MAGNETOSTATIC

CHAPTER 2
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS & WAVES
BEB 20303

Magnetostatic

Introduction to Magnetic Field

Magnetic Field Intensity from Biot-Savarts Law
Stokes Theorem
Amperes Law
Infinite Line Current
Infinite Sheet of Current
Infinitely long Coaxial Transmission Line
Magnetic Flux Density
Maxwell Equations

Introduction to Magnetic Field

An electrostatic field is produced by static (stationary) charges.
The magnetostatic field or static magnetic field is produced by a
constant current flow (direct current).
The current may be due to;
Magnetization currents as in permanent magnet.
Electron beam currents as in vacuum tubes.
Conduction currents as in current-carrying wires
Two major laws governing magnetostatic fields are;
Biot-Savarts law
Amperes circuit law
The use of magnetic phenomena can be found out in many
applications such as motors, transformer, microphone, compasses,
telephone bell ringers, television focusing controls, advertising
displays, magnetic separators, memory store and etc.

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

Magnetic fields can be produced by permanent magnets and steady
electric currents as illustrated in figure below;

Current
in Wire

Loop of
Wire

Solenoid

Bar Magnet

Magnetic Field Sources

The Earth

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

A permanent magnet such as bar magnet has a magnetic field
surrounding it that consists of lines of forces or flux lines.

Iron filings in the

presence of a magnet

The direction of the

magnetic field near
the poles of a
magnet is revealed
by placing compasses
nearby.
The magnetic field
points towards a
magnet's south pole
and away from its
north pole.

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

Attraction and Repulsion:
Like poles repel each other
Opposite poles attract each
other

Hans Christian Oersted in 1819

Electric Current Magnetic Field
Compass needle was deflected by a current in a wire.
The needle always turned in the direction perpendicular to the
current-carrying wire and to the radial line connecting the
wire to the needle.

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

Steady Current & Current Density in a Conductor:
A stationary charge will produce electrostatic field intensity.
If the same charge moves in a steady velocity, it forms a steady
current and produces magnetic field intensity.

dq
I
dt
** uppercase letter I = steady current
There are three types of electric current distributions:
1) Filamentary current
2) Surface current
3) Volume current

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

Steady Current & Current Density in a Conductor:
1) Filamentary current, I

3) Volume current, J

dl
I

KdS

K
J

I = l u

2) Surface / sheet current, K

K = s u

J = v u

Jdv

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

Steady Magnetic field:
Current-carrying wire induces a magnetic field that formed
closed circular loops around the wire.

**Right hand rule

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

Steady Magnetic field:
Two parallel conductors carrying same direction current are
attracted towards each other, and vice versa.
Parallel Linear Current

AsignDOT indicatesthe
currentisflowingOUTalong
theconductor

Anti-Parallel Linear Current

AsignCROSS indicatesthe
currentisflowingIN along
theconductor

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

Steady Magnetic field for Current Loops:
Magnetic Field Pattern is similar to that of a permanent magnetic
and a pattern of the electric field of the electric dipole

Introduction to Magnetic Field (Cont.)

The magnetic field is characterized by the B and H vectors.
Both are related by the permeability (or magnetic constant) of
the medium. B = H
The vector field H is known as the magnetic field intensity or
magnetic field strength:
H is measured in Amperes per meter (A/m).
The vector field B is known as magnetic flux density or magnetic
induction or simply magnetic field:
B has the units of Teslas (T), equivalent to Webers per square
meter (Wb/m) or volt-seconds per square meter (V s/m).

Biot-Savarts Law
Biot-Savartss Law states that the differential magnetic field
intensity, dH produced at a point P by the differential current
element I dl is proportional to the product I dl and the sine of the
angle between the element and the line joining P to the element
and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance R
between P and the element.

Idl sin Idl R

dH

2
4R
4R 2
or
Idl R
H
4R 2

(A/m)

Biot-Savarts Law (Cont.)

The direction of dH can be
determined by using:
The right hand rule: where the
right hand thumb pointing in the
direction of the current and the rest of
right hand fingers encircling the wire
in the direction of dH.
The right-handed screw rule:
where the screw placed along the
wire and pointed in the direction of
current flow. The direction of
advance of the screw is the direction
of dH.

Biot-Savarts Law (Cont.)

The direction of dH can be represented by using a small circle:
with a dot sign to indicate the dH is outward and

dH is out
with a cross sign to indicate the dH is inward.

dH is in

Magnetic Field Intensity from Biot-Savarts Law

The magnetic field intensity, H for different current distributions:
dl

KdS

H
J

Jdv

Id l R

K dS R

J dv R

4 R

4 R

4 R 2

Line current

Surface current

Volume current

where K is surface current density (A/m)

J is volume current density (A/m2)

Example 1
Determine magnetic field intensity at point P due to a
straight current-carrying filamentary conductor of
finite length AB.

Example 2
The conducting triangular loop in figure below carries a current of
10A. Find H at P(0,0,5) due to side 1 of the loop.

Stokess Theorem
Stokess theorem converts the surface integral of the curl of the
vector over an open surface S into a line integral of the vector along
the contour C bounding by the surface S
Mathematically, stokess theorem
is given by

B dl B dS
C

Stokess Theorem (Cont.)

Curl of a Vector B:
In Cartesian coordinates,
B dl

a
B lim L
n
S 0
S

In cylindrical coordinates,
r r z
1

B
r r z
B r rB B z

x y z

B
x y z
Bx By Bz

In spherical coordinates,
r
1

B 2
r sin r
Br

r (r sin )

rB (r sin ) B

Amperes Law
Amperes law states that the line integral of the tangential
components of H around a closed path is the same as the net current
Ienc enclosed by the path.
The integral form of Amperes Circuit Law

H dl I enc
Amperes Circuit Law is used when we want to determine H
when the current distribution is symmetrical.

Amperes Law (Cont.)

By applying Stokess theorem to integral form of Amperes
Circuit Law. We obtain

I enc H dl
L

But

I enc

( H) dS
S

J dS
S

Therefore, the differential or point form of Amperes Circuit

Law is given by;

H J
**Third Maxwells Equation: Amperes law in point form

Amperes Law (Cont.)

Infinite Line Current:

To determine H at an observation
point P, we allow a closed path
pass through P known as an
Amperian path (analogous to
Gaussian surface)

Amperes Law (Cont.)

Infinite Line Current:
Since the amperian path encloses the whole current I, according
to Amperes law:

H
I

dl I enc

H rd Hr

Thus

I
2r

H 2 r

Amperes Law (Cont.)

Infinite Sheet of current:
Consider an infinite current sheet in the z = 0 plane with a
uniform current density K = Kyay A/m

Amperes Law (Cont.)

Infinite Sheet of current (solution):

Amperes Law (Cont.)

Infinitely long coaxial transmission line:
Consider an infinitely long transmission line consisting of two
concentric cylinders having their axes along the z-axis.
The inner conductor has radius a and
carries current I while the outer
conductor has inner radius b and
thickness t and carries return current -I.
Since the current distribution is
symmetrical, we apply Ampere's law
for the Amperian path for each of the
four possible regions:
0 r a,
a r b,
b r b + t, a n d
rb+t.

Amperes Law (Cont.)

Infinitely long coaxial transmission line:
0 r a,

Ir
H
2a 2
a r b,
I
H
2r
b r b + t,
I r 2 b2
H

1 2
2r t 2bt
rb+t
H 0

Magnetic Flux density

Magnetic Flux Lines

Magnetic flux through a surface S is

given by:

B dS
S

Unit is webers (Wb) and

N
S

Unit of B is webers/square meter

(Wb/m2)
Magnetic flux density, B is given by:

B 0 H
0 4 107

(H/m) is permeability of free space.

Magnetic Flux density (Cont.)

Magnetic flux lines always close upon
themselves - NOT POSSIBLE to have
isolated magnetic poles (or magnetic
charges)
An isolated magnetic charge does not
exist
Thus the total flux through a closed
surface is zero

B dS 0
Law of conservation of magnetic flux
or Gauss Law for magnetostatic field

Magnetic Flux density (Cont.)

By applying divergence theorem;

B dS Bdv 0
S

B 0

The Fourth Maxwell's equation

It suggest that magnetic field lines are always continuous

Maxwells Equations for Static EM Fields

Magnetic Force, Material And Devices

Force Generated by Magnetic Field
Force on a Charged Particle
Force on a Current Element
Force between Two Current Elements
Magnetic Torque Force and Magnetic Dipole Moment
Magnetic Material
Magnetization in Materials
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Boundary Conditions
Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance

Force Generated by Magnetic Field

Force due to magnetic fields can be experienced in three ways:
Force due to a moving charged particle in a B field,
Force on a current element in an external B field, and
Force between two current elements.
A) Force on a Charged Particle
The electric force, Fe acting on a stationary or moving charge q in
an electric field, E is,
Fe = qE
(N)
The magnetic force, Fm experienced by a charge, q moving with a
constant velocity, u in a magnetic field, B is
Fm = qu X B (N)

Force Generated by Magnetic Field

Fm = q u X B (N) Vector cross product
The magnitude of magnetic force, Fm is
Fm = q u B sin (N)
where is the angle between u and B
If q is negative charge, the direction of Fm is reversed.

Force Generated by Magnetic Field

For a moving charge in the presence of both E and B fields, the
total electromagnetic on the charge is given by Lorentz force
equation as
F = Fe + Fm = qE+ qu X B = q(E+ u X B)

(N)

If the mass of the charged particle moving in E and B fields is m,

by Newton's second law of motion;

du
F ma m
q(E u B)
dt

Force Generated by Magnetic Field

A comparison between the electric force and the magnetic force:
Electric Force, Fe
Fe and E have the same
direction if Q is +ve.
Fe is independent of the
velocity of the charge.
Fe expends energy
(work done) in
displacing a charged
particle.
Fe change its kinetic
energy.

Magnetic Force, Fm
Fm is perpendicular to both u and B.
Fm depends on the charge velocity
(charge in motion).
Fm cannot perform work when particle is
displaced because it is at right angles to
the direction of motion of the charge.
Fm does not cause an increase in kinetic
energy of the charge.
The magnitude of Fm is generally small
compared to Fe except at high velocities.

Example 1
An electron moving in the positive x-direction perpendicular to a
magnetic field experiences a deflection in the negative z-direction.
What is the direction of the magnetic field?

Example 2
A proton moving with a speed of 2 x 106 m/s through a magnetic field
with magnetic flux density of 2.5 T experiences a magnetic force of
magnitude 4 x 10-13 N. What is the angle between the magnetic field
and the protons velocity?

Example 3
A charged particle with velocity u is moving in a medium containing
uniform fields E Ex and B By . What should u be so that the
particle experiences no net force on it?

Force Generated by Magnetic Field

dFm dqu B

dl
u
dt

dl
dFm dq B Idl B
dt

Fm Idl B

Force Generated by Magnetic Field

No current flows
No deflection

I is upward
wire is deflected
to the left

I is downward
wire is deflected
to the right

The total force on any closed current loop in a uniform magnetic

field is zero because the integral of the displacement vector dl over

a closed contour is zero

Idl 0

Example 4
The semicircular conductor shown below lies in the y-z plane and
carries a current I. The closed circuit is exposed to a uniform
magnetic
.Determine
B field
B0 y
(a)the magnetic
force, F1 on the straight section of the wire,
(b)the force F2 on the curved section,
(c)the total force on the closed loop.

Force Generated by Magnetic Field

C) Force between two current elements
Now we wish to find force between two elements I1dl1and I2dl2.
According to Biot-Savart's law, both current elements produce
magnetic fields.
So we may find the force d(dF1 )on element I1dl1 is due to the field
dB2 produced by element I2dl2.

d (dF1 ) I1dl1 dB2

1
From Biot-Savarts law,

I 2 dl2 R 21
dB2 0
A/m
2
4R21
The force is

I 2 dl2 R 21
d (dF1 ) I1dl1 0
4R212

I2 dl2

)
F
1
d
(
d

I1 dl1

R21
I2
I1

Force Generated by Magnetic Field

Integral the equation through I2 and I1 loops, the total force F1 on
current loop I1 due to current loop I2 is

)
I 2 dl2 R21
0 I1 I 2

d
l
d
l
R
1
2
21
d (dF1 ) I1dl1 0
F1
2
4R21
4 l1 l2
R212
The total force F2 on current loop I2 due the magnetic field from
current loop I1 is

F2 I 2 dl2 B1
d (dF2 ) I 2 dl2 dB1
l2

I1dl1 R12
B1 0
l1
4R122

I1dl1 R12 0 I 2 I1
dl2 (dl1 R12 )

F2 I 2 dl2 0
2
l2
l1
4R12
4 l2 l1
R122

Example 5
Two infinite and parallel filamentary current are separated by a
distance d (m) and carrying I (A) in opposite direction along z-axis.
Determine force per unit length between both conductors.
z
I = I1 = I2
I1

I2
y
d

Example 6
A square loop of wire in the z = 0 plane carrying current 2 mA in the
field of an infinite filament on the y-axis as shown below. Determine
the total force on the loop.
z
I1= 15 A
(1, 0, 0)

(1, 2, 0)

(3, 0, 0)
x

4
3

I2 = 2 mA

Magnetic Torque Force and Magnetic Dipole Moment

If the loop is placed parallel to a magnetic field, it experiences a
force that tends to rotate it.
The torque T (or mechanical moment of force) on the loop is the
vector product of the force F and the moment arm d.

T d F (N.m)

The combination of forces F1 and F3 on the loop generates a torque

that tends to rotate the loop in a clockwise direction.

Magnetic Torque Force and Magnetic Dipole Moment

The arms 1 and 3 of the loop are subjected to forces F1 and F3
respectively, with
and

b
F1 I (dyy ) B0 x IB0 dyz IB0bz
y 0

b
F3 I (dyy ) B0 x IB0 dyz IB0bz
y 0

No magnetic force is exerted on either arm 2 or 4 because B is

parallel to the direction of the current flowing on those arms.
The total magnetic torque is
T (d1 F1 ) (d 3 F3 )
a
a

( x) ( IB0bz ) ( x ) ( IB0bz )
2
2
IB0 aby
IB0 Ay

***where A = ab is the area of the loop.

Magnetic Torque Force and Magnetic Dipole Moment

If B is not parallel to the plane of the loop, we have nonzero forces
on all four arms of the rectangular loop.
Forces F2 and F4 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
and are along the rotation axis. T = 0
For forces F1 and F3, their moment arm is (a/2) sin .
The net torque exerted by the magnetic field is modified by sin ;
T IB0 (a sin )by
IB0 A sin y
T IAB sin

If the loop consists

of N turns;
T NIAB0 sin

***NIA is called the magnetic dipole moment, m NIAn

Magnetic Material
Magnetization in Materials
Material is composed of atoms and each atom maybe regarded as
consisting of electrons orbiting about the central positive nucleus;
the electrons also rotate (or spin) about their own axes.
An electron generates (a) an orbital magnetic moment mo as it
rotates around the nucleus and (b) a spin magnetic moment ms, as
it spins about its own axis.

Magnetic Material
An internal magnetic field is produced by electrons orbiting around
the nucleus or when electrons spinning.
Both of these electronic motions produce internal magnetic fields
B, that are similar to the magnetic field produced by a current loop.

(a) Orbiting electron

(b) Spinning electron

(c) Circular current loop

Magnetic Material
Without an external B field applied to the material, the sum of m's
is zero due to random orientation.
When an external B field is applied, the magnetic moments of
electrons more or less align themselves with B so that the net
magnetic moment is not zero.
B
B =0, m = 0

Magnetic Material
A medium for which the net magnetic moment is not zero
everywhere is said to be magnetized.
The magnetization M (in amperes/meter) is defined as the vector
sum of all the magnetic dipole moments per unit volume of
material.
If there are N atoms in a given volume v and the kth atom has a
magnetic moment mk.

M lim
v 0

k 1

mk

The magnetic flux density corresponding to magnetization M is

B m 0 M

With application of externally magnetic field, the total magnetic

flux density is
B 0 H 0 M

Magnetic Material
A material usually becomes magnetized in the presence of the
externally magnetic field, H.
Hence magnetization M can be expressed as
M mH
where m is magnetic susceptibility of a material
Then, we have;
B 0 H 0 m H
0 (1 m )H
0 r H
H
where permeability of material is 0 (1 m ) and
relative permeability of material is r 1 m

Magnetic Material
Classification of Magnetic Materials
A material is said to be nonmagnetic if m = 0 (or r= 1) such as
free space and air; it is magnetic otherwise.
Magnetic materials may be grouped into three major classes:
diamagnetic
paramagnetic, and
ferromagnetic.
Most diamagnetic materials have very little influence on the
magnetic field.
In paramagnetic material, the magnetic dipoles tend to align up
with the field and becomes slightly magnetic when B is applied.
Ferromagnetic materials exhibit strong magnetic property even in
the absence of an externally applied field. It is used for permanent
magnet and also for screening or shielding.

Magnetic Material
Diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials have the
following properties;

Magnetic Material
The magnetization behavior between B and H can be represented
by a magnetization curve or B-H curve. In ferromagnetic material,
it is nonlinear.
The complete magnetization process is termed a hysteresis loop.
Wide hysteresis loops = hard ferromagnetic materials
Narrow hysteresis loops = soft ferromagnetic materials

Magnetic Boundary Conditions

Magnetic boundary conditions are defined as the conditions that H
(or B) field must satisfy at the boundary between two different
media.
They are derived using Amperes circuital law (tangential
components) and Gausss law for magnetostatic fields (normal


components).
H dl I enc
B dS 0

Magnetic Boundary Conditions

Consider the boundary between two magnetic media 1 and 2,
characterized, respectively by 1 and 2.
Applying Gauss's law for magnetic fields to the pillbox (Gaussian
surface) and allowing h 0, the integral form of Gauss's law
become


B dS B dS 0
top

top

bottom

B1n n21 dSn21

B1n S B2 n S 0
B1n B2 n

B1n B2 n
1 H1n 2 H 2 n

bottom

B2 n n21 dS ( n21 ) 0

Magnetic Boundary Conditions

To determine boundary condition for tangential components of B
and H, we apply Amperes circuital law to a small path abcd and
allowing h 0.
The Amperes circuital law around path abcd becomes
d

b
H1t H 2t J
a H1 dl c H 2 dl I enc
B1t B2t

J
H1t l H 2t l Jl
1 2
H1t H 2t J

n21 ( H1t H 2t ) J
If the surface free of current or
medium is not conductor, J = 0.
H1t H 2t
H1t H 2t 0
B1t B2t

Example 7
Given the permeability be 4 H/m in region 1 where z > 0 and
7 H/m
in region 2 where z 0. If there is a surface current density
K 80 x

A/m at z = 0 and if B1 2 x 3 y z mT . Determine B2

z
The 1st step:
Sketch the
problem.

1 = 4 H/m
n21

K 80 x

B1

B1n

1
B1t

xy-plane
B2n 2
B2t

B2

2 = 7 H/m

Exercise 1
A rectangular loop as shown below lies in the xyplane at z = 0. Find
the total force exerted on the
rectangular loop located in free space if
the magnetic flux density, B is given by B (3/x)z T.

Answer: Fm 8 x pN

Exercise 2
A conducting triangular loop as shown in Figure below carrying a
current of 2A is located closely to an infinitely long
straight conductor
with a current of 5A. Calculate the total force, F on the loop due to
infinite long straight conductor.
Answer:

Floop 4.39 x 0.19 y N

Exercise 3
Magnetic material with r1 = 4 in the region where y + z < 1.
However, material 2 with r2 = 6 in the region where y + z > 1. If
the
surface is free of current and B1 2 x y T . Determine B2 and H 2
Answer:

B2 3 x 1.25 y 0.25 z T

1
H2
(0.5 x 0.21 y 0.04 z )
0

A/m