Statement of problem-

Literature of review

1) Role of by Co-operative Banks in Agriculture Credit: Organization, Growth and Challenges RAJESH BHARDWAJ & PRIYANKA (2007)
They studied the aggregate amount of agriculture credit had increased, while, the share in total
institutional agriculture credit has been decreased from 37.91 in 2001/2002 to 18.51 in 2006/07 and
further, found that the level of NPAs in Co-operative banks is very high as compare to other financial
institutions in India. So, co-operatives banks should control their NPAs level for surviving in credit
market of India in future. This study examined the organization, trend and pattern of agriculture credit and
challenges facing by Co-operative banking institution in India.
2) Role of Banks in Rural Industrialization -Mr. Kedar V. Marulkar
This paper explained the role played by the banks in rural industrialization. It also discussed the possible
role that bank can play along with the professional service providers in rural industrialization for rural
development.
3) Problems faced by co-operative banks and perspectives in the Indian Economy- Sachin R.
Agrawal & Dr. S.S.Solanke, Department of Commerce
This study made an attempt to elaborate the problems and the relative perspective of co-operative banks
in the Indian Economy. It draw out the problems, difficulties and suggest remedies and generalize &
view the introduction and progress of co-operative sector specially banking.

4) Role of by Co-operative Banks and RRbs - Dr. Hitesh Vaswani Associate Professor &
Head, Dept. of Management Studies, Nabira Mahavidyalaya, Katol, Dist. Nagpur
This paper studied the present status of the two institutions as the drivers of financial inclusion and their
much needed and serious transformation. Also analyzed the role of Cooperative Banks in India in

promoting financial inclusion. They explained the role of Regional Rural Banks in India in promoting
financial inclusion.

5) Rural Development in India: What roles do NABARD & RRBs play?- Dr. Swapan Kumar Roy,
Assistant Professor in Commerce, Bethuadahari College, Nadia, West Bengal, India
This paper analyzed and evaluated various policies/programmes/schemes undertaken by NABARD &
RRBs for rural development. Throwing light on various programmes/policies adopted by the Government
of India for rural development; Discussing about National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD) and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs).Also they studied the schemes/programmes undertaken
by NABARD.
6) The role of Agricultural Development Bank in the Development of Rural Women in AgricultureAdinan Bahahudeen Shafiwu, Andrews Salakpi, Freda Bonye
This study shows the role of the Agricultural Development Bank (ADB) in assisting rural women in
agriculture, a case study of the Wa-West District notably Ponyentanga, Gaa and Nyoli. The study
examined the loan size, mode of payment and interest rates aiming at evaluating its efficacy towards
improve farming methods. Agricultural Development Bank (ADB) find out women access to loan from
ADB and identified problems of women in accessing funds from ADB.
7) The role of Regional Rural Banks for Development in India - Mrs. N.Santhi, Dr.T.R.Ganesan
This project identified the financial need especially in rural areas by taking the banking services to the
doorstep of rural masses, particularly in hitherto unbanked rural areas. Also studied improvement of
banking facilities to semi urban, rural & other untapped market.
8) Rural Banking and Rural Development in Ghana- A Case study of selected Rural Banks in the
Ashanti region - Mary Anti, B.Sc. (Hons.)
This study examined which the Rural Banks have been able to help in facilitating the expansion and
development of the rural communities through the mobilization of funds and the provision of credit
facilities to these communities. They also explained the perception of the rural dwellers on the role of
Rural Banks as facilitators of Rural Development.

9) Study on Problems and Issues faced by Co-operative Banks in Indian Economy- Prof. Viren
Chavda Lecturer, N. C. Bodiwala and M C Desai Commerce College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat (India)

This report studied the problems and the relative perspective of co-operative banks in the Indian Economy
and the issues and problems faced by Cooperative banks and give suitable suggestions to overcome the
same. They provide view of recent cooperative sectors, especially banking sector.
10) A study on Co-operative Banks in India - SOYELIYA USHA L, Assistant Professor, Commerce
Government College, Jamnagar, Gujarat (India)
A paper presented by Soyeliya mainly focus on the analysis of financial viability and credit worthiness of
money lending institutions with a view to predict corporate failures and incipient incidence of bankruptcy
among these institutions. He studied lending practices of cooperative banks in India and measure and
compares the efficiency of Cooperative Banks of India.

A locker is a small, usually narrow storage compartment. They are commonly found in dedicated
cabinets, very often in large numbers, in various public places such as locker
rooms, workplaces, middle and high schools, transport hub and the like. They vary in size,
purpose, construction, and security.
It does not necessarily refer to the total number of compartments, but rather the number of
compartments wide the entire cabinet is. So a bank of three may contain six lockers, for example,
if they are two-tier lockers. In short, the total number of lockers is the bank size multiplied by the
number of tiers. Sometimes the term "bay" is used instead of "bank", although "bank" appears to
be the more standard term; on other occasions, "bay" refers to a single locker width within a
bank, including all tiers of locker directly on top of each other.

Wide availability of lockers in various sizes and at various locations

Option to avail lockers at the branch of your choice
Nomination facility available
Lockers can be hired by individuals, limited companies, associations and trusts.

Permanent Account Number (PAN) is a code that acts as identification of Indians, especially those
who pay Income Tax. It is a unique, 10-character alpha-numeric identifier, issued to all judicial
entities identifiable under the Indian Income Tax Act 1961. An example number would be in the form
of AAAPL1234C. It is issued by the Indian Income Tax Department under the supervision of
the Central Board for Direct Taxes(CBDT) and it also serves as an important proof of identification.
The PAN is mandatory for a majority of financial transactions such as opening a bank account,
receiving taxable salary or professional fees, sale or purchase of assets above specified limits etc.;
especially high-value transactions.
The primary purpose of the PAN is to bring a universal identification to all financial transactions and
to prevent tax evasion by keeping track of monetary transactions, especially those of high-net-worth
individuals who can impact the economy.

Real-time gross settlement systems (RTGS) are specialist funds transfer systems where transfer
of money or securities[1] takes place from one bank to another on a "real time" and on "gross" basis.
Settlement in "real time" means payment transaction is not subjected to any waiting period. The
transactions are settled as soon as they are processed. "Gross settlement" means the transaction is
settled on one to one basis without bundling or netting with any other transaction. Once processed,
payments are final and irrevocable.
RTGS systems are typically used for high-value transactions that require immediate clearing. In
some countries the RTGS systems may be the only way to get same day cleared funds and so may
be used when payments need to be settled urgently. However, most regular payments would not use
a RTGS system, but instead would use a nationalpayment system or network that allows participants
to batch and net payments.
RTGS systems are usually operated by a country's central bank as it is seen as a critical
infrastructure for a country's economy. Economists believe that an efficient national payment system
reduces the cost of exchanging goods and services, and is indispensable to the functioning of the
interbank, money, and capital markets. A weak payment system may severely drag on the stability
and developmental capacity of a national economy; its failures can result in inefficient use of
financial resources, inequitable risk-sharing among agents, actual losses for participants, and loss of
confidence in the financial system and in the very use of money.[2]

Franking refers to any devices, markings, or combinations thereof ("franks") applied to mails of any
class which qualifies them to be postally serviced. Types of franks include uncanceled and
precanceled postage stamps (both adhesive and printed on postal stationery), impressions applied
via postage meter (via so-called "postage evidencing systems"), official use "Penalty" franks,
Business Reply Mail (BRM), and other permit Imprints (Indicia), manuscript and facsimile "franking
privilege" signatures, "soldier's mail" markings, and any other forms authorized by the 191 postal
administrations that are members of the Universal Postal Union.

Department of Registration & Stamps is collecting Stamp Duty & Registration Fee from the users for
various purposes. Currently Stamp Duty is collected through Stamp Paper, Franking, eStamping,
eChallan etc and Registration Fees is collected though DD or Cash. Handling DD & Cash involves high
administrative costs. Stamp Paper, Franking & eStamping have their own security issues and
duplication issues. Therefore need for new mechanism of revenue collection was felt which can remove
all these shortcomings. This gave birth to eSBTR; Electronic Sec
To provide a better method of Stamp
Duty

&

Registration

payment,which

is

secured,integrated

with

Fee
more
online

payment facility & proper inventory

management wout losing the appeal
of Stamp paper.
Citizens of Maharashtra intending to
pay Stamp Duty and Registration Fee
as per Maharashtra Stamp Act, 1958
and The Registration Act, 1908.

Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management primarily
used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss.
An entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, or insurance carrier.
A person or entity who buys insurance is known as an insured or policyholder. The insurance
transaction involves the insured assuming a guaranteed and known relatively small loss in the form
of payment to the insurer in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate the insured in the
event of a covered loss. The loss may or may not be financial, but it must be reducible to financial
terms, and must involve something in which the insured has aninsurable interest established by
ownership, possession, or preexisting relationship.

A deposit account is a savings account, current account or any other type of bank account that
allows money to be deposited and withdrawn by the account holder. These transactions are
recorded on the bank's books, and the resulting balance is recorded as aliability for the bank and
represents the amount owed by the bank to the customer. Some banks may charge a fee for this
service, while others may pay the customer interest on the funds deposited.

In finance, a loan is the lending of money from one individual, organization or entity to another
individual, organization or entity. A loan is a debt provided by an entity (organization or individual) to
another entity at an interest rate, and evidenced by a promissory note which specifies, among other
things, the principal amount of money borrowed, the interest rate the lender is charging, and date of
repayment. A loan entails the reallocation of the subject asset(s) for a period of time, between
the lender and the borrower.
In a loan, the borrower initially receives or borrows an amount of money, called the principal, from
the lender, and is obligated to pay back or repay an equal amount of money to the lender at a later
time.
The loan is generally provided at a cost, referred to as interest on the debt, which provides an
incentive for the lender to engage in the loan. In a legal loan, each of these obligations and
restrictions is enforced by contract, which can also place the borrower under additional restrictions
known as loan covenants. Although this article focuses on monetary loans, in practice any material
object might be lent.

Know your customer (KYC) is the process of a business verifying the identity of its clients. The
term is also used to refer to the bank regulation which governs these activities. Know your customer
processes are also employed by companies of all sizes for the purpose of ensuring their proposed
agents, consultants, or distributors are antibriberycompliant. Banks, insurers and export creditors are
increasingly demanding that customers provide detailed anti-corruption due diligence information, to
verify their probity and integrity.

Know your customer policies are becoming much more important globally to prevent identity theft,
financial fraud, money laundering and terrorist financing.
The objective of KYC guidelines is to prevent banks from being used, intentionally or unintentionally,
by criminal elements for money laundering activities. Related procedures also enable banks to better
understand their customers and their financial dealings. This helps them manage their risks
prudently. Banks usually frame their KYC policies incorporating the following four key elements:

Customer Policy;

Customer Identification Procedures;

Monitoring of Transactions; and

Risk management.

A Non-performing asset (NPA) is defined as a credit facility in respect of which the interest and/or
installment of principal has remained past due for a specified period of time. In simple terms, an
asset is tagged as non performing when it ceases to generate income for the lender.
A Non-performing asset (NPA) is defined as a credit facility in respect of which the interest and/or
installment of Bond finance principal has remained past due for a specified period of time. NPA is
used by financial institutions that refer to loans that are in jeopardy of default. Once the borrower has
failed to make interest or principle payments for 90 days the loan is considered to be a nonperforming asset. Non-performing assets are problematic for financial institutions since they depend
on interest payments for income. Troublesome pressure from the economy can lead to a sharp
increase in non-performing loans and often results in massive write-downs.

Core banking is a banking service provided by a group of networked bank branches where
customers may access their bank account and perform basic transactions from any of the member
branch offices.
Core banking is often associated with retail banking and many banks treat the retail customers as
their core banking customers. Businesses are usually managed via theCorporate banking division of
the institution. Core banking covers basic depositing and lending of money.

Normal Core Banking functions will include transaction accounts, loans, mortgages and payments.
Banks make these services available across multiple channels like ATMs,Internet banking, mobile
banking and branches.[1]
The core banking services rely heavily on computer and network technology to allow a bank to
centralise its record keeping and allow access from any location. It has been the development
of banking software that has allowed core banking solutions to be developed.

Data center services encompass all of the and facility-related components or activities that support
the projects and operation of a data center, which is an environment that provides processing,
storage, networking, management and the distribution of data within an enterprise. [1]
Generally, data center services fall into two categories: services provided to a data center or services
provided from a data center. Services to a data center
Support services for the data center can be generally defined as technical support, which provides
assistance to help solve problems related to technology products.[2] Technical support services for
data centers help to address challenges with the servers, storage, software and networking
equipment that constitute a data center, or the related processes involved in managing data center
equipment. Data center support services can also include installing and configuring technical
equipment.

A credit rating is an evaluation of the credit worthiness of a debtor (a business (company) or a

government) predicting the debtor's ability to pay back the debt; it thus forecasts implicitly the
likelihood of the debtor's default.[3]The credit rating represents the evaluation of the credit rating
agency of qualitative and quantitative information for the debtor; including non-public information
obtained by the credit rating agencies' analysts.
A credit reporting (or credit score) - in distinction to a rating - is an evaluation of an individuals' credit
worthiness which is done by a credit bureau, or consumer credit reporting agency.