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GSM and CDMA

GSM is a digital mobile communications system based on European standard which has been defined
within the framework of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and in to
meantime has been adopted by 396 network operators in 150 countries. It was designed to be compatible
with ISDN systems and the services provided by GSM are a subset of the standard ISDN services (speech
is the most basic).
General Features of GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a second-generation (2G) digital mobile telephones
standard using a combination Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA) to share the bandwidth among as many subscribers as possible.

1.

GSM provides only 9.6 kbps data connection. Increase in data rates can be achieved when GSM
changes into a radio service based on wide band code division multiple access, and not TDMA.

2.

GSM digitizes and compresses voice data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of
user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900, 1800 or 1,900 MHz frequency bands.

3.

The uplink and down link frequencies for GSM are different and therefore a channel has a pair of
frequencies 80 MHz apart. The separation between uplink and downlink frequencies is called duplex
distance.

4.

In a channel the separation between adjacent carrier frequencies is known as channel separation
which is 200 kHz in case of GSM.

5.

The services supported by GSM are telephony, fax and SMS, call forwarding, caller 10, call waiting
and the l0 ike.

6.

GSM supports data at rates up to 9.6 kbps on POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), ISDN, Packet
Switched Public Data Networks, and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks.

7.

The access methods and protocols for GSM may be fromX.25 or X.32.

8.

Being a digital system, GSM does not require a modem between subscriber and GSM network.
However, an audio modem is required inside the GSM network to establish connection with POTS.

GSM Subscriber Services


There are three basic types of services offered through GSM. These are telephony or teleservices, data or
bearer services and supplementary services. Bearer service provides the necessary data or control signal
for different entities and interfaces. An interface is an access point between two entities, which will be
described subsequently under GSM architecture. Telephony services comprise voice services between
different subscribers. The supplementary services are used to enhance the features of bearer and
teleservices. In this way GSM provides the following services to subscribers:
1.

Dual-tone multi frequency (DTMF) DTMF signals are tone signals used for various control
purposes via the telephone network and are different from dial pulses. This can pass through the entire
channels to the subscriber and therefore, offer itself to various schemes for remote control after the
connection is established. One example is the remote control of an answering machine.

2.

Short message services (SMS) SMS is a message consisting of a maximum of 160


alphanumeric characters. SMS can be sent to or from a mobile station even when the subscriber's mobile
station is powered off or .has left the coverage area. In this case the message is stored and offered back to
the subscriber when the mobile station is powered on or the subscriber has come back to the coverage
area of the network.

3.

Facsimile group III GSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsimile. A special fax converter in the
GSM system enables a fax connected with GSM to communicate with any analog fax in the network.

4.

Call forwarding This is a supplementary service, which enables a subscriber to forward


incoming calls to another number on his own convenience.
The other services are cell broadcast, voice mail, fax mail, barring of outgoing and incoming calls
conditionally, call hold, call waiting, conferencing, closed user groups etc.

GSM consists of many subsystems, such as the Mobile Station (MS), the Base Station Subsystem (BSS),
the network and switching subsystem (NSS) and the Operation Subsystem (OSS). Mobile Station (MS),
the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) together forms a radio subsystem.

The generic GSM network architecture is composed of three subsystems as the Radio Subsystem (RSS),
the network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) and the Operation Subsystem (OSS). The subscriber carries
the Mobile Station, which is part or RSS.

The RSS basically consists of radio specific equipment such as mobile station (MS), Base Station
Subsystem (BSS) to control the radio link. The connection between RSS and NSS is established with A
interface based on circuit switched PCM30 system with 2.048 Mbit/s date rate. The chief components of
ass are BSS, cellular layout and base station controller (BSC).
Radio Substation (RSS)

The RSS consists of the components that are necessary in order to allocate the radio resources to the
individual subscribers. It principally consists of the mobile terminals (mobile phone or mobile station,
MS) and the base station subsystem (BSS).
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um interface, also known as
the air interface or radio link. A BSS is controlled by a BSC.A BSS maintains radio connections to an MS,
coding/decoding of voice and data rate adaptation to/from the wireless network part. There may be many
BSS in a GSM network and each BSS contains several MS. Base transceiver station (BTS) and a base
station controller (BSC) along with the cellular layout. These communicate across a standardized Abis
interface, allowing operation between components made by different suppliers.
Mobile Station (MS)

MS is basically mobile equipment (the handset) which comprises all user equipment and software needed
for mobile communication and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The MS, which
contain a SIM, card in the form of a very small chip b\side the equipment.

The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) contains all subscriber information necessary for identifying GSM
subscriber. Broadly, it holds a subscriber's International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI),
authentication key and algorithm. SIM is independent of the device or handset In which it is being used
because an MS can be identified via International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). As soon as the SIM
is inserted into handset, it becomes immediately programmed for use. Therefore, it can be inserted into
any handset. If you have forgotten to carry your handset but are carrying your SIM card, it can be inserted
in any borrowed phone for use. Without SIM a handset can access only emergency services. Advances
in memory and processing capacity has enabled SIM cards to be programmed to display custom menus
for personalized services and therefore, makes it different from conventional cellular phones, Typically,
mobile stations have transmitted power from 2 W to 1W depending upon the cell size, If cell size is
smaller, the transmitted power will be less.

CDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) also called spread-spectrumand code division multiplexing, one
of the competing transmission technologies for digital MOBILE PHONES. The transmitter mixes the
packets constituting a message into the digital signal stream in an order determined by a PSEUDORANDOM NUMBER sequence that is also known to the intended receiver, which uses. it to extract those
parts of the signal intended for itself. Hence each different random sequence corresponds to a separate
communication channel. CDMA is most used in the USA.

Unlike TDMA, in CDMA all stations can transmit data simultaneously, there is no timesharing.

CDMA allows each station to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the time.

Multiple simultaneous transmissions are separated using coding theory.

In CDMA each user is given a unique code sequence.

The basic idea of CDMA is explained below:

1. Let us assume that we have four stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 that are connected to same channel. The data
from station 1 are dl, from station 2 are d2 and so on.

2. The code assigned to first station is C1, to the second is C2 and so on.

3. These assigned codes have two properties:

(a) If we multiply each code by another, we get O.

(b) If we multiply each code by itself, we get 4. (No. of stations).

4. When these four stations are sending data on the same channel, station 1 multiplies its data by its
code i.e. dl.c1}, station 2 multiplies its data by its code i.e. d2 .C2 and so on.

5. The data that go on channel are the sum of all these terms as shown in Fig.

6. Any station that wants to receive data from one of the other three stations multiplies the data on
channel by the code of the sender. For example, suppose station 1 and 2 are talking to each other. Station
2 wants to hear what station 1 is saying. It multiples the data on the channel by CI (the code of station 1).

7. Because (C1. C1) is 4, but (C2. C1), (C3. C1), and (C4. C1) are all zeroes, station 2 divides the result by 4 to
get the data from station 1.

data = (dl . C1+ d2 . C2+ d3. C3+ d4. C4) C1

= dl. C1 . C1+ d2 . C2. C1+ d3 . C3. C1 + d4 . C4. C1= 4 x dl

The code assigned to each station is a sequence of numbers called chips. These chips are called
orthogonal sequences. This sequence has following properties:

1. Each sequence is made of N elements, where N is the number of stations as shown in fig.

2. If we multiple a sequence by a number, every element in the sequence is multiplied by that element.
This is called multiplication of a sequence by a scalar.

For example:

[+1 +1-1 -1] = [+2 +2 -2 -2]

3. If we multiply two equal sequences, element by element and add the results, we get N, where N is the
number of elements in each sequence. This is called inner product of two equal sequences. For example:

[+1 +1-1 -1] . [+1 +1-1-1] = 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 = 4

4. If we multiply two different sequences, element by element and add the results, we get 0. This is called
inner product of two different sequences. For example:

[+1 +1-1-1]. [+1 +1 +1 +1] = 1+1-1 -1= 0

5. Adding two sequences means adding the corresponding elements. The result is another sequence. For
example:

[+1 +1-1 -1] + [+1 +1+1 +1] = [+2 +2 0 0]

The data representation and encoding is done by different stations in following manner:

1. If a station needs to send a 0 bit, it encodes it as -1.

2. If it needs to send a 1 bit, it encodes it as + 1.

3. When station is idle, it sends no signal, which is interpreted as a 0.

For example, If station 1 and station 2 are sending a 0 bit, station 3 is silent and station 4 is sending a 1
bit; the data at sender site are represented as -1, - 1,0 and +1 respectively.

Each station multiplies the corresponding number by its chip, which is unique for each station.

Each station send this sequence to the channel ; The sequence of channel is the sum of all four sequence
as shown in fig.

If station 3, which was silent, is listening to station 2. Station 3 multiplies the total data on the channel by
the code for station 2, which is [+ 1 -1 +1 -1], to get

[-1 -1 -3+1] . [+1 -1 +1 -1]= -4/4 = -1 --> bit 0

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