIII.
A Hall rn stiape 6f a Parallelogram, containing in
Area 9 Yards, and its length contains twice its breadth
and three over : The length and breadth is demanded.
If x be put for the breadth, then by supposition the
length will he 2 x + 3> which multiplied by the
breadth, shall give 2xxr\-3x for the Area of the
Rectangle, which being supposed in 90 Yards, there
follows this Equation, 2 x
3 xe/> 90, which being
divided by 2 sliall bring forth this, x x t * 4$>
add to each Member the Square T. of the naif \, of
the known Quantity A of the second Term to Rave
this Equatiou, * x 4" I * 4" tt </5 Hit whose Square
Root will have this lower Equation, x +i">ifj
from which taking i there will be tc t/> 6, for the
breadth sought, and then jx+3, its iength will
be 15.
Let (3 = ), (90 r= t), breadth rr s.
I- Then the length is
2 A-fci
2. Which multiplied by
the bread :this
2aa-\-ab
3. Hence arises this Equation. -2 -< -f- a b i/i c
4. But here a cannot be
separated from b by Tran.
{position, wherefore divide
-W
u Jficst by 2
2
2
5- By
Abridgment ofAlgebra.
^. By adding to each
Member the Square ofhalf
the Coefficient b, w>.
-+ bb, the first Member
will be a square Number
6. Extract the Square
Root of the second Memittrs
yy
e
yy
H-</i + ;
2
id
a
i
_____
*
\f t . hi
V 7+^
r
7. Transser**
v> V -+ -3 t *
Illustration.
.-_-__+"_
I
I 1 u j
tf
-_*tT_ <tfe*>
4
which taken i .)' _ = 6.

1 - 4 - ; c ,'4- , . . ,1 . y-: - 3
Thus-concludes this first part of our Author's Intro
duction, which he has adapted, as much as possibly
the Matter will bear, to the Capacity of young Begin
ners ; and therefore, in the Solution of his Questions,
inclines to the Numeral way, as being sufficiently Sa
tisfactory and Ravishing to those whose Genius inclines
them to this fort of Learning ; wherein nothing is so
baneful as Discouragement at the first. I hare howe
ver, added the Litteral to his Questions with their
Illustrations, they being of no great Difficulty, and
may serve to excite the Learner into a further Enquiry
into this Nohle Science. I own in this last Question
there is somewhat (especially in reducing the Equati
on, by adding to each Member the Square of halfthe
Coefficient) that requires a farther Explication ; and
Question the 7th hath also its Difficulties ; but to have
explain'd them sufficiently would have required more
Enlargement than an Introduction will bear; let the in geniousReader perform the otherSix, and unless he stops
there, these andmore will soon fall to his further Search.
Afpe*'
T4
Abridgment tf Algebra.
"
'
APPENDIX.
IT isa sam'dQueflion among such whowould willing
ly be thought ofthe more Knowing sort, to put to
others the Multiplying of a Suxnm in Pounds,
Shillings and Pence by its self; which ifthey find any
Ingenious Man to boggle at, or mistake in, they im>
. mediately triumph over the more Modest ; whereas
sor the most part , such Question-Hunters are of all
Men the most Idle and. Ignorant; and when ask'd a
Reason for their Achievements, are osten at as great
a loss.
Let the Ingenious Youth here take this Account of
k.
Let the Summ to be multiplied be 3/. 6 s. 3 i.
by 3./. 6s. yd.
Kite, All its Parts must be multiplied into each
other, and therefore let
them be first fee down un
der each other, and prick'd
as in the Margent.
Where to avoid Consu
sion, they are distinguisti'd
into three Operations, vis.
the continued, the prkVd,
and the shadedLinei,which,
may be pertbrm'd at three
distinct Operations , and
their several T
be added.
1. Fot
I. For tlje continued Lines ;
3 times 3 is 9, which place in
the Place of Pounds, because
Pounds are' multiplied
Pounds.
Again, 3 times 6
Which place in the [place of
Shillings^ because 3, or the
9
Pounds which here are the
18 9
Integral Summ, are multipli
ed into Shillings.
lo 17 6
Also 3 times 3 is 9, which
for the seme Reason place un
der the Pence.
Again, 3 times 6 is 1 8, and
3 times 3 is 9, which place as
before under the Shillings and
3
Pence, for the reason before
mentioned. And then you
have performed what belongs
2 ,4
to the Integral Part, whose
3
Product is 10 17 5, and was
3 6
distinguished by continued
Lines.
1 1 i ,<5
II. The prick'd Lines are the 4- ofthe Integrals, and
are here thus multiplied ; 6 times 6 is 36, every 20
of these make a Shillings and every 5 of them 1 Far
thing ; and every one 2 Farthing r$, so that 36 makes
ix. 9 4. 2/. ,4
Again, 3 times 6 is 18, v*ry id of these make
1 Penny, every 5 one Farthing, and every 1 7i of a
Farthing, so that 1 8 is 3 Farthings -t.
This must be again repeated.
And then the prick'd part will b if. 11 dt if, ,6,
m
Th
The (haded Part is the 240th

Part of an Integral, and is
here Pence ; so that 3 times 3
is 9, whereof 60 makes 1 Far
thing, and
of a Farthing,
contains ri and { , or more pro
perly ,15.
The whole amounts unto
10 19 51 ,75 as in the
Margin,
17
I
6
it
N. B. This may be proved

by Reducing 6:3, into a De
cimal Fraction, and Multiply 10 19
ing them Decimally.
IQ
363 is thus Reduced into a Decimal,

3 >3 1 2 > m
3 >3 1 * *
165625
66250
33125
9 93 7 5
993 7 5
10,9 7265625
20
19 453 12500
12
5 437500
4
i|,7 500
1,6
i>7*
3>52^
N. B. The Ingenious Authors of the British dpcffo

have for ever quash'd this Troublesome and lmperti. nent Question, by giving a Common Divisor, namely
7600, the Square of 240, the Pence in a Pound ;
by which, after Reduction into Pence, there gradu
ally comes forth the Pounds, Shillings, and Pence,
by Division.
See British jtpollo, N* 5 and 6,
FIHIS.
jul:
mo
Advertisement.
JF any Gntleman, or other, doth deji\
* W
Inftru&ed or Aflifled in the Rudi
menu of A LG E B R A or G EO M I
TR T, or in the measuring or drawing c
a Map of any Eflate 3 whereby (befide
a jitst Measure, Draught and Map) the^
may be made capable of performing th,
same.
The like of measuring ofallsorts of Su
perfaials and Solids, Worhnens Work, &Cc
the Translator humbly offers his Service o>
very reasonable Terms 5 and will wait 01
them at any Place within the Realm Oj
Great Britain and Ireland.
He is to be heard of at Mr. R. Sare'xBookseller, near Gray\r-Inn-Gate in Hoiborn 5 or at his Habitation m WoodcottGreen in Epsome in Surrey.
Mi
'$
> tk
pi
fSi
-
ed
it*
[m\
Ho''
cots
IVERSITY Of MICHIGAN
3 9015 02091 4191
BOUND
SEP 5 1940
UNIV. Or MICi-|.

M Ozanam S Introduction To The Mathemati

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M Ozanam S Introduction To The Mathemati

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This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

Done out of FRENCH.

The Preface to the Reader.

Your well Wisher,

: :::M% xhjs mat i c k s: 1 - .

Introductionto the Matbematicks.

Although the Mathematicks do only consider

Introduction to the Mathematicks.

as co require neither direction or Demonstra

Introduction to the Mathematicks.

Introduction to the Matbetrtathks.

A simplex* linear Problem is such a one as can be

Introduction to the Matbematicks.

Circle, and before Archimedes the squaring the

Introduction- to the Mathematicks.

The Corollary is a necessary and evident Truth,

Introduction to the Matbematicks.

often imposes upon the Mind, especially where the

Introduction to the Matbematicks.

of the Elements of Euclid, upon a Finite Right Line

Introduction to the Mathematicks.

Synthesis or Composition, is the Art of finding

Introduction to the Matbematick,

ItitroduStionto the Mathematicks.

Paper ; let it then suffice to write only the Root, that

which sliews that the Powers are in a Geometrical

From whence it also follows, That the Exponent of

AMonome is a literal Quantity by it self consist

same Exponents are retained ; but when of different

Where you may see, by the Addition ofseveral Mag

which Quantity is called a Negative Quantity, which

Division, which Vieta calls Application, as we have al

odd Number, and then the Root also will be Negative;

The Summ of two unequal Quantities diverffy affeSed, is

7te ProduB of two Quantities alike affeBed V. Affirma

N. B. This Thesrem majtbefurther illustrated in tbit

Having set down the Polynomes one under the other

To take a Polynome from a Polynome we must, ac

&<^*)T*bbc -^cx+6bb*cZ bccx

If after having multiplied the Divisor by the Quo

and * > divided by a i

shall have for Quotient ^liL, the like ofothers.

Square Root is a -\- b, serves as a Model for the Square

If in this second Example the Square Root had been

If the Polynome- propos'd have not such a Root js

Amongst all the Terms of an Equation, the first is

Dimensions or Cubick, ifthe Cube of the said unknown

Thus the following Equation x4 a a\b b a a\e c

To reduce an Equation /j^Isomeria.

Name y, if (he Divisor be Negative, the true Root ;

To reduce an Equation by ExtraSion of Roots.

a like Root extracted from it, because being a -sole

A CoUetlion of some Arithmetical Qiiejli~

3 x b c 4 </1 a, which reduced bv Antithesis and

Let (5 <f = b), (iood=c), (izod d).

A Merchant was to pay 2^0 1, at 4 several Pay

Let (2<fOl.=.b) the difference of Payments (e).

"Being the Money due to the Boat-man from the

^ The half of which Is

Now to tRe end (that in these two Equations-) ore

making them consist of Aliquot Parts one of the other)

One said to another, give me three ofyour Crowns^

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