A2 PHYSICS: G484 - PIGUY

NEWTONS LAWS
AND COLLISIONS

>>REVISION>>

NEWTONS LAWS
& MOMENTUM

NEWTONS 2ND LAW

Newtons 1st Law - a body

p
___
F=
t

Newtons 2nd Law - rate of

mv-mu
F = ______
t

remains at rest or with constant

velocity unless theres an
unbalanced force acting on it
change of momentum is
proportional to and in same
direction as force

Newtons 3rd Law - action and

reaction forces are equal, opposite

and of the same type

momentum, p - the product of

mass and velocity

Key
p - momentum
t - time
F - force
m - mass
v - final velocity
u - initial velocity

F = ma
SPECIAL CASE WHEN
MASS DOESNT CHANGE

MOMENTUM

p = mv
impulse = p
= Ft

force

impulse
time

C O N S E R V AT I O N
OF MOMENTUM
momentum is always

conserved in a closed system

perfectly elastic collision -

collision where kinetic energy

is conserved
inelastic collision - collision

where kinetic energy is not

conserved

C O N S E R V AT I O N O F
MOMENTUM

pinitial = pfinal

Key
p - momentum
m - mass
v - final velocity
u - initial velocity

Make sure to draw a clear diagram!

Be consistent with direction of arrows
m1

m2

u1

u2

m1

m2

v1

v2

BEFORE COLLISION

AFTER COLLISION

A2 PHYSICS: G484 - PIGUY

CIRCULAR MOTION
A N D O S C I L L AT I O N S

>>REVISION>>

CIRCULAR
MOTION
radian - angle in a circle whose arc

is same length as the radius.

radians = 180 degrees
a force acting perpendicular to

velocity of an object results in

circular motion
in circular motion objects are:

CIRCULAR VELOCITY

2r
___
v=
T

r - radius of orbit
T - time period
a - acceleration
m - mass

C E N T R I P E TA L
A C C E L E R AT I O N

2
v
__
a=
r

- constantly changing direction,

hence their velocity changes

- so its always accelerating
- this acceleration is towards the
centre

Key
v - velocity

C E N T R I P E TA L F O R C E

2
mv
F = ___
r

__
= 2
T

v2
__
r
r

G R A V I TAT I O N A L
FIELDS
caused by masses
gravitational field strength - force

per unit mass

close to the earths surface the

gravitational field is uniform, with

strength being 9.81N/kg
geostationary orbit - a satellite

with a 24-hour period, moving in

the equatorial plane west to east
- TV broadcasting (Sky)
- GPS & telecommunications

G R A V I TAT I O N A L F I E L D

F
__
g=
m

Key
G - gravitational constant

F - force
M / m - mass
r - distance
T - time period

NEWTONS LAW OF
G R A V I TAT I O N
E A R T H S S U R FA C E

GMm
F = _____
r2

EARTH

2r
__
T

KEPLERS 3RD LAW

( )

2
4
___
2
T =
r3
GM

v2
__
r

SIMPLE HARMONIC
MOTION
simple harmonic motion- motion when

acceleration is proportional but in

opposite direction to displacement
displacement - distance from equilibrium

position at a point; amplitude is maximum

period, T - time to make one complete

oscillation; independent of amplitude

phase difference - difference in phases

between particles of two oscillations

during SHM total mechanical energy

(kinetic + potential energy) is conserved

- at equilibrium max KE; min PE
- at amplitude min KE; max PE

ANGULAR FREQUENCY

=2f
SIMPLE HARMONIC
MOTION

a=

Key
- angular frequency

f - frequency
T - time period
a - acceleration
A - amplitude
- displacement
t - time
v - velocity

2
-

= Acos(2ft)
MAXIMUM VELOCITY

vmax = 2fA

DAMPING &
RESONANCE

DAMPING

x(t)

damping reduces the amplitude of

oscillations

light damping

x(t)

heavy damping
t

resonance occurs in forced oscillations

critical damping
t

as amplitude increases nearer to natural

frequency of a body
RESONANCE

resonance can be useful

- cooking food in microwaves (H2O
- MRI scanners (see G485)
resonance can be annoying
- suspension bridges
- airplane wings

amplitude

molecules)

damping

resonant
frequency

A2 PHYSICS: G484 - PIGUY

THERMAL PHYSICS

>>REVISION>>

SOLID, LIQUID
& GAS
brownian motion - energy (velocity)

and direction of motion is random

- observed in smoke cell

SMOKE CELL

under microscope
LAMP

GLASS BOX

SMOKE

S TAT E S O F M AT T E R

solid

liquid

gas

internal energy - sum of random

distribution of kinetic and potential

energies of molecules

vibrating

potential energy - energy between

two molecules, a function which

increases with distance

pressure - the force exerted against

an object, directly proportional to

temperature in kelvin

rotational
some translation

3D translation

H E AT I N G M AT T E R

KE constant

KE constant

PE increases

PE increases

solid
KE increases
PE increases

melting

liquid
KE increases
PE increases

evaporation

gas

KE increases
PE increases

T E M P E R AT U R E
heat flows from hot to colder areas

T E M P E R AT U R E

Key
T - temperature
p - pressure
E - energy
m - mass
c - specific heat capacity

p (Pa)

thermal equilibrium - when two

regions are equal in temperature

absolute zero is temperature in which

-273.15

T (C)

a substance has zero internal energy

specific heat capacity - energy

required per kg to raise temperature

by 1 degree
latent heat of fusion - energy

required per kg to melt or solidify

latent heat of vaporisation -

energy required per kg to evaporate

or condense

Tkelvin = Tcelsius + 273.15

S P E C I F I C H E AT
C A PA C I T Y

E = mcT

IDEAL GASES
boyles law - pressure times volume

is constant provided temperature &

the content of gas is same

BOYLES LAW

pV = constant

kinetic theory assumes

- distance between particles

IDEAL GAS LAW

Key
T - temperature
p - pressure
V - volume
n - number of moles
R - gas constant
N - number of molecules
k - boltzmann constant
E - kinetic energy

small, PE is negligible

- particles are points

- collisions are perfectly elastic

pV = nRT

or

pV = NkT

one mole of any substance contains

23

6.02 x 10 molecules (Avogadros no.)

KINETIC ENERGY

temperature in kelvin is directly

proportional to average kinetic

energy (KE is always distributed like a
maxwell-boltzmann curve)

3
_
E = kT

maxwell-boltzmann
distribution
no. of
molecules

average KE

K.E.

YOURE DONE
WITH
G484 PHYSICS

REVISION!