Michiel S PEA

New Amine Technology to Improve
Liquid Epoxy infusion process and Enhance

Productivity for larger offshore Rotor blades
Huntsman Corporation
Performance Products Division
Everberg, Belgium
Martin M Michiels
Commercial Director Alternate Energy
Polymer Science of Everyday Things

Energy Generation and storage
ACS National meeting, August 19-23 , 2012
Presentation Outline
Huntsman Introduction
Introduction to Rotor blades,

materials history
Materials and Basic chemistries

used today
Why develop new amine epoxy

curing agents
Next generation amine hardener

development and performance
properties.
Summary
Page 2
ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia
Performance Products
Introduction: Business Portfolio

Differentiated
Company
2011revenue:
> $ 10 b
Polyurethanes
Adhesives,
Coatings &
Elastomers
Appliances
Advanced
Materials
Formulated
Systems
Automotive
Composite
Wood Products
Wide range of:
Polyetheramines
Specialty Amines
New
Cycloaliphatic
Amines
Page 3
Specialty
Components
Footwear
Furniture
Textile Effects
Inorganic
Performance
Products
Pigments
Performance
Specialties
Apparel &
Home Textiles
Specialty
Textiles
Base Resins
Insulation
Performance
Intermediates
Titanium
Dioxide
Maleic
Anhydride &
Licensing
TPU
Global Presence
Operating more
75
than
manufacturing and
R&D facilities in
30 countries
worldwide.
Page 4
Geographically Diverse
2Q12 LTM Revenue Distribution
U.S. & Canada
Europe
29%
33%
Asia Pacific
21%
~12,000 Employees
Rest of
World
7%
U.S. &
Canada
18%
Rest of World
17%
EAME
45%
APAC
30%
Page 5
Specialty Amines Global Producer

Huntsman Performance Products Division (HPP) is WW one of

the largest producer of amines

Manufacturing in America, Europe, Middle East and Asia

Wide variety of amine products and technologies
Worldwide investment in dedicated facilities to guarantee global
supply
Global leader in Polyether amineproducts
JEFFAMINE
Polyetheramines
JEFFLINK
Amines
Page 6
ELASTAMINE
Amines
SURFONAMINE
Amines
JEFFCAT
Amines
Introduction

materials history

used today

curing agents

properties.
Summary
Page 7
Introduction to rotor blades

Since early recorded history (200 BC) , people have been
harnessing the energy of the wind.
Miguel de Cervantes immortalised the windmill with Don Quijote of
La Mancha.
De La Mancha windmills
are still standing today
but much has changed
since the 17th century
wind farms
Wind turbines are
becoming increasing
larger
Page 8
The Global Wind Energy Market

Turnover exceeded 65 billion USD
100,000
400,000
80,000
320,000
60,000
240,000
40,000
160,000
20,000
80,000
0
2011
2012
Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant March 2012

Page 9
Cumulative mill. Euro
mill. Euro
Expected development 2012-2016
2013
2014
2015
2016
Forecast world
Offshore 2011
Forecast onshore
Cumulative market
Onshore 2011
What is the market size ? MW/a GW/a

45,000
250,000
36,000
200,000
27,000
150,000
18,000
100,000
9,000
50,000
0
1983
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
Year
Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant - March 2012
Page 10
Cumulative MW
MW per year
- Annual and Cumulative -
Introduction to rotor blades

The latest generation wind turbines has blades with

diameters approaching:
A) The width of the St Louis Gateway Arch ?
B) Double the wing span of Airbus A 380 ?
C) Three times the length of a football field ?
D) All of the above ?
ANSWER ?
D
Largest turbine prototype installed today have diameter of
155 meters and with a 6 -7 MW output.
Page 11
Blade Materials :past History

First blades where made from wood and

during the 1960s and 70s metal was used .
Polyester (UPR)
started in the early 80s
Page 12
Introduction

materials history

used today

curing agents

properties.
Summary
Page 13
Current Blade Materials Technology

Polyester (UPR)
Early 80s
Liquid Epoxies
Wet Lay-up
Late 80s
Infusion Molding
Start 1995
Prepreg
Solid epoxy Resin
Full prepreg 1996
Page 14
WW the LER
infusion moved
from 25% in
2000 to 71 % in
2010
Page 15
Today LER Infusion technology

is the dominant product and process technology used
Polyest er
Inf usion
Tot al pre preg
Wet lay up
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
T onne s
Page 16
What is Unsaturated Polyester Resin

(UPR)?
Page 17
Basic Epoxy-Amine Crosslinking Reaction

Thermoset Network
When the curing agent is a primary diamine like a JEFFAMINE PEAs, two
reactions take place.
1. Linear MW build up: the oxirane ring of the epoxy resin opens up to
produce an aminoalcohol
R
R
HO
Aminoalcohol,
secondary amine
NH
NH
H
OH
R
HO
Epoxy
Primary amine
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
2. In a second step, the secondary amine

can react with another epoxy, or oxirane,
group to further build molecular weight
and to give crosslinking
HO
N
OH
OH
N
OH
OH HO
OH
N
OH
OH
N
HO
OH
N
HO
OH
OH
N
OH
Page 18
Commitment to Polyether Amines made this

rapid development of using the infusion
processing possible
In 1992, Texaco Chemical/ Huntsman demonstrated in
Europe the concept of using Polyether amines
combined with cyclo aliphatic amines for infusion
process
In June1994, first commercial application of LER
infusion blade production using PEAs together with
cyclo aliphatic amines had started
In 1995 fully commercial series production started.
Since 1995 Huntsman guaranteed its manufacturing
capacity to be available for the growth of that industry
Page 19
Conventional Hardeners Used Today

JEFFAMINE polyoxypropylene amines
Low viscosity, good fibre wetting
Low temperature curing, long pot life
Lower glass transition temperature (Tg),
toughness, higher elongation
Cycloaliphatic amines, such as isophorone

diamine (IPDA)

Low viscosity
Faster cure
Higher Tg, less flexible
Curing at an elevated temperature is
necessary to give the best properties
H2N
)
O
CH3
NH2
x
CH3
NH2
NH2
Accelerators
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22
Fatigue testing Montana state

University (1)
Copyright Montana State

Page 23
Fatigue testing Montana state

University (2)
Copyright Montana State

Page 24
Introduction

materials history

used today

curing agents

properties.
Summary
Page 25
Diameter evolution continues to grow
Page 26
Why Develop New Amine Epoxy

Curing Agents
Increasing size evolution for rotor blades leads to industry

requests for LER infusion systems that can achieve
Page 27
A longer pot life - open time with good cure speed
Lower viscosity - fast infusion
Reliable cure with lower exotherm
Faster property development (green strength)
Reduced manufacturing cycle time increased

productivity
Improve mechanical properties like thoughness and

better fatigue resistance, improved processing
Largest Prototype OffshoreTurbine

Siemens SWT 6.0- 154 MW
154 m diameter, 75 m long,246 feet.
Copyright Siemens Windpower
Page 28
Introduction

materials history

used today

curing agents

properties.
Summary
Page 29
Large rotor blade requirements (1)

Vacuum infusion process mould design
Multi-point injection line
Moulds:
Current Heated with hot water, which means temperature limited to

70 - 75C
New design is Electrically heated , computer controlled proces

option to heat to 80-85 C
Max. cure temperature is 80C because of heat sensitive sandwich

structures inside
Lower exotherm is required to avoid scorching and stress from shrinkage.

Exotherm should not exceed 80C
During injection, temperature on the mould is kept low (40C or below) by

cooling to avoid exothermic issues.
Once the peak exotherm is reached (80C max.), then put some heat on
the moulds
Page 30
WTG rotor blade requirements (2)

Vacuum infusion process processing criteria
Formulation viscosity
200 - 350 mPa.s at 25C
150 - 200 mPa.s at 30C, 100-150 mPa.s at 40C
Reactivity
Initial mix viscosity:
Injection temperature / injection times

30C / 1 to 1.5 hrs
40C / 1 to 1.5 hours
System open time: min. 1.5 hours
Exotherm of blade system should not exceed 80C
Baking cycles:
Page 31
Max. 6 hrs at 70C to 80C (mould temperature oven temperature)
WTG rotor blade requirements (3)

Vacuum infusion process performance criteria
Glass transition temperature

Onset Tg of 70C to 75C

Which means: midpoint Tg of 75C to 80C. Inflection Tg is about 2C >
midpoint Tg
Tensile properties of binder (not filled) system received from formulators

70 MPa tensile strength
5-8 % elongation
3 GPa tensile modulus
Green strength
For demoulding, the curing system should have reached min. 80% of full
cured properties
Using the min. 80% (80-90%) rule on the onset Tg of 70C-75C would
mean that a curing system would need to have an onset Tg of min. 62C
(calculated from the averages - 85% cure of onset Tg of 72.5C)
Page 32
Conventional Hardeners Used Today

JEFFAMINE polyoxypropylene amines
Low viscosity, good fibre wetting
Low temperature curing, long pot life
Lower glass transition temperature (Tg),
toughness, higher elongation
Cycloaliphatic amines, such as isophorone

diamine (IPDA)

Low viscosity
Faster cure
Higher Tg, less flexible
Curing at an elevated temperature is
necessary to give the best properties
H2N
)
O
CH3
NH2
x
CH3
NH2
NH2
Accelerators
Page 33
Epoxy Infusion Formulations

Materials
Hardeners

Commercial 2-component amine hardener A

Commercial 3-component amine hardener B
Longer open time 2-component developmental
hardeners C & D
Based on:

Commercial JEFFAMINE polyetheramine (PEA)

New developmental polyetheramines
Standard Cycloaliphatic amines
Developmental Cycloaliphatic amines
Accelerator
Epoxy resin
Diluted Bisphenol A/F epoxy resin

Page 34
EEW = 161-181. Viscosity = 1100-1450 mPa.s

New Amine Hardeners

Slower more Latent - Polyetheramine
Slow PEA Curing Agent B

H2N
NH2

Larger groups more hindrance,

slower reaction
New polyether backbone structure, with larger group

hindrance (aminoalkyl termination) and lower viscosity
Benefits:
Gives improved performance in terms of

Better control of reactivity - thus longer working times
Lower exotherm
Improved Tg performance
Page 35
New Amine Hardeners

Novel Cycloaliphatic Amines

Cyclo Curing Agent C

Cyclo Curing Agent D
H2N
Rigid
Segment
NH2
Benefits:
Low viscosity and low colour liquids
Faster curing, at lower mold temperature
Provide enhanced Tg, modulus and hardness
Provide faster build-up of Tg and strength
Improved demoulding time
Improved mechanical properties
Page 36
New Amine Hardeners

Novel Rigi-Flex Amine
RFD Curing Agent E

Rigid
H2N

Flexible Segment
Segment
NH2
Novel aliphatic amine with both rigid (cycloaliphatic) and

flexible (polyetheramine) segments
Benefits:

Page 37
Higher Tg capability - up to 20C higher than conventional

PEA
Excellent mechanical properties
Faster viscosity growth and strength development
Epoxy Performance Properties

Testing Overview
Thermal properties (Tg) by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

On cured castings using different baking cycles
Tg development as function of baking time & temperature
(green strength)
Isothermal viscosity - cure profiles - at 30C, at 40C
Gel time - exotherm temperature testing
Mechanical property testing after different baking cycles

Tensile properties
Flexural three-point bend test
Durometer hardness
Development of strength as function of baking time &
temperature (green strength)
Page 38
New Polyetheramine Comparison

Viscosity Build at 40C as Function of Time
C u r e P ro f ile a t 4 0 C w it h d i lu te d B is A /F e p o x y re s in
2
( In it ia l m ix v is c o s it y is s h o w n
in t h e le g e n d in p a r e n t h e s e s )
Viscosity (Pa.s)
1 .5
0 .5
0
0
50
100
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
T i m e ( m in )

A c c e le r a t o r (8 7 m P a .s )
C o n v e n tio n a l P E A (6 6 m P a .s )
P E A C u r in g A g e n t A ( 1 1 1 m P a .s )
S lo w P E A C u r in g A g e n t B (1 1 5 m P a .s )
PEA Curing Agent A is faster curing than conventional PEA

PEA Curing Agent B is our slowest curing PEA LATENCY EFFECT
Page 39
Cycloaliphatic Amine Curative Comparison

Viscosity Build at 40C as Function of Time
Initial viscosity and viscosity build, with a diluted Bis A/F epoxy
resin, EEW 161-181, 1200 mPa.s
C u r e P r o f il e a t 4 0 C , w it h D i lu t e d B i s A /F E p o x y R e s in
4
Viscosity (Pa.s)
0
0
20
40
60
80
1 00
1 20
1 40
T im e (m in )
A c c e le r a t o r ( 8 7 m P a . s )
C y c l o C u r in g A g e n t C (1 5 5 m P a . s )
IP D A a m in e (1 8 3 m P a .s )
C y c l o C u r in g A g e n t D (1 9 8 m P a . s )
R F D C u r in g A g e n t E (1 4 7 m P a .s )
The initial mix viscosity is shown in the legend in parentheses

Page 40
Gel Time Tests 200 gram Mass at

Room Temperature
G el Time Tests (2 00 g)
10 ,000
All formulatio ns use a 1:1 am ine-h ydrog en to epoxide stoichiom etry.
Brookfield Viscosity in mPa.s
9 ,000
8 ,000
7 ,000
6 ,000
5 ,000
4 ,000
3 ,000
2 ,000
1 ,000
Latency behaviour
0
0 .0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Tim e (hours)
Conventional I (2 comp.)
Form. III with New PEA A / IPDA
Form. V with Ne w PEA A / Cyclo C
Form. VII with Slow PEA B / IPDA
Page 41
Conventional II (3 com p.)

Form. IV with Conv. PEA / Cyclo C
Form VI with RFD Curing Agent E
New Polyetheramine Comparison

Thermal Properties by DSC
Formulations and thermal (Tg) properties with a diluted Bis A/F

epoxy resin, EEW 161-181, 1200 mPa.s
Part A: pbw
Diluted Bis A/F epoxy resin
Part B: phr
Conventional PPG diamine
PEA Curing Agent A
Slow PEA Curing Agent B
Tg, C, @ 6 hrs at 70C
Tg, C, @ 6 hrs at 80C
100
100
100
35.5
31
33
63.5
65
76
78.5
70
76.5
DSC heating rate of 20C/min. Inflection method used for Tg
New PEA Curing Agent A provides about 12C higher Tg

compared to the conventional PPG based diamine
Page 42
Temperature Rise During Gel Time

Testing 200 g Mass at RT
Tem peratur e R ise D uring G el Tim e Testing (200 g)
190
All formu lations use a 1 :1 am ine -h ydrog en t o epo xide stoic hiom etry.
Temperature (C) near center
170
150
130
110
90
Low exotherm
70
50
30
10
0.0
1.0
2 .0
3.0
C onventiona l I (2 comp. )
Form. III w ith Ne w PEA A / IPD A
Form. V w ith N ew PEA A / C yclo C
Form. VII w ith Slo w PEA B / IPD A
Page 43
4.0
5.0
T im e ( h ou r s)
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
1 0.0
Conv entional II (3 c omp.)

Form. IV w ith Conv. PEA / C yclo C
Form VI w ith R FD C uri ng Agent E
Formulation Overview
Properties with Conventional Baking Cycles
Formulation
Convent. I Convent. II
III
IV
New PEA A / Conv. PEA / New PEA A /

IPDA
Cyclo C
Cyclo C
VI
VIII
Slow PEA B / Slow PEA B /

IPDA
Cyclo C
2 comp.
3 comp.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
34
33
29.5
31
29
39
35
32
Initial mix
vviscosity, mPa.s
At 30C
At 40C
172
111
260
109
194
103
248
137
210
127
358
147
195
106
175
110
1st heat
iinflection Tg, C
@ 6 hrs at 70C
@ 6 hrs at 80C
77 (**)
81 (*)
79 (**)
82
82.5 (*)
89
78 (*)
84.5
84 (*)
90
84.5 (*)
90.5
80
84
83
86.5
Part A: pbw
Diluted Bis A/F
eepoxy resin
Part B: (wt.%)
Optimum phr
RFD-E
VII

(*) About 2 to 4C difference between 1st and 2nd heat.
(**) About 5C to 8C difference between 1st and 2nd heat.
Page 44
Performance with Non Conventional

Baking Conditions

Development of glass transition temperature (Tg)

Development of mechanical strength
At lower baking temperatures

In the 50C-60C range
After shorter baking times
1.5 to 3 hours
Page 45
TG Development
at Different Baking Conditions
1st heat inflection point Tg data

Formulation
Optimum phr of Part B
Convent. I
Convent. II
2 comp.
3 comp.
34
33
29.5
31
29
39
70%
84%
84%
92%
90%
83%
69 (82.5)
56
47
76 (89)
72 (78)
63
55
79.5 (84.5)
76 (84)
65.5
63
84 (90)
70.5 (84.5)
63.5
60
86.5 (90.5)
1st heat inflect. Tg, C

@ 1.5 hrs at 70C
54 (77)
@ 6 hrs at 50C
57.5
@ 3 hrs at 55C
No meas.TG
@ 1.5 hrs at 80C
75 (81)
66.5 (79)
60
48.5
82 (82)
III
IV

IPDA
Cyclo C
Cyclo C
VI
RFD-E

The values in parenthesis are the Tg value after 6 hrs
cure at the particular temperature.
Page 46
Reaching faster higher Tg
Tensile Properties Development @

Baking for 3 hrs at 70C
Formulation
Convent. I Convent. II
III
IV

IPDA
Cyclo C
Cyclo C
VI
VIII
Slow PEA B Slow PEA B

/ IPDA
/ Cyclo C
2-comp.
3-comp
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
34
33
29.5
31
29
39
35
32
78.5 - 76.5
81.5 - 80.5
78.5 - 76.5
n.a.
n.a.
79 - 77
80.5 - 79.5
81.5 - 80
Tensile modulus, GPa
2.5 (3.1)
3.1 (3.0)
2.8 (3.2)
3.1 (3.0)
3.2 (3.0)
2.8 (2.8)
3.1 (3.0)
3.1 (2.9)
Max. tensile strength, M Pa
37 (76.5)
48 (78)
40.3 (83.5)
75.5 (78.7)
75 (81.7)
62 (70.5)
64 (71.2)
66.3 (69.9)
% Elongation at max strength
2.6 (4.4)
1.7 (4.5)
2.3 (4.2)
4.1 (4.3)
3.5 (4.8)
3.1 (4.1)
3.3 (4.1)
3.5 (4.3)
% Elongation at break
11 (6.3)
1.7 (6.0)
3.4 (5.5)
5.9 (5.8)
4.2 (6.7)
3.7 (5.1)
5.9 (6.2)
4.9 (6.6)
Part A: pbw
Diluted Bis A/Fepoxy resin
(EEW 172)
RFD-E
VII
Part B: (wt.%)
Optimum phr of Part B (DSC)
Shore D, 0 - 10 sec
The values in ( ) are the tensile properties for

baking cycle of 6 hrs at 80C.
Page 47
Faster development of tensile

strength and modulus
Introduction

materials history

used today

curing agents

properties.
Summary
Page 48
New Amine Curing Agents for Next

Generation Rotor Blades Summary 1
The new epoxy amine curatives offer
H2N
New flexible
polyether segment
Rigid
NH2
H2N
Flexible polyether
segment
Segment
NH2
Property performance improvements

Semi latent effect without catalytic cure
No catalytic cure controlled cure & uniform properties
Controlled exotherm
Higher Tg capability
Homogeneous, and faster Tg and strength development
Page 49
New Amine Curing Agents for Next

Generation Rotor Blades Summary 2
The new epoxy amine curatives offer:
Blade process improvements
Longer infusion time
Faster property (green strength) development
Allows curing at lower baking temperatures and/or
shorter baking times
Indicates faster demoulding
Which means potential reduction in manufacturing
process time - increased productivity
Potential energy cost savings
Page 50
Summary
New
PEAs
with
higher Tg
capability
Low
viscosity
fast
infusion
Faster
cure without
catalyst
New
Amine Epoxy
JEFFLINK
Curatives
for the
Chain
extenders
Formulator
Longer
pot life
reactivity
control
Page 51
Open the
doors for
new
applications
Cyclo
amine
replacing
IPDA/
Accel.
Potential
energy
cost
savings
Potential
cycle
time
reduction
Faster Tg
and
strength
build-up
Disclaimer
Copyright 2011 Huntsman Corporation. All rights reserved.
Huntsman Corporation warrants only that its products meet the sales specifications stated in Huntsmans current Technical Bulletin for the product. Typical
properties, where stated, are to be considered as representative of current production and should not be treated as specifications. While all the information
presented in this document is believed to be reliable and to represent the best available data on these products, HUNTSMAN MAKES NO WARRANTY OR
GUARANTEE OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT OF ANY THIRD PARTY, OR WARRANTIES AS TO QUALITY
OR CORRESPENDENCE WITH PRIOR DESCRIPTION OR SAMPLE, AND ANY USER OF PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN SHOULD CONDUCT A
SUFFICIENT INVESTIGATION TO ESTABLISH THE SUITABILITY OF ANY PRODUCT FOR ITS INTENDED USE AND ASSUMES ALL RISK AND LIABILITY
WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF SUCH PRODUCT, WHETHER USED SINGLY OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES.
Product(s) described in this publication may be hazardous and/or toxic and require special precautions in handling. For all product(s) described herein, the user
should obtain from Huntsman detailed information on hazards and/or toxicity, together with proper shipping, handling, and storage procedures, and should comply
with all applicable safety and environmental standards. The behavior, hazards and/or toxicity of the product(s) referred to in this publication in manufacturing
processes and their suitability in any given end-use environment are dependent upon various conditions such as chemical compatibility, temperature, and other
variables, which may not be known to Huntsman. It is the sole responsibility of the user of such product(s) to evaluate the manufacturing circumstances and the
final product(s) under actual end-use requirements and to adequately advise and warn future purchasers and users thereof.
JEFFAMINE, JEFFLINK, JEFFCURE, JEFFCAT, ELASTAMINE and SURFONAMINE are registered trademarks of Huntsman Corporation or an affiliate
thereof in one or more, but not all countries.
Main Offices US: Huntsman Corporation / 500 Huntsman Way / Salt Lake City, Utah 84108 / 801-584-5700
Technical Service US: 8600 Gosling Road / The Woodlands, Texas 77381 / 281-719-7780
Main Offices Europe: Huntsman Belgium BVBA / Everslaan 45 / B-3078 Everberg, Belgium / 32-2 -758-9211
Technical Service Europe: Technical Services Representative / Everberg Office / 32-2-758-9392
Main Offices Asia Pacific Offices: Huntsman Singapore PTE / 150 Beach Road, #37-00 Gateway West / Singapore
189720 / 65 6297 3363
Technical Service Asia Pacific: Huntsman Performance Products / 61 Market Road, Brooklyn, Victoria / Australia 3012 /
61 3 9933 6666
www.huntsman.com
Page 52

Michiel S PEA

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New Amine Technology to Improve

Liquid Epoxy infusion process and Enhance

Polymer Science of Everyday Things

Introduction to Rotor blades,

Materials and Basic chemistries

Why develop new amine epoxy

Next generation amine hardener

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Introduction: Business Portfolio

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

U.S. & Canada

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Specialty Amines Global Producer

Huntsman Performance Products Division (HPP) is WW one of

Manufacturing in America, Europe, Middle East and Asia

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Introduction to Rotor blades,

Materials and Basic chemistries

Why develop new amine epoxy

Next generation amine hardener

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Introduction to rotor blades

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

The Global Wind Energy Market

Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant March 2012

Cumulative mill. Euro

Expected development 2012-2016

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

What is the market size ? MW/a GW/a

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

- Annual and Cumulative -

Introduction to rotor blades

The latest generation wind turbines has blades with

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Blade Materials :past History

First blades where made from wood and

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Introduction to Rotor blades,

Materials and Basic chemistries

Why develop new amine epoxy

Next generation amine hardener

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Current Blade Materials Technology

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Today LER Infusion technology

Tot al pre preg

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

What is Unsaturated Polyester Resin

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Basic Epoxy-Amine Crosslinking Reaction

2. In a second step, the secondary amine

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Commitment to Polyether Amines made this

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Conventional Hardeners Used Today

Cycloaliphatic amines, such as isophorone

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

ACS National meeting, Aug 19 23,2012, Philadelphia

Fatigue testing Montana state

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