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torus

Torus

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Lastupdated:FriApr222016

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S&#225ndorKabai

An(ordinary)torusisasurfacehavinggenusone,andthereforepossessingasingle"hole"(leftfigure).Thesingle
holed"ring"torusisknowninolderliteratureasan"anchorring."Itcanbeconstructedfromarectanglebygluing
bothpairsofoppositeedgestogetherwithnotwists(rightfigureGardner1971,pp.1517Gray1997,pp.323324).
Theusualtorusembeddedinthreedimensionalspaceisshapedlikeadonut,buttheconceptofthetorusis
extremelyusefulinhigherdimensionalspaceaswell.

TurningaPunctured
TorusInsideOut
(Variation)
KarlScherer

Ingeneral,toricanalsohavemultipleholes,withtheterm torususedforatoruswith holes.Thespecialcaseofa

2torusissometimescalledthedoubletorus,the3torusiscalledthetripletorus,andtheusualsingleholedtorusis
thensimplecalled"the"or"a"torus.
Aseconddefinitionfor torirelatestodimensionality.Inonedimension,alinebendsintocircle,givingthe1torus.
Intwodimensions,arectanglewrapstoausualtorus,alsocalledthe2torus.Inthreedimensions,thecubewrapsto
forma3manifold,or3torus.Ineachcase,the torusisanobjectthatexistsindimension
.Oneofthemore
commonusesof dimensionaltoriisindynamicalsystems.Afundamentalresultstatesthatthephasespace
trajectoriesofaHamiltoniansystemwith degreesoffreedomandpossessing integralsofmotionlieonan
dimensionalmanifoldwhichistopologicallyequivalenttoan torus(Tabor1989).
Toruscoloringofanordinary(oneholed)torusrequires7colors,consistentwiththeHeawoodconjecture.
Lettheradiusfromthecenteroftheholetothecenterofthetorustubebe ,andtheradiusofthetubebe .Thenthe
equationinCartesiancoordinatesforatorusazimuthallysymmetricaboutthezaxisis
(1)
andtheparametricequationsare
(2)
(3)
(4)
for
.Threetypesoftorus,knownasthestandardtori,arepossible,dependingontherelativesizesof
and .
correspondstotheringtorus(shownabove),
correspondstoahorntoruswhichistangenttoitself
atthepoint(0,0,0),and
correspondstoaselfintersectingspindletorus(Pinkall1986).
Ifnospecificationismade,"torus"istakentomeanringtorus.Thethreestandardtoriareillustratedbelow,wherethe
firstimageshowsthefulltorus,thesecondacutawayofthebottomhalf,andthethirdacrosssectionofaplane
passingthroughthezaxis.

Thestandardtoriandtheirinversionsarecyclides.Ifthecoefficientof
anelliptictorusresults.

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Torus.html

intheformulafor ischangedto

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Tocomputethemetricpropertiesoftheringtorus,definetheinnerandouterradiiby
(5)
(6)
Solvingfor and gives
(7)
(8)
Thenthesurfaceareaofthistorusis
(9)
(10)
(11)
andthevolumecanbecomputedfromPappus'scentroidtheorem
(12)
(13)
(14)
ThevolumecanalsobefoundbyintegratingtheJacobiancomputedfromtheparametricequationsofthesolid,
(15)
(16)
(17)
whichsimplifiesto
(18)
giving
(19)
(20)
asbefore.
Themomentofinertiatensorofasolidtoruswithmass

isgivenby

(21)

Thecoefficientsofthefirstfundamentalformare
(22)
(23)
(24)
andthecoefficientsofthesecondfundamentalformare
(25)
(26)
(27)
givingRiemannianmetric
(28)
areaelement
(29)
(where

isawedgeproduct),andGaussianandmeancurvaturesas
(30)
(31)

(Gray1997,pp.384386).
Atoruswithaholeinitssurfacecanbeturnedinsideouttoyieldanidenticaltorus.Atoruscanbeknottedexternally
orinternally,butnotboth.Thesetwocasesareambientisotopies,butnotregularisotopies.Therearethereforethree
possiblewaysofembeddingatoruswithzerooroneknot.

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Anarbitrarypoint onatorus(notlyinginthe plane)canhavefourcirclesdrawnthroughit.Thefirstcircleisin

theplaneofthetorusandthesecondisperpendiculartoit.ThethirdandfourthcirclesarecalledVillarceaucircles
(Villarceau1848,Schmidt1950,Coxeter1969,Melnick1983).

SEEALSO:

Apple,BoySurface,CrossCap,Cyclide,DoubleTorus,EllipticTorus,Genus,HornTorus,ImpossibleTorus,Klein
Bottle,KleinQuartic,Lemon,RingTorus,SpindleTorus,SpiricSection,StandardTori,ToricSection,Torispherical
Dome,Toroid,TorusColoring,TorusCutting,TorusDissection,TripleTorus,VillarceauCircles
REFERENCES:
Beyer,W.H.CRCStandardMathematicalTables,28thed.BocaRaton,FL:CRCPress,pp.131132,1987.
Coxeter,H.S.M.IntroductiontoGeometry,2nded.NewYork:Wiley,pp.132133,1969.
Gardner,M.MartinGardner'sSixthBookofMathematicalGamesfromScientificAmerican.NewYork:Scribner's,1971.
GeometryCenter."TheTorus."http://www.geom.umn.edu/zoo/toptype/torus/.
Gray,A."Tori."13.4inModernDifferentialGeometryofCurvesandSurfaceswithMathematica,2nded.BocaRaton,FL:CRC
Press,pp.304306and384386,1997.
Harris,J.W.andStocker,H."Torus."4.10.5inHandbookofMathematicsandComputationalScience.NewYork:Springer
Verlag,p.113,1998.
JavaView."ClassicSurfacesfromDifferentialGeometry:Torus."http://wwwsfb288.math.tu
berlin.de/vgp/javaview/demo/surface/common/PaSurface_Torus.html.
Melzak,Z.A.InvitationtoGeometry.NewYork:Wiley,pp.6372,1983.
Pinkall,U."CyclidesofDupin."3.3inMathematicalModelsfromtheCollectionsofUniversitiesandMuseums(Ed.G.Fischer).
Braunschweig,Germany:Vieweg,pp.2830,1986.
Schmidt,H.DieInversionundihreAnwendungen.Munich,Germany:Oldenbourg,p.82,1950.
Tabor,M.ChaosandIntegrabilityinNonlinearDynamics:AnIntroduction.NewYork:Wiley,pp.7174,1989.
Villarceau,M."Thormesurletore."Nouv.Ann.Math.7,345347,1848.
CITETHISAS:
Weisstein,EricW."Torus."FromMathWorldAWolframWebResource.http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Torus.html

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