GLOBAL WARMING

Kyoto protocol
Kyoto is a set of rules to the United Nations frame work convention on climate changes. This
protocol is aimed at fighting global warming. UNFCCC is an international treaty to deal well
with the greenhouse gases and reduce their affect on the climates. This protocol was introduced
in 1997 in Kyoto Japan and was enforced fully in 2005. Almost 187 countries signed this
protocol to help stop drastic environment changes. Following are key objectives of kyoto
protocol
Key Objective of this Protocol
It aims to stabilize the reconstruction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in order to prevent
dangerous anthropogenic meddling with the climate. This protocol serves many purposes staring
from the awareness about the global warming. This protocol binds legally its members to help
fight global warming. This treaty is aimed to reduce about 5.2% carbon emissions up to 2012.
This does not mean that this protocol would expire in 2012. The major objectives of this
protocol are commitment to reduce green house gases. This protocol also requires use of
mechanisms such as increasing the absorption of the gases. Making policies to reduce global
warming and applying protocol principles is also an integral part of this treaty. It also wants an
establishment of adaptation fund for minimizing impacts of global warming on people. It also
involves regular monitoring of the policy including review, accounting and reports. This review
system is like presenting annual report at the completion of one policy cycle. In the end for the
strict policy implication compliance committees would guid and monitor the enforcement of the
Kyoto protocol.
Set of Responsibilities
Under this agreement the members of the treaty have to go through a set of responsibilities. The
protocol agrees that the largest share of global warming cam from the developed countries. The
major reason is that the era of industrialization brought immense development in develop
countries but along with side effects like global warming. However, now the statistics say that
the per capita emission of carbon in developed countries is low. This is because the tax levied on
the emission of the green house gases. Also the awareness about the global warming and

utilization of alternative energy resources was first adopted by developed countries. If we blame
the developed world for global warming we must not forget that they are also the first ones who
adopted the measures to find global warming. The developing countries like India and china are
not blamed mostly because there is no statistical proof to blame them. Now the developing
countries have accepted the challenge to fight global warming and they would bear the burden of
responsibilities to help fight this cause.
Some Important Considerations
The causes of the global warming are hard to fight and require a budget of million of dollars.
This expense includes the disposal of industrial waste throughout the world. For this purpose the
developed world is contributing million of dollars to provide machinery to its members to control
carbon emissions. The cap and trade system contained in Kyoto inflict caps on annex I countries
to stop global warming by cutting down carbon discharge in the air. These caps are like national
level commitments to stop green house emission up to 5.2 % in the coming years. If the
enforcement compliance committee feels that the member countries are not conforming to
emission limitation , then that member country has to make up for 30% extra along with regular
limitation. The position of member countries who are working well with this protocol are
Australia ranking at top position followed by Canada, china, European union, Germany, united
kingdom, France , Norway, India, Pakistan , Russia and united states.
What Is Global Dimming Effects Of Global Dimming
BBC brought into the lime light the critical issue of Global Dimming by its
documentary named Horizon on January 15, 2005. All of us know about Global
Warming but few of us are aware of Global Dimming. Now the question is what is
global dimming? Fossil fuels have remained one of the greatest sources of energy
from ages. When these fuels are burned than not only green house gases but also
by-products are produced. These by-products are comprised of a variety of
pollutants like ash, soot and sulphur dioxide. These impurities are responsible for
changing the properties of the clouds. Contrails, the vapors of the aircraft, also
contribute in Global Dimming.

These polluted particles result in increasing the number of droplets per cloud. The reflective
property of these clouds thus increase. These clouds sent the rays of sun back into the space
instead of letting it reach the surface of the earth. Global Dimming is the phenomenon when the
number of heat waves reaching earth reduces.

The toxic residues that aggregate the issue of Global Dimming are also accountable for fog, acid
rain and various respiratory diseases. Thus the impact is neither limited to humans nor to
environment.
Effects Of Global Dimming
The affects of Global Dimming are tragic. It has already killed living beings on massive level.
The reflecting back of heat has turned the water of northern hemisphere colder. With waters
temperature getting down less rain is generated and the required amount of rain is failed to reach
The Sahel, Northern Africa. It is now disclosed that the complex famines of 1970s and 1980s
were caused by the less number of rains. The BBC documentary concluded that the smoke
coming out of power stations and pipes of North America and Europe is responsible for the death
of millions of people in Africa while making the life of more than 50 million people miserable. It
is estimated that billions of people in Asia will be affected by the Global Dimming. The monsoon
rains of Asia provide rainfall to almost half of the worlds population. If Global Dimming will be
able to decrease the number of rains then half of the worlds population (around three billion
people) will be starving.
Positive effect of Global Dimming
The positive aspect of Global Dimming is that it covers the drastic effects of Global Warming. It
is predicted by the climate change models that the temperature of earth will increase by five
degrees by the next century. The issue has currently under estimate the aftermath of Global
Warming.
The most critical point in this discussion is the fact that if efforts are made to control Global
Dimming than Global Warming will be in turn exposed. the rays of sun can be called back on
earth by controlling the emission from industries but it will led to more and more Global
Warming as the green house gases are available in abundance in the atmosphere. To enlighten
you on the subject let us review the example of Europe in 2003. Europe made efforts to clean the
atmosphere from pollutants without keeping in mind the excessive amount of green house gases.
As a result, the number of toxic particles reduced where the amount of green house gases
remained same. It no doubt decreased the intensity of feminine in Sahel by increasing the amount

of rains but it also created the severe heat wave in 2003 that killed thousands of people in
Portugal and France and struck the continent with a number of other issues.
Now let us suppose that we do not made effort to control Global Dimming to protect ourselves
from Global Warming than the disaster of increasing Global Dimming will not be more than 30
years away. The sea levels will be increased due to the melting ice in Greenland. Moreover the
risk of burning will increase due the drying tropical rain forests which will add into the amount
of carbon dioxide. In next 100 years, temperature will increase by about 10 degrees. Such
warming has never occurred in the history of humans. It will destroy vegetation. Erosion of soil
will be increased and food will be no more produced. The affects will be numerous.
The climatologists do not say that this will happen. The only warn us about the up coming
troubles which should be dealt in time. Global Dimming and Global Warming are now adjacent
and we should plan to tackle both issues simultaneously. If we do not plan to control pollution
now than it will be too late for us as the days in 2040s will be drastic. Not only must the
increasing amount of pollutants be controlled but also the existing quantity of green house gases.
Only then we will be able to continue living on this planet comfortable.
Green House Effect Overview

Green house effect is responsible for heating the surface of earth and maintaining the
temperature of the atmosphere. The heating results due to the presence of carbon dioxide,
methane and water vapors that serve the purpose by absorbing the long wave radiation that are
reflected back from the surface of earth. Let us suppose that there would be no green house
effect. What would be the result? Well, in the absence of the greenhouse effect the average
temperature of the earth would be 18 degrees Celsius that is chill enough to seize living beings
and life on the planet earth. Today the average temperature of earth is 15 degree Celsius.
The surface of earth turns into a radiator of energy in the infrared radiation due to its heating by
the virtue of sun light. The radiation is directed to go back into the space where it is interesting to
reveal that very small portion of it manages to go back. A large number of emitted back infrared
radiations is absorbed by the green house gases.

The long wave energy absorbed by the atoms of the green house gases adds into the atmosphere
additional energy. The radiation absorbed by the atoms is re-emitted into all directions. About 90
per cent of this energy is emitted towards the earths surface where it is once again absorbed. The
heating of the surface once again results in the radiation which is again absorbed by the atoms of
green house gases that are spread in the blanket of atmosphere and the cycle goes on until or
unless no long wave radiation is available.
Green house gases playing with the global temperature
The temperature of earth can be managed by controlling the amount of heat added to the
atmosphere due to the green house gases. It is possible by controlling the amount or quantity of
green house gases especially carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere of earth. Since 1700, the
green house gases are only increasing in the atmosphere due to industrial revolution. Scientists
are only able to predict the upcoming warmth due to the ever increasing amount of green house
gases. The prediction is made possible by the help of computer modeling. It has been shown by
the models that the doubling of concentration of main green house gas carbon dioxide will
increase the temperature by 1 to 3 degree Celsius. A number of negative feedbacks of increasing
cloud cover are not accurately stimulated by the numeric equation of computer models. Increased
radiation will swiftly evaporate the oceans and as a result vapors will make the clouds thicker.
These clouds will the serve the purpose of emitting back the solar radiation into the space so less
energy is absorbed by the atmosphere and the surface of earth. Less solar energy absorbed by the
surface will affect the green house effect, and decrease it.
The human interference in the atmosphere is done by a number of gases such as carbon dioxide
(CO2), chlorofluorocarbons (CFxCLx), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and tropospheric
ozone (O3). Among all these gases carbon dioxide (CO2) is of prime significance as the part
played by the gas in the intensity of green house effect on our planet is almost 55 per cent. The
contribution of other gases is also significant for example the chlorofluorocarbons contribute to
about 25 per cent, methane to 15 per cent and nitrous oxide about 5 per cent. The extant to which
ozone affects the green house effect is yet to be estimated

Carbon Dioxide

In 2005, the average concentration of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 380 parts per
million. The concentration was about 280 parts per million before the 1700 A.D. the increase in
the level is mainly due to the role of human beings. After 1700, the industrial revolution began
that emitted extensive amount of carbon dioxide and largely affected the atmosphere. Main
source of carbon dioxide is the fossil fuels that were burnt to run the industry. Besides,
transportation, electricity generators, space heating, vegetation changes and cooking are also
important in changing the concentration of green house gases especially carbon dioxide. About
65 per cent of extra carbon dioxide found in the atmosphere is emitted from the fossil fuels. The
deforestation and the conversion of forests and woodlands to agricultural fields is responsible for
35 per cent of the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 20 to 100 times more
carbon dioxide per unit can be hold by natural ecosystems than the agricultural systems.

Chlorofluorocarbons

The strongest green house gas per molecule is artificially created chlorofluorocarbons. Their
overall impact in the green house effect is less due to their low concentration in the atmosphere.
Latest statistics have revealed that the concentration of such molecules will start to decline in
coming future as to less emission. It is earlier reported that holes in ozone were created over the
North and South Poles. In last two decades, this information played vital part in increasing
awareness and many nations cutback the use of these chemicals and a general decline in global
stratospheric ozone levels. The Montreal Protocol agreement was signed in 1987 by 46 nations in
which an immediate timetable was proposed to reduce the production of chlorofluorocarbons and
their usage.

Methane

The concentration of methane gas has increased by 150 per cent since 1750. The cultivation of
rice, the domestically grazing animals, landfills, termites, coal mining, and gas and oil extraction
are the primary sources that have enlarged the quantity of methane in atmosphere.
The rice paddy flooding is associated with the anaerobic conditions that finally results in the
creation of methane gas. Scientists consider that the rice paddies make extensive contribution as
the production is more than double since 1950s. The herbaceous digestion in grazing animals
results in methane release. Such addition in the quantity of methane is quadrupled in last century
as per the researchers.

Nitrous Oxide

It is estimated that the average increase in the amount of nitrous oxide per year is about 0.2 to 0.3
per cent. The sources of nitrous oxide are land-use conversion, biomass burning, fossil fuel
combustion and soil fertilization.
The largest amount of nitrous oxide is emitted during the process of deforestation and the
transformation of savanna, grassland and forest ecosystems in to fields for agriculture. The
decomposition of vegetation and soil also release nitrous oxide due to decomposition. The use of
fertilizers that contain nitrate and ammonium fertilizers to improve the growth of plant also
produce nitrous oxide.

Ozone

The role played by the ozone in green house effect is still undetermined. The levels of this gas in
the atmosphere for the past 25 years are not authentically available. In two parts of the
atmosphere, the concentrations of ozone are not available. At the altitude of 15 to 55 kilometers
above the surface the major part of ozone (about 97 per cent) is present in the stratosphere. The
increase in chlorofluorocarbons in past years has reduced the thickness of ozone in stratosphere.
After 1970s the researches have revealed about 70 per cent of the total column ozone amount on
Antarctica has been decreased. As a result of photochemical smog ozone is artificially created.
Conclusion
The green house effect has enabled the atmosphere to trap and than to remit the radiation
propagated from the sun. About 90 per cent of the long wave energy that is emitted back to space
is intercepted and absorbed by the green house gases. With the increase in the amount of green
house gases, the green house effect has started to offer some troubles. Experts claim that since
the beginning of this century the average temperature of our globe has been already increased by
0.3 to 0.6 degree Celsius. It is forecasted that the temperature will rise about 1 to 3 degree
Celsius by the middle of this century.

Global Environment Change

It is defined as the change happens in the different types of important components of the
environment such as the atmosphere and also the composition of the air. Some types of ocean
composition are also included in that. It is called as global change, basically global change
means the change happens in the environmental factors world widely and these changes has a
great impact on the life and change the whole life strategies. For example the incredible increase
or change in the amount of carbon in the atmospheric region and produce different types of toxic
chemicals in the environment. Due to global change some specific properties of environment
also changes such as biodiversity etc.
Features of Global Change:
Some drastic and important features of the global change that have a great impact on the
environmental conditions are as follows
1. All the types of fertilizers or pesticides that are used to remove different types of pests
from the plants or from the environment and the contamination of the environment with
them is the feature of global change ad also deals with all the toxic chemicals.
2. It plays a dangerous role in destroying different types of ecosystems either they are
aquatic or terrestrial. It also plays a damaging role in the field of agriculture and
vegetation.
3. Some important features of the global change that are associated with the industrial fields
are the ozone depletion and the process of global warming.
4. Some features of the global change are also associated with the fossil fuels and different
types of combustion processes and then mix with air to pollute the air resources.
5. One of the most important features of the global change is to reduce the biodiversity; it is
do so because of the huge increase of the population of the world day by day.
Causes of Global Change:
There are lots of causes of global change but some important causes tat can cause serious
problems to environment are as follows

1. Global change is caused due to the change in the major cycles of the environment such as
carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle etc and also deals with the change in the concentration of the
sulphur, phosphorous and many other essential components.
2. It is caused due to high pollution rate and change in the pollution daily changes the
environment globally.
3. Acidification of water and dramatically change in the climate also cause the global
change.
4. Dispersal of some poisonous products in the air can also cause the global change because
it can enhance the air pollution.
5. Some other resources that can cause the different types of pollution such as ozone
depletion or global warming can also cause global change.
Components of Global Change:
There are many components that take part in the working of the global change and also helps in
pollute the environment, but some of them which are important are as follows

Ozone depletion

Global warming

Green house gases

Methane

Carbon dioxide

Different types of oxides

These are some major components of the global change because due to change in that global
change happens. Some time the smoke from the chimneys of the industries mix with the fog and
results in the formation of the smog that can cause serious pollution change the environment
globally.
Effect of Global Change on the Society:
Global change has a great effect on the society as global change can change the behavior and the
results of the cultural and the technological issues. Two main factors are involved in effecting the
society i.e. globalization and global integration. We should avoid some pollution to avoid global
change and follow the techniques to reduce the change.

What Is Green House And How Green House Effects Changes Earth Climate

It is the Goldilocks Principle. The temperature of earth is perfect for living as it is an average
temperature between the freezing point of water and the boiling point of water which makes it
most appropriate planet to dwell on. The comfortable temperature of earth cannot be explained
by merely saying that earth is at the right distance from the sun. Neither it is very close like
Venus nor far distant like Mars. The appropriateness of earth is also due to perfect atmosphere.
The atmosphere of Venus is hellish. It is so hot that living or even staying on it is impossible. The
atmosphere of Mars is freezing, shivering, and so cold to support life. The Martian type
atmosphere on earth could destroy the moderation of earth that has made the life possible. The
surface temperature of Venus is 450 degrees centigrade and of Mars is -53 degree centigrade,
where the temperature of earth is 13 degree centigrade.
Why the temperature of earth is so moderate? How it is kept stable? What is the relationship
between the earths climate and its distance from the sun? some of the parts of our earths
atmosphere are of right thickness to serve as an insulating blanket that traps sufficient amount of
energy to keep the temperature of this globe in the living range. The blanket is an aggregate of
gases in the atmosphere, commonly known as green house gases. These gases trap the heat just
like a glass of green house that is used to trap sunlight for keeping the environment warm. The
Venus blanket is very thick where the Martian blanket is very thin. The green houses gases make
the insulation effective. These gases are comprised of carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapors

(H2O), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Why and how these gases perform as an
insulating blanket can be explained by highlighting a variety of some other relevant issues about
the solar radiations and the structure of gases in the atmosphere.
Solar Radiation: Radiations of a wide range of spectrum are propagating from sun into the
space. The quantity of these radiations is abundant. Most of this energy is in near visible or
visible part of spectrum. The visible light has between 400 to 700 nano meters of narrow band
which represents about 43 per cent of the total radiant energy coming out of the sun. The nonvisible radiation account for about 7 to 8 per cent of the total radiation emitted by the sun but is
of high quality as energy per photon is extensive. The energy increases with the decreasing
wavelength. Ultraviolet light is energetic enough to break the stable biological molecules and
generate skin cancer and sunburn. The remaining radiant energy is about 49 to 50 per cent and
exist in wavelengths longer than the visible light, thus have lower energy. These rays lie in near
infrared range that is between 700 to 1000 nano meters and the thermal infrared between 5 and
20 microns and the regions of far infrared. The atmosphere of earth is transparent to the visible
light where it absorbs infrared and ultraviolet radiation before they penetrate the surface of the
earth. About 51 per cent of radiation is absorbed by the earth, 20 per cent is reflected and
scattered by the clouds, 19 per cent is absorbed by the clouds and the atmosphere, 6 per cent is
scattered by the atmosphere whree 4 per cent is reflecetd back by the surface of earth.
The visible lifght is absorbed by the vegetation, ocean and land of the earth and transformed into
heat or re-radiates as invisble infrared rays. If it is all about the earths atmosphere than the
radition that are responsible for keeping the earth warm in day timnes must be emitted back by
the surface during night, resulting in zero or even negative temperature on the earth. This does
not happen as the molecules in the atmosphere of the earth not only aborb but also re-radiate the
radiations in all possible directions. As a result the heat rediaated outsode earth, that is space,
reduces. The green house gases enuire that the all heat may not return abck to the space so the
activity on erath can be kept stable.
Greenhouse Gases: Carbon dioxide (

) is a greenhouse gas. It has 2 oxygen atoms and one

carbon atom, each oxygen atom is bonded at each side of the carbon. The atoms can absorb
infrared rays and start to vibrate, if the atoms are tightly bonded. At last the vibrating molecule
will re-emit the radiation which will be possibly absorbed by another green house molecule. The
process of continuous absorption-emission-absorption-emission-absorption results in keeping the

temperature of earth warm near the surface and to preserve the planet from the coldness of the
space.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (

), nitorus oxide (

), water vapor (

), and a few other

gases are greenhouse gases. All these gases are composed of more than two atoms and are bound
suitable to absorb and vibrate with the radiation. The N2 and O2 in the atmosphere are so tightly
knit that they do not absorb the radiation but can only vibrate and likewise make the contribution
in the green house effect.
Greenhouse Effect: The term green house was first used in 1800s. It was thought for, at that
time, the atmosphere gases and not for any functions perform by these gases. In the mid of 1950s
the green house effect emerged with a number of other climate related issues. Today the green
house effect is only used as negative phenomena. The negative effects are only cast by the green
house gases in case they are abundant. It is only because of the blessing of the green house gases
that life on this planet is possible.
The temperature on earth is due to the action of atmosphere that is like green house, the
temperature of earth is influenced by a number of factors that are also responsible for warming of
cooling a green house.
The surface with which the sun light strikes first is of great significance in the atmospheric green
house effect. The absorption, remittance and radiation of different parts of the earth is different.
It is impossible that the forest, deserts, ocean, glacier, grasslands absorb, reflect and radiate the
sun light likewise. When light encounters a white surface it is reflected straight back to the space,
as a result the surface of ice is heated to the minimum level. On the contrary, when the radiation
strikes some land of dark surface the amount of heat absorbed is maximum which results in
heating up the temperature. Clouds perform an amazing part in controlling the green house effect
as they reduce not only the amount of solar radiations that are coming to the planet but also
depreciate the amount of rays that are emitted back to the space.
Albedo is the scientific term that is used to refer the amount of energy reflected back by a surface
into the space. In order to predict the climate change at global level, it is crucial to understand the
albedo effect at local, regional and global level.
Conclusion
There are certain trace gases that are transparent to the incoming visible light coming out of the
sun where opaque to the radiation coming from the earth is a best example of digesting the

science of atmosphere. It is just because of the blessing of green house effect that the earth is
habitable. However, this is not the end. There is so much to enlighten. In our later posts we will
try to bring into light what is green house effect and what factors affect it with the latest statistics
on the heating up of the earth and many more.
Global Warming Theories Latest Trend In Global Warming Of Our Globe

It is hopeful to see that the temperature of earth has not increased from more than a decade. This
is surprising as the researchers have perceived otherwise. More amazingly the warmest year
observed globally was in 1998; not 2005, 2006, 2007 or 2009. It is true that no increase in the
temperature of earths climate is observed in last 11 years.
The climate of our planet does not suggest so but it has happened. The hype in temperature has
stopped despite of increasing man made carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. It is satisfying
for those who climate change skeptics who forecasted that the interference of human beings in
the natural environment of the planet is overstated. They base their claim on the fact that there
are natural cycles that are going on the earth and control a number of factors, where
incontrollable by humans. It is crucial to figure out what is happening on the earth. What and
where is the evidence?
Active Discussion of Competitive Schools of Thought
In the last years of 20th century the temperature of the earth increased rapidly. Latest researches
have shown that the solar influence has affected the increase in temperature on the planet earth.
The earlier observed warming was due to the increased energy coming from the sun, the skeptics
argued, as the 98 per cent of warmth on the earth is coming straight from the sun. The influence
of sun on
our earth was rejected by a research conduced 2 years ago and published by the Royal Society.
The approach adopted by the scientist was simple. They collected the data of last 30 to 40 years
in terms of solar out put and cosmic ray intensity and make a comparison of these trends with the
average surface temperature around the globe. As put by the Dr Piers Forster, Leeds University, a
leading supplier to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of this year, the
results were, Warming in the last 20 to 40 years cant have been caused by solar activity.

Piers Corbyn from Weatheraction (a company specializing in long range weather forecasting)
disagree with the Forster. He argues that the impact of solar charged particles on our lives is far
greater than what is perceived yet. He thinks that these particles are wholly responsible for the
changes in global temperature. He has decided to reveal his notion in a press conference at the
end of this month in London. If he will be proved correct than the entire subject will be
revolutionized by this single progress.
It is also interesting to observe the changes in the ocean of the planet. Oceans are the greatest
storage medium of the earth. It is interesting to observe that the Pacific Ocean in last few years
has started to lose its warmth and is getting colder. Professor Don Easterbrook from Western
Washington University researched the topic in November and acknowledged the relationship
between the global temperature and the oceans. He observed that the warmth and the coldness of
the ocean moves in a cycle the most significant of which is the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO).
The cycle of the ocean was positive, reflecting warmth as compared to the average temperature,
in most of the time between 1980s and 1990s. Moreover, it was observed that the globe was also
warm at that time. But in recent years it is observed that the oceans have started to cool down
and there warmth is depreciating. Such cycles last for 30 years in past. Interestingly the cooling
of the globe from 1945 to 1977 coincides with the cold pacific cycles.
The PDO cool mode has replaced the warm mode in the Pacific Ocean, virtually assuring us of
about 30 years of global cooling, as expressed by the Professor Easterbrook.
The climate change skeptics rely on this evidence and held it responsible for the steady
temperature of the globe. They argue that it is not only men that affect the globe there are
numerous other factors. There are so many other natural causes that are responsible for cooling
and warming. The part played by the mankind is very small as compared to the part played by
the nature.
The scientists who held mankind solely responsible for the global warming are not ready to
convince with the evidence of oceans moving in cycles. The variation in solar system and the
ocean cycles were incorporated into the climate models by the Hadley Centre of UK Met Office
that is responsible for future climate predictions. They say it is nothing new. The centre claims
that these factors are just two of the all contributing factors that are casting influence on the

global temperature; all of these are accounted for by its models.

Met Office considers that the temperature has never observed to increase in a straight forecastable line. There are always periods in which temporary cooling or slower warming happen. They
think that it is important to keep in mind the long term trends of global temperature, and
according to the Met Office it is something that simply shows that the trend is upwards.
The issue is far more confusing as the Mojib Latif, a member of the IPCC last month claimed
that there may be a time frame of another 10 to 20 years in which the temperature of our globe
will continue to cool down. The UK Met Office says that the heating of the globe will resume.
Professor Latif is among the worlds top climate modelers and he is based at the Leibniz Institute
of Marine Sciences at Kiel University, Germany. He has made it clear that the decrease in global
temperature is a timely phenomenon and he is certainly not among the skeptics. This
phenomenon will end when the overwhelming force of man made global warming will be
strengthened to reassert itself upon the globe. So what can we expect in the years to come?
Concluding Word on two different Theories
We are encountering two entirely opposite predictions about the global warming. The Met Office
holds its ground in claiming that the warming will resume itself and the half of the years between
2010 to 2015 will break the record of the 1998 as being the hottest years ever observed. The idea
is rejected by the skeptics who still believe that the threat of global warming has been depleted.
They predict that the temperature of earth will not reach the height of 1998 before 2030 as the
cycle cannot be completed earlier. They say that a period of Global Cooling is obvious as a result
of solar cycles and ocean cycles.
What will happen is blurred. Who to believe? The readers and the dwellers of the planet are
confused as all of them are hoping for the best but one thing is crystal clear that the debate on
global warming can not end here. It has a long way to go before making the contributing factors
clear. However, few years have been left before the UK Met Office can be proved right or wrong.
If they are right than the coming years are going to blow up the habitation on this planet. On the
other hand the correctness of skeptics will lead us to a comforting life in moderate temperature
caused by the part played by the natural cycle of the oceans. Lets wait and closely watch the
scene prepared by the hidden forces that are running the solar system. For now the global
warming has seized and global cooling is moving on.

What Is Global Warming? Effects & Causes Of Global Warming

Global warming is continuous increase in Earths temperature since the late 19th
century. Global warming is disturbing the natural system of earth and almost all
scientists are sure about the fact that reason of this change is carbon footprint and
greenhouse effect. Emission of these harmful gases is due to increased use of fossil
fuels and non-renewable sources which emits carbon into air. From 19th century till
now the global surface temperature has rose to 3.7 centigrade and in coming years
it is going to turn worst. From region to region future climate changes will vary but
one common problem faced worldwide will be rise in sea levels and a change in the
amount and pattern of precipitation.

Natural Causes of Temperature Changes Causes of Global Warming

Climate changes are responsible for pushing temperature towards warming and major causes of
these changes are greenhouse gases, solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in
Earths orbit around the Sun. Greenhouse gas effect is that process under which absorption and
emission of infrared radiation in atmosphere took place and it warms the atmosphere on earth.
According to research, the major greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 3670%
of the greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 926%; methane (CH4), which
causes 49%; and ozone (O3), which causes 37%. Human activities are also adding to this
emission, right after industrial revolution.
Solar activities or output from sun has also increased since 19th century and adding in global
warming. In last three decades this combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a
slight cooling influence on the climate but individually they are showing negative effects. These
are some of natural couses of global warming.
In image shown below is the man made causes of global warming which is increasing temprature
of earth significantly.

Effects of Global warming:

Earth is getting warm day by day from North to West and everywhere between it. In Polar
Regions mercury is adding up more than 1 degree Fahrenheit each year and in future it will reach
to dangerous level. Signs of future problems are been monitored from last many years, as
glaciers and sea ice is melting and animals are moving to cooler areas. Due to this sea level is
rising which is becoming cause of heavy floods. Hurricanes and other storms are likely to

become stronger. Global warming is reducing level of fresh air which can become reason of
some major disease. You can again refer to image 1 to see effects of global warming in more
detail.

Solutions to Global Warming if there is any ?

Evidence of worst effects of global warming is becoming visible day by day and is giving rise to
many controversies. Economics, sociology, and politics all are working together for planning for
the future. They are trying hard to cut greenhouse gases, carbon footprint and other pollutants.
A new approach to control this situation has been proposed by researchers Stephen Pacala and
Robert Socolow at Princeton University. They called it stabilization wedges which means
reducing GHG emissions from a variety of sources with technologies available in the next few
decades, rather than relying on an enormous change in a single area.

Social and Environmental situations caused by global warming

Natural system is detected as most influenced factor that is decreasing snow and ice extend and
rising sea level to dangerous levels. Besides this, ecological system is also getting affected from
temperature changes. Future climate change is expected to particularly affect certain ecosystems,
including tundra, mangroves, and coral reefs. Changes are increasing ocean acidity that
decreases the amount of carbonate ions, which organisms at the base of the marine food chain.
Socially at civil level many dangers are waiting for this world. It is expected that food production
will decline that will become a reason of death for thousands of people. A study shows that by
2080, yields in developing countries could decrease by 10% to 25% on average while India could
see a drop of 30% to 40%.
History Of Global Warming

Global warming has appeared to be of different aspects to different people in different times.
Once the global warming was indeed good news for the people of Northern areas. It was not until
1960 when scientists started to realize the long term hazards of global warming in terms of threat
to the world supply of food and the increased level of oceans. The list of complains was
enhanced by a number of categories added lately like the degradation of ecosystems and the
threats to human life.

Besides climate analysts, the debate on the possible consequences gained popularity in not only
economists, but also among the security experts. Until then it was impossible to put forth
something concrete while keeping in mind the complexities associated with the global warming.
There were issues regarding the differences of one region from others and the different impacts
of humans on different parts of the world.
However, the dawn of 21st century evolved the fact that the climate changes would be harmful
for the globe especially for certain regions. Some of those damages were even appearing in
different parts of the world as an alarm to wake up before it is too late. Here we are
encompassing the major turnings in the history of the global warming so the reader can be
properly informed about the issue in the historic perspective.
Neglecting the Greenhouse Gases in 20th Century
In the first half of the 20th century global warming generation due to green house effect was a
mere speculation. The scientist dealing with the subject considered that prior warnings would be
for the greater good. Svante Arrhenius was the first who put forth calculations in this regard. He
claimed that nations like Sweden may hope to enjoy ages with more equable and better
climates.
It was perceived by a majority that the balance of nature will made impossible any catastrophic
situation. And in case industrialization led men to some consequence then it will be surely in
mankinds advantage. In short it was assumed then in case the damage will occur due to climate
change it will affect their remote descendants and to a minor level in several centuries to come.
Bothering the Climate Changes in 1950s
It was not until late 1950s when scientists started to realize that the quantity of carbon dioxide
(CO2) is increasing in the atmosphere suggesting that the global temperature will increase by
few degrees in 21st century.
Roger Revelle was the first researcher who claimed publically that the green house effect may
exert in 21st century. He was afraid that the green house effect will increase the global
temperature that will in turn melt down the Antarctic and Greenland ice caps. The melting
glaciers will increase the sea level and flood will damage the coastal area.

In 1957 Rvelle forecasted that the increasing temperature may one day convert Southern
California and Texas into real deserts, he said so while keeping in mind the ancient civilizations
that were most probably failed due to sudden and abrupt environmental changes. He pointed out
that it will be in Russias benefit if the Arctic Ocean will be left with no ice.
1960s Declaring increasing CO2 a Surging Danger
After 1960 more and more scientists were taking interest in the issue of global warming as the
observations declared that the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has rapidly
elevated. The private Conservation Foundation arranged a meeting on Implications of Rising
Carbon Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere in 1963. The increasing awareness on human kinds
indulgence in activities that are spoiling the ecosystem worldwide was traditionally called
conservation that was later evolved as environmentalism. The participants discussed green
house warming as a potential danger to not only the biological set up of the planets but also to
the human beings. However, at that time it was hard to nominated dangers while one thing was
sure that the increasing temperature will damage the planet.
In 1965, the global warming was in focus of United States Presidents Scientific Advisory
Committee that declared, By the year 2000 the increase in atmospheric CO2 may be
sufficient to produce measurable and perhaps marked changes in climate. changes could be
deleterious from the point of view of human beings.
Mans Impact on the Global Environment, 1970
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970 put forth a landmark study under the title of
Mans Impact on the Global Environment. It concluded that the result of global warming will
be changes in sea level, widespread droughts and much more. Same was suggested in a meeting
in Stockholm in the same year while make addition that the humankind will cross a point after
which the Arctic Oceans ice cover will be vanished. How will the melting of Arctic affect the
weather of the earth was unimaginable by the scientist who content at claiming the future to be
engulfed in extreme danger.
At that time scientists perceived that any changes as a result of global warming will not appear
before the 21st century that was three decades away, so there was nothing to worry about. But

the climate changes were not as far away as they perceived. But in 1970s the world saw the
climate fluctuations in the face of severe droughts in American Midwest, Russia and Africa.
At that time the global warming study has not progressed and debates were on multi-topics
related to the effects of increasing temperature and what crops will be able to sustain themselves,
and likewise. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of United States governed a study in 1974 that
highlighted the climate changes that will occur within few decades. The food supply worldwide
will be imperiled the report concluded. There would not only migrations at massive level due to
lack of resources but also wars on the remaining supplies.
Government watching the climate changes felt the need of making laws about the environment
impact assessment. Expert consultants were there to predict the impacts of factory emissions to
the building of dam on environment. Impacts of deforestation, acid rain and other large scale
climate activities were studied by the use of sophisticated scientific tools. The counsel did not
only focus on the impacts on ecosystem but also on the human health and economic activities.
In 1977, a panel of geophysicists assembled by the United States Academy of Sciences produced
a report by the title Energy and Climate. Until then green house was accepted as one of the
strong possibility and the report was focusing on the range and potential of results. The warming
will be positive as the Arctic Ocean will be open for the shipping but the melt down will damage
the marine life. The melting ice will possibly raise the sea level to 4 meters in 300 years. For
crops nothing could be said as effects would be both positive and negative and far distant to
perceive.
1980s Engulfed with Various Ideas
In 1980s scientists were taking keen interest in global warming. The very first semi-official effort
to address the issue directly, separate from the science was made by the Academy that appointed
Ad hoc Study Panel on Economic and Social Aspects of Carbon Dioxide Increase. The
conclusions of the panel were lame. It concluded that if there will be any problem due to global
warming, it would be extremely slow and will be overtaken by unpredictable yet expected
technology and the future changes in social set up. It was reassured that those who will be in
areas affected by the climate change can easily migrate to better places like it has done in the
past.

With the passage of time climate impact studies emerge as a more respectable field to study.
The expected catastrophic consequences were not only teasing the scientists but also encouraging
the layman to go through the matter broadly. The contributing reports of 1970s were made by
Americans where it was a common desire to make the issue international as the upcoming
problem was not regional; the global warming is going to be a global threat. The World
Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and
the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) were the pioneer in striving to throw light
on the topic globally. In 1980, a one week meeting was organized in Villach, Australia that was
unable to cross in its conclusion the earlier United States Academy, where the report was not
circulated properly. Bert Bolin was one of the leaders of the meeting and he acknowledged that
the internationalization of the assessment has not remained successful.
Another effort on corporate level was made in Stockholm and resulted in the profound
ecological, agricultural, water and marine disaster by the hands of global warming.
By and by groups of varying speculations emerged. In 1983, a study by the United States
Environment Protection Agency elaborated the effects of global warming on seal level. About
more than 100 reviewers proclaimed that the end of 21st century will be contaminated with
flooding, shore line retreat, saltwater intrusion and raised sea level.
In 1983, the United States Academy made a very profound report that encompassed the topic at
the maximum length until then. Including the previously predicted changes of sea level and
agricultural troubles, the report highlighted that the summer temperature will be remarkable
increased and excessive human death and illness will result by the heat wave. The informed the
melting of permafrost of Arctic would require the adaptation of engineering. The most important
point made by the repot was the fact that there would be some changes that cannot be imagined
or predicted right now. There will be things that will engulf man by surprise and humankind will
be left with no measure to deal with the trouble. The Academy was under the influence of
conservative economists and did not make any customary appeal to research further. Moreover,
no policy was recommended at all.
In 1982, Bolin with Dr Mustafa Tolba, executive director of UNEP talked about the international
effort. An environmental study was brught in that could be supported by the UNEP. When
WMO came, the ICSU agreed to publish the results widely to increase awareness and to make

the debate global. The report was composed of 560 pages, Bolin claimed that the green house
problem was brought much more to the forefront in the scientific community than earlier
assessments had done, particularly amongst those engaged in analysis of the terrestrial
ecosystems.Tolba chaired a sequel UNEP/WMO/ICSU conference in Villach in 1885 and make
the warnings more public. The experts stressed the need of a policy not to restrict the green
house gases but to initiate coordination on international level to study the portions of the report.
Studies at that time were mostly focusing on cause and effect. Interestingly, it was predicted by
employing computer models that the crops would vatu with the weather. The scientists then
focused on looking forward to adapt to the changing climate and models were designed to notice
the crop response to the climate change. Life scientists were evaluating the response of coral
reefs and forests to the increasing green house.
Some ecological systems, particularly forests may be unable to adapt quickly enough to a
rapid increase in temperature most of the nations coastal marshes and swamps would be
inundated by salt water an earlier snowmelt and runoff could disrupt water management
systems Diseases borne by insects, including malaria and Rocky Mountain spotted fever,
could spread as warmer weather expanded the range of the insects, the experts of EPA
concluded in New York Times in 1989.
1990s Broadening the Horizon
The effect of climate change on human beings health was in focus in 1990s.The issue was not
only attracted the experts but also made the general public worried. This work was, like many
other ongoing researches was supervised by not only government but also international
organization like World Health Organization (WHO) and International Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC). Here it became crystal clear hat the generalization made on international l level were of
less concern at regional level. It can be explained by the example that insect vectors of tropical
diseases such as malaria and fever that has already inflicted half a billion people would expand
its range. It was revealed that the impacts of global warming will be felt in developing nations
where the habitants of developed world were worried about the transport of diseases to temperate
zone.

The computer models have evolved certain levels of green house gases that may trigger the
climate changes, the regional analysis can be started from keeping in mind the models. The
sophisticated models finally but roughly agreed on some global features like the average
temperature that differed in the details. There were also factors that were balancing each other
like the Sahel region between the African rain forest and the Sahara desert where one model
predicted excessive rain and other extreme droughts. Policy makers were not concerned with the
average temperature. They were more concerned about the changes emerged on local level.
The IPCC decided to focus on the vulnerabilities as the quantitative predictions were tough to
make. The study was in line with the with the vulnerabilities study going on in other areas from
earth quakes to the food supplies. The term showed that the net effects of the global warming
will be harmful. In 1990, the IPCCs initial report disagreed by many experts and became a
controversy. Mikhail Budyko, the eminent Russian climatologist, reconstructed the climate
changes of the past and argued that the global warming would be of some important benefits. He
made a point about Siberia as the warming soared not higher than the temperature studies by
ancient interglacial epochs.
The Regional Impacts of Climate Change the pioneering report was composed by the IPCC in
1997. The detailed account of vulnerabilities was different for different people. It was necessary
at that level to consider ecological systems, local climate, local economics, and political
conditions and trends. The standard practice to highlight was the way in which climate changes
will be accepted and adapted by the people. For Africa, it was concluded, the continent most
vulnerable to the impacts of projected changes.
The future of climate was invested in the hands of the method that will adapted by a nation to
control the emission level. It revealed a problem with the standard method of predicting climate
impacts. The scientists were extrapolating the visible forces and trends along a single line and
calculated the likely outcome of a number of possibilities, global average temperature will rise
three degrees plus or minus 50 per cent or the like.
In 1992, the IPCC published a set of six different scenarios. Each of which described a range of
ways in which the population of the world, political structure, and economics will evolve in a
decade. Experts of social sciences and physics were trying to predict the emission of green house

gases by the society of a given scenario and the estimation of the extant to which the society will
adapt the change.
Another effort in 1996 resulted in scenarios of about 40 types. The scenarios were grouped in
terms of sensitivity to environmental problems, rate of economic growths, degree of international
cooperation and many more. The explorers were able to deeply study only handful possibilities
because so much about the upcoming changes was unknown, where the known was variable
from region to region.
Outstanding Researches on and Outcomes of Global Warming in 2000s

IPCC in its reports of 2001 and 2007 resemble each other as a variety of expected climate
impacts suggesting various regions as per their vulnerability. The best things about the IPCC
reports is the fact that it encompassed a range of scenarios it has investigated in addition
specifications on whether an impact is listed as virtually certain, very likely or just likely.
It is clear from these reports that the issue has gradually become complex while introducing
more interdisciplinary analysis, and climate impacts were potentially adapted and stressed.
These trends were asking for proper policy making. The scientists first task was to figure out
how much the danger is expected to hit the globe in case of increased green house gases. This
will enable them to guide the governments in the restrictions that should be imposed on
emissions. However, it was deplorable to see that the action of forming some policy was taken
after such a delay that the already emitted quantity of green house gases was posing inevitable
threats to the global environment. Not only political leader, governments but also business
organizations were asking for acute and precise assessment that can help on shaping better and
effective policies.
The attempt of scientist to be precise was misleading. It can be understood by keeping in mind
the studies that published from 1970s to the mid of 1980s. It was estimated that by 2100 the sea
level might rise from a few tenths of a meter to few meters anywhere on the earth. When the
IPCCs report was published in 1995, the upper limit was dropped to half a meter. On the
contrary the estimated range of level to which oceans can rise remained wide.

The rise would exceed a meter if polar ice sheets began to surge into the oceans in the next few
decades. Most scientists had always considered that quite unlikely, but there were always some
who argued that it was possible. The IPCC gave scant attention to such impacts that did not seem
at least fairly likely to happen, even if they would be catastrophic in the event they did befall us.
All this was different from the impacts that were studied earlier such as in the earthquake zones
the building codes of cities and the planning of evacuation plans for the benefit of those people
who are living in nuclear reactors. On the other hand the IPCC was more concerned about the
impacts that were more likely to happen as a result of global warming.
There was also bunch of conservatives who were favoring the global warming including few
scientist and many conservatives who were sufficiently funded by right-wing private American
institutes. A publication of Hoover Institute declared, Global warming, if it were to occur,
would probably benefit most Americans. It was also estimated that the heating bills will be low,
energy will be saved and more people will die of cold than of heat. A report by the Heartland
Institute showed, More carbon dioxide in the air would lead to more luxuriant crop growth and
greater crop yields. These statements were not supported by any hard analysis but they have
some truth in them. Russians noticed that small amount of heat will be beneficial for the cold
regions however the benefits were far less than the possible harms. In cold regions not only the
crops but the whole ecosystem will suffer. All these reports and the teams of experts, scientists
and economists working behind the screen were far away from the general public. People do not
even know that so much has happened and how much progress has been made to tackle these
issues. In the shape of a paragraph these news often reach to the general public where statements
were usually balanced by a supporting and negating groups.
It was not until the dawn of consequences of global warming that the world at large started to
realize the issue. Well-studied and sensitive groups like birds and butterflies made filed surveys
in 1990s and discovered shifting range and even extinctions that could be predicted by the
observation of global warming. In 21st centuries the experts started to evaluate the role of global
warming in one or another disaster. It was found that the rich nations are also not safe due to the
upcoming complexities. An unexpected and extraordinary heat wave killed thousands of [people
in Europe in 2003. Moreover, the winter freeze remained failed in controlling the bark beetles
that devastated millions acres of forest from Arizona to Alaska. The weak timber was left alone

that was lately eaten up by the wild forest fire. Nobody has imagined such impacts and of course
no one was ready for it.
A Danish political scientist Bjrn Lomborg wrote a best selling book encompassing one of the
most skeptical works. He assembled under the title Copenhagen Consensus a panel of
discussants who analyzed a number of approaches. Lomborg along with the panel recommended
that people should use their money for immediate issues like malaria instead of spending on farheaded problems like global warming. They also suggested that the researches should address the
green houses gases and efforts must be made to reduce the quantity of these gases in the
atmosphere.
The international bodies and governments finale started to tae interest in the issue. The best
effort come Economics of Climate Change from Stern Review in 2006. Nicholas Stern, former
chief economist of the World Bank, compiled the report with a staff of 20 for the British
government. They concluded that the21st century has global warming in the upper range of
scientists hypothesis that will result in cutting the annual Global Domestic Product by 5 per
cent. Other indirect effects may be raised to 20 per cent that is equal to the Great Depression of
the 1930s or the damage caused by a world war. They also estimated the cost of preventing
global warming that was 1 per cent of the annual Global Domestic Product. Climate change,
Stern concluded, is the greatest market failure the world has ever seen.
Other ways of describing the climate change were also bring in like the threats to the security.
For about fifty years forward looking military officers were working on figuring out what the
climate change means to their responsibility. It was clear that in time of disaster army would be
called to control the situation. An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and its Implications for
United States National Security was a report commissioned by the Pentagon in 2003. As it was
briefed to the press mega-droughts, famine and widespread rioting will erupt across the
world. abrupt climate change could bring the planet to the edge of anarchy as countries
develop a nuclear threat to defend and secure dwindling food, water and energy supplies. The
threat to global stability in the camouflage of terrorism was pointed out by the authors.
Notes: More recent researches and the progress in the field have been put in a different chapter
and available at solarpowernotes.com global warming section.

Summing Up the Discussion

The issue of global warming has been widely discussed by the scientist who revealed a long list
of possibilities. No one can ensure that whatever has been given on the list will happen.
However, without any disagreement the scientist believe that some of the possibilities are more
likely to happen. There are also some predictions about which scientists have no doubt and claim
that will affect us soon. For your convenience, here is a list of all that has been predicted.
The consequences are made upon the prediction of an increase of few degrees Celsius in the
global temperature. It is only possible if human beings mange to control or prevent the emission
of green houses gases and there level in the atmosphere may not go beyond the twice of preindustrial level. In case strong and lasting actions are not taken the temperature will be double
before the end of this century the temperature which is not observed since the spread of
agriculture on the planet. It is also crucial to see that the predictions earlier made started to occur
by 2007. (For details see the IPCC impacts report or the popular account by Mark Lynas.)

The first and foremost impact of the global warming will be the increase in temperature
of the cold places especially during the time of winter. The hype in temperature will be
beneficial for certain regions while posing threats to others. This will affect and probably
change the patterns of tourism. The warmer winter will significantly improve the
agricultural and health conditions of some areas. However the global impact will be
harmful as food supply will decrease and mortality will increase due to severe and
frequent heat waves during the summer season and several other effects. Those areas that
will not be directly affected by the higher temperature will suffer from the outbreak of
refugees and increase in the price of food.

The levels of seas will continue to rise. When the planet was 3 degree Celsius warmer
than now the sea level was above almost 5 meters than now. The places where people are
living on coasts like Shanghai and New York will be the victims of the raised level. The
change will be so slow that the upcoming generations will simply left the homes of their
ancestors but the chance of sudden emergence of such results can not be completely
wiped out. In additions emergencies can be created by the storms.

The water patterns will go on changing. The changed patterns will lead to intensified
cycles of water that will encourage severe droughts and floods. Less precipitation and
increased warmth will lead the current regions of drought to more intense dryness where
most of the existing wet regions will be wetter. The extremity of weather with the passage
of time will be worst and more intense. Worst floods will be brought by sever rainfall.
Water supply systems will be jeopardized due to the shrinking winter snow peaks and
mountain glaciers.

In the early decades of global warming will be beneficial for some managed forestry and
agriculture but the ecosystems will be on the whole stressed. The range of the countless
valuable species in the tropical seas, Arctic and mountain areas will shift. Those who
cannot move with the wind will extinct. A number of pests and tropical diseases are
predicted to move to the warm regions. Much of these have been already seen in a
number of places.

Those biological system that are independent of the climate changes will be affected by
the increased level of carbon dioxide (CO2). The balance of harms and benefits is
uncertain yet however some crops will be fertilized just like some invasive weeds. The
oceans will be poisoned with acid, means will be more acidic, and pose threats to the
coral reefs, and most probably inflict damage to the marine life especially fisheries.

There will be a number of impacts that can not be predicted but that will target the human
and natural systems of the planet. However, it is also seen that a number of climate
changes have been well-adopted by the human beings and the nature.

The understanding of ecosystems and climate system is insufficient and there is possibility that
the results will not be as bad as they are imagined to be. There are also equal chances that the
results will be far worst than the predictions. The results will be worst if we will not take
measures immediately to control the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere along with
other greenhouse gases. We should focus to control the carbon dioxide from reaching the limit of
twice industrial level. Under the business as usual if the discharge of harmful gases will
continue the current calculations declare that the global temperature may increase to 5 degree
Celsius by the end of this century. It will lead to the impoverishment and re-organization of many
ecosystems that our civilization has survived. Although the public awareness has been increased

but much is required to introduce at public level so individuals may understand their individual
duty towards the betterment of their planet.