ZSH

Conquering the
Command Line
With ZSH
Fabian Kislat
DESY IceTray Seminar
Dec 01, 2009
What is ZSH?
Dec 01, 2009
A Unix shell
bash like syntax
Standard Login shell for users in Zeuthen
Very customizable
Will focus on using zsh
Not shell programming in general

Fabian Kislat - Conquering the Command Line With ZSH
Today's Topics
Dec 01, 2009
Configuring the shell
Functions, scripts and autoload
Useful keyboard shortcuts
History
Globbing
Parameter Expansion
A little shell scripting

Part I:
Configuring the Shell
The startup files

Three startup files: .zshenv, .zprofile, .zshrc
All shells
On the batch farm
.zshenv
When running scripts
Login shell?
.zprofile
Interactive shell?
.zshrc
Logout file: .zlogout
Important: No output in .zshenv!
Dec 01, 2009
In an xterm
Keybindings
Default keybindings mode: emacs

Ctrl+K, Ctrl+Y, Alt+d,
Dec 01, 2009
Other useful keys:

Alt+q Interrupt current command
Good for a 'man' while
typing a long line
Ctrl+Z Suspend current job,
continue in background
with bg
Defining Keybindings
Use bindkey to create custom keybindings

Example:
bindkey '^[[3~' delete-char
Command names as in emacs
Use read to find the in-string
Change to vi keymap: bindkey -v
Dec 01, 2009
You can use bindkey to create and manage

your own keymaps
Alias and Function
Don't type more than you need to: alias
Example: alias ll=ls -lh
Dec 01, 2009
Shell is a programming language

Supports functions
function foo {
# commands
}
foo () {
# commands
}
Very much like a shell script

Functions Vs. Scripts
Function:
Parsed when defined

Many functions in startup file slow down
shell startup
Script:
Dec 01, 2009
Runs in current shell

Can modify current context
Runs in sub-shell
Cannot influence current shell
Full shell startup processed when run
Does not affect startup of your shell
Autoload
Can we have the best of both worlds?
Enter: Autoload
autoload foo
Now foo is loaded on demand,
i.e. when run the first time
Runs in current shell
No shell startup initialization
Can modify current context
Parsed when needed
Dec 01, 2009
Small influence on startup time

10
Autoload
How to do that?
Write a script (e.g. called foo),
put it into some directory (often ~/.zfunc)
Add directory to the FPATH list:
FPATH=~/.zfunc:$FPATH
Autoload it: autoload foo
Now you can use it
Dec 01, 2009
11
Options
You can customize ZSH using setopt and

unsetopt
Example: unsetopt sh_word_split
Options are case insensitive and _ is ignored:
shwordsplit, ShWordSplit,
S_h_W_o_R_d_S_p_L_i_T
are equivalent
Dec 01, 2009
12
Modules
Allow extending the zsh features
Are written in C (binary modules!)
Load them with zmodload
Dec 01, 2009
Useful in scripts:
zmodload zsh/mathfunc
Makes mathematical functions available
I would load them only when needed
13
Sample Startup Files
http://www-zeuthen.desy.de/~kislat/zstartup.tar.gz
Dec 01, 2009
14
Part II:
Interactive Features
Shell History
Type or to scroll through history
Use Ctrl+R to search your history
Dec 01, 2009
Set the variables HISTSIZE and

SAVEHIST to control how many lines
or history are stored
Variable HISTFILE controls where the
history is stored
16
More History
Control how commands are stored:
setopt hist_ignore_dups
Ignore duplicate lines
setopt hist_ignore_space
Ignore lines starting with whitespace when saving
Many more options
Access history:
!! entire last command
!$ last command argument
Useful: bindkey ' ' magic-space
Dec 01, 2009
17
Modifiers
You can modify the result you get from

the shell history:
:h Head, only the directory
:t Tail, only the file name
:r Path without extension
Example:
$ echo foo/bar.txt
foo/bar.txt
$ echo !$:t
bar.txt
Also used in globbing and parameter expansion
Dec 01, 2009
18
Globbing
Eh? What's that?
Automatic generation of file lists, e.g. *
? matches a single character
* matches any number of characters (including .)

including no characters
** matches any number of directories including
the current directory
Dec 01, 2009
19
Globbing
Match groups: [abc], [[:alpha:]],

(Think of regular expressions)
Match numbers:
<10-15> matches 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
<1-10> matches 1, 2, 3, but also 01, 02, ...
You can use Modifiers.
Example: echo */*.root(:t)
(:h) and (:t) replace dirname and basename
Dec 01, 2009
20
Globbing
Dec 01, 2009
Group patterns (back referencing!):

(pat) matches pat
(pat1|pat2) matches pat1 or pat2
Glob qualifiers:
(/) match directories
(.) match plain files
(D) also match hidden files
Extend the possibilities with

setopt extended_glob
21
Part III:
Scripting
Parameter Expansion
Use it: echo ${var} or echo $var
You can use modifiers: ${file:t}
Dec 01, 2009
Define a variable: var=value

No spaces around =
Remove pattern from

head:
${var#pat}
tail:
${var%pat}
You can nest this:
${${${var%.root}#*Run}:r}
${#var}
length of var
23
Parameter Expansion II
Some expansions modify the variable
Dec 01, 2009
e.g. ${var:=str}
$var if set else str and set var to it
Useful to set default values:

${var:=default}
would produce the command line:
default
error, command not found
Prepend a colon to suppress execution
: ${var:=default}
24
Using the output of a command
Dec 01, 2009
Get the output of command:

`command` or $(command)
Get current directory:
current_dir=`pwd`
Get directory where script is located:
mydir=$(cd `dirname $0` && pwd)
Read a file as an array (one item per line):
data=(${(f)$(<file)})
25
Shell Variables
$# number of parameters (script, function)
$* all parameters
$0 name of script, function
$? return value of last command
Basename of this script: ${0:t}
Dec 01, 2009
26
Arrays
Create an array: array=(a b c d)
Use it: echo ${array[1]} a
Dec 01, 2009
Split variable to array on new line:

array=(${(f)var})
Now you can read a file:
cont=(${(f)$(<file.txt)})
Parameter modifiers work per element:
newarray=${oldarray%.gz}
27
Miscellaneous
One more thing on arrays:

Link them with a scalar, like PATH,
LD_LIBRARY_PATH:
declare -T LD_LIBRARY_PATH \
ld_lib_path
If either is modified, the other changes as well
Local variables (useful in functions):
local x=5
Dec 01, 2009
28
Useful References
ZSH reference card:

http://www.bash2zsh.com/zsh_refcard/refcard.pdf
ZSH texinfo manual:

http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/zsh_a4.pdf
The book
O. Kiddle, J. Peek, and P. Stephenson, From
Bash to Z Shell Conquering the Command Line,
APress
Dec 01, 2009
29

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Conquering the

Dec 01, 2009

bash like syntax

Standard Login shell for users in Zeuthen

Will focus on using zsh

Not shell programming in general

Dec 01, 2009

Configuring the shell

Functions, scripts and autoload

Useful keyboard shortcuts

A little shell scripting

The startup files

Logout file: .zlogout

Important: No output in .zshenv!

Dec 01, 2009

Fabian Kislat - Conquering the Command Line With ZSH

Default keybindings mode: emacs

Dec 01, 2009

Other useful keys:

Use bindkey to create custom keybindings

Command names as in emacs

Use read to find the in-string

Change to vi keymap: bindkey -v

Dec 01, 2009

You can use bindkey to create and manage

Alias and Function

Don't type more than you need to: alias

Example: alias ll=ls -lh

Dec 01, 2009

Shell is a programming language

Very much like a shell script

Functions Vs. Scripts

Parsed when defined

Dec 01, 2009

Runs in current shell

Can we have the best of both worlds?

No shell startup initialization

Can modify current context

Parsed when needed

Dec 01, 2009

Small influence on startup time

Autoload it: autoload foo

Now you can use it

Dec 01, 2009

Fabian Kislat - Conquering the Command Line With ZSH

You can customize ZSH using setopt and

Dec 01, 2009

Fabian Kislat - Conquering the Command Line With ZSH

Allow extending the zsh features

Are written in C (binary modules!)

Load them with zmodload

Dec 01, 2009

Sample Startup Files

Dec 01, 2009

Fabian Kislat - Conquering the Command Line With ZSH

Type or to scroll through history

Use Ctrl+R to search your history

Dec 01, 2009

Set the variables HISTSIZE and

Fabian Kislat - Conquering the Command Line With ZSH

Control how commands are stored:

!! entire last command

!$ last command argument