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Content
Unit I. Surveying Concepts
Measurement of
Angles and Directions
Magnetic Declination
The magnetic poles are not points but oval areas located
about 2,000 km away from the actual location of the
geographic poles of the earth. These areas are not fixed and
may move to a different location everyday, perhaps as far as
50 km.
The horizontal angle and
direction by which the
needle of a compass deflects
from the true meridian at any
particular locality is called
the magnetic declination.
Local Attraction
Local Attraction- is any deviation of the
magnetic needle of a compass from
its normal pointing towards
magnetic north. In the field, the
compass user may not realize that
magnetic bearings read with the
compass have been affected by local
attraction.
Content
Unit I. Surveying Concepts
d. Bearing and Azimuth
e. Types of Compass and Uses
Unit II. Accuracy of Measurements f. Common Errors and Mistakes in
Compass Work
Unit III. Measurement of Distances
0 N
NORTH-WEST
(NW)
QUADRANT
REFERENCE MERIDIAN
(N-S Line)
NORTH-EAST
(NE)
QUADRANT
90 E
90 W
SOUTH-WEST
(SW)
QUADRANT
SOUTH-EAST
(SE)
QUADRANT REFERENCE PARALLEL
(E-W Line)
0 S
Illustrative Problems
Compute the angles APB, CPD, and EPF from the following
set of lines
whose azimuths are given.
a) AZIMN of line PA = 3948 ; AZIMN of line PB = 11529
b) AZIMS of line PC = 32022 ; AZIMN of line PD = 6216
c) AZIMN of line PE = 21902 ; AZIMN of line PF = 15416
Illustrative Problems
Convert the following bearings to equivalent azimuths.
a) AB, N 2525 W
b) BC, due EAST
c) CD, S 5010 E
Uses
Lensatic Compass- it
consists of an aluminum
case containing a magnetic
dial balanced on a pivot, a
hinged cover with a
sighting wire, a hinged
eyepiece containing a
magnifying
glens
for
reading
the
dial
graduations, and a sighting
slot for viewing the distant
object.
Uses
Surveyors Compass- it
has a compass box
containing a graduated
circle, two sight vanes, a
magnetic needle, and two
clamping screws. A glass
cover protects the needle
and the graduated circle.
Uses
-was
popularly
used
earlier for running limited
plane
surveys
of
reasonable accuracy. Now
it is commonly used for
forest
surveys,
in
retracting
old
land
surveys, and in geological
explorations.
Uses
-It is used in
reconnaissance
and exploratory
surveys.
Prismatic
Compass-
the
graduations are found on a rotating
card instead of being on the
compass box. The card moves with
the needle since both are fastened
together. Two short sighting devices
are provided and magnetic bearing
are read by means of a prism at the
same instant that the compass is
sighted along the line.
Uses
Foresters Compass- is
another type of pocket
compass which is usually
made of aluminum
or
some type of metal which
does not affect the free
movement and positioning
of the magnetic needle.
Uses
Transit Compass- it is
similar to the surveyors
compass,
only
it
is
mounted on the upper
plate of the transit.
Uses
Content
Unit I. Surveying Concepts