Mutiny on the Bounty

This article is about the historical event. For other uses, crew and four prisoners from Bounty. The 10 surviving
see Mutiny on the Bounty (disambiguation).
detainees reached England in June 1792 and were court
martialled; four were acquitted, three were pardoned and
three were hanged.
Christians group remained undiscovered on Pitcairn until 1808, by which time only one mutineer, John Adams,
remained alive. Almost all his fellow-mutineers, including Christian, had been killed, either by each other or by
their Polynesian companions. No action was taken against
Adams; descendants of the mutineers and their Tahitian
consorts live on Pitcairn into the 21st century. The generally accepted view of Bligh as an overbearing monster
and Christian as a tragic victim of circumstances, as depicted in well-known lm accounts, has been challenged
by late 20th- and 21st-century historians from whom a
more sympathetic picture of Bligh has emerged, supported by admiration for his superb seamanship in naviFletcher Christian and the mutineers turn Lieutenant William gating the launch to safety.
Bligh and 18 others adrift; 1790 painting by Robert Dodd

The mutiny on the Royal Navy vessel HMS Bounty oc- 1

curred in the south Pacic on 28 April 1789. Disaected
crewmen, led by Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian,
1.1
seized control of the ship from their captain Lieutenant
William Bligh and set him and 18 loyalists adrift in the
ships open launch. The mutineers variously settled on
Tahiti or on Pitcairn Island. Bligh meanwhile completed
a voyage of more than 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km;
4,000 mi) in the launch to reach safety, and began the
process of bringing the mutineers to justice.
Bounty had left England in 1787 on a mission to collect
and transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to the West Indies. A ve-month layover in Tahiti, during which many
of the men lived ashore and formed relationships with
native Polynesians, proved harmful to discipline. Relations between Bligh and his crew deteriorated after he
began handing out increasingly harsh punishments, criticism and abuse, Christian being a particular target. After three weeks back at sea, Christian and others forced
Bligh from the ship. Twenty-ve men remained on board
afterwards, including loyalists held against their will and
others for whom there was no room in the launch.

Background
Bounty and her mission

A 1960 reconstruction of HMS Bounty

His Majestys Armed Vessel (HMAV) Bounty, or HMS

Bounty, was built in 1784 at the Blaydes shipyard in
Hull, Yorkshire, as a collier named Bethia. She was
renamed after being purchased by the Royal Navy for
1,950 in May 1787.[1] Three-masted, 91 feet (28 m)
long overall and 25 feet (7.6 m) across at her widest point,
Bounty was registered at 230 tons burthen.[2] Her armament was four short four-pounder carriage guns and ten
half-pounder swivel guns, supplemented by small arms
such as muskets.[3] As she was rated by the Admiralty as

After Bligh reached England in April 1790, the

Admiralty despatched HMS Pandora to apprehend the
mutineers. Fourteen were captured in Tahiti and imprisoned on board Pandora, which then searched without success for Christians party that had hidden on Pitcairn Island. After turning back towards England Pandora ran
aground on the Great Barrier Reef, with the loss of 31
1

BACKGROUND

his third cousin.[11][12] Appointment to Cooks ship at the

age of 21 had been a considerable honour, although Bligh
believed that his contribution was not properly acknowledged in the expeditions ocial account.[14] With the
ending of the American War of Independence in 1783,
in size, and Bligh found himself
Bounty had been acquired to transport breadfruit plants the navy was reduced
[15]
ashore
on
half-pay.
from Tahiti (then rendered Otaheite), a Polynesian island in the south Pacic, to the British colonies in the After a period of idleness, Bligh took temporary employWest Indies. The expedition was promoted by the Royal ment in the mercantile service and in 1785 was captain
Society and organised by its president Sir Joseph Banks, of the Britannia, a vessel owned by his wifes uncle Dunwho shared the view of Caribbean plantation owners that can Campbell.[16] Bligh assumed the prestigious Bounty
breadfruit might grow well there and provide cheap food appointment on 16 August 1787, at a considerable nanfor the slaves.[8] Bounty was retted under Bankss su- cial cost; his lieutenants pay of four shillings a day (70
pervision at Deptford Dockyard on the River Thames. a year) contrasted with the 500 a year he had earned
The great cabin, normally the ships captains quarters, as captain of Britannia. Because of the limited number
was converted into a greenhouse for over a thousand pot- of warrant ocers allowed on Bounty, Bligh was also reted breadfruit plants, with glazed windows, skylights and quired to act as the ships purser.[17][18] His sailing orders
a lead-covered deck and drainage system to prevent the stated that he was to enter the Pacic via Cape Horn and
waste of fresh water.[9] The space required for these ar- then, after collecting the breadfruit plants, sail westward
rangements in the small ship meant that the crew and of- through the Endeavour Strait and across the Indian and
cers would endure severe overcrowding for the duration Atlantic Oceans to the West Indies. Bounty would thus
of the long voyage.[10]
complete a circumnavigation of the Earth.[19]
a cutter, the smallest category of warship, her commander
would be a lieutenant rather than a post-captain and would
be the only commissioned ocer on board. Nor did a cutter warrant the usual detachment of Royal Marines that
naval commanders used to enforce their authority.[4][n 1]

1.2

Bligh

1.3 Crew
Main article: Complement of HMS Bounty
Bounty's complement was 46 men, comprising 44
Royal Navy seamen (including Bligh), and two civilian botanists. Directly beneath Bligh were his warrant
ocers, appointed by the Navy Board and headed by
the sailing master John Fryer.[20] The other warrant ofcers were the boatswain, the surgeon, the carpenter,
and the gunner.[21] To the two masters mates and two
midshipmen were added several honorary midshipmen
so-called "young gentlemen" who were aspirant naval ofcers. These signed the ships roster as able seamen, but
were quartered with the midshipmen and treated on equal
terms with them.[22]

Lieutenant William Bligh, captain of HMS Bounty

With Bankss agreement, command of the expedition was

given to Lieutenant William Bligh,[11] whose experiences
included Captain James Cook's third and nal voyage
(177680) in which he had served as sailing master, or
chief navigator, on HMS Resolution.[n 2] Bligh was born
in Plymouth in 1754, into a family of naval and military traditionAdmiral Sir Richard Rodney Bligh was

Most of Bounty's crew were chosen by Bligh, or were recommended to him by inuential patrons. William Peckover, the gunner, and Joseph Coleman, the armourer, had
been with Cook and Bligh on HMS Resolution;[23] several others had sailed under Bligh more recently, on the
Britannia. Among these was the 23-year-old Fletcher
Christian, who came from a wealthy Cumberland family descended from Manx gentry. Christian had chosen
a life at sea rather than the legal career envisaged by
his family.[24] He had twice voyaged with Bligh to the
West Indies, and the two had formed a master-pupil relationship through which Christian had become a skilled
navigator.[25] Christian was willing to serve on Bounty
without pay, as one of the young gentlemen";[26] Bligh
gave him one of the salaried masters mates berths.[25]
Another of the young gentlemen recommended to Bligh
was 15-year-old Peter Heywood, also from a Manx fam-

2.2

Cape to Pacic

ily and a distant relation of Christians. Heywood had left

school at 14 to spend a year on HMS Powerful, a harbourbound training vessel at Plymouth.[27] His recommendation to Bligh came from Richard Betham, a Heywood
family friend who was Blighs father-in-law.[22]

3
troduced Cooks strict discipline regarding sanitation and
diet. According to the expeditions historian Sam McKinney, Bligh enforced these rules with a fanatical zeal,
continually fuss[ing] and fum[ing] over the cleanliness of
his ship and the food served to the crew.[42] He replaced
the navys traditional watch system of alternating fourhour spells on and o duty with a three watch system,
whereby each four-hour duty was followed by eight hours
rest.[43] For the crews exercise and entertainment he introduced regular music and dancing sessions.[44] Blighs
despatches to Campbell and Banks indicated his satisfaction; he had had no occasion to administer punishment
because, he wrote: Both men and ocers tractable and
well disposed, & cheerfulness & content in the countenance of every one.[45] The only adverse feature of the
voyage to date, according to Bligh, was the conduct of
the surgeon, Huggan, who was revealed as an indolent,
unhygienic drunkard.[44]

The two botanists, or gardeners, were chosen by Banks.

The chief botanist, David Nelson, was a veteran of
Cooks third expedition who had been to Tahiti and had
learned some of the natives language.[28] Nelsons assistant, William Brown, was a former midshipman who
had seen naval action against the French.[23] Banks also
helped to secure the ocial midshipmens berths for two
of his protgs, Thomas Hayward and John Hallett.[29]
Overall, Bounty's crew was relatively youthful, the majority being under 30;[30] at the time of departure Bligh
was 33 years old. Among the older crew members were
the 39-year-old Peckover, who had sailed on all three
of Cooks voyages, and Lawrence Lebogue, a year older
and formerly sailmaker on the Britannia.[31] The youngest From the start of the voyage, Bligh had established
aboard were Hallett and Heywood, both 15 when they left warm relations with Christian, according him a status
England.[32]
that implied that he rather than Fryer was Blighs second[46][n 4]
On 2 March Bligh formalised the
Living space on the ship was allocated on the basis of in-command.
position
by
assigning
Christian to the rank of Act[32]
rank. Bligh, having yielded the great cabin, occupied
[48][n 5]
ing
Lieutenant.
Although
Fryer showed little outprivate sleeping quarters with an adjacent dining area or
ward
sign
of
resentment
at
his
juniors advancement,
pantry on the starboard side of the ship, and Fryer a small
his
relations
with
Bligh
signicantly
worsened from this
cabin on the opposite side. The surgeon Thomas Hug[51]
point.
A
week
after
the
promotion,
on Fryers ingan, the other warrant ocers, and Nelson the botanist
sistence,
Bligh
ordered
the
ogging
of
Matthew
Quin[33]
had tiny cabins on the lower deck, while the masters
tal,
who
received
12
lashes
for
insolence
and
mutinous
mates and the midshipmen, together with the young genbehaviour,[47] thereby destroying Blighs expressed hope
tlemen, berthed together in an area behind the captains
[52]
dining room known as the cockpit; as junior or prospec- of a voyage free from such punishment.
tive ocers they were allowed use of the quarterdeck.[20]
The other ranks had their quarters in the forecastle, a windowless unventilated area measuring 36 by 22 feet (11.0
by 6.7 m) with headroom of 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m).[34]

2
2.1

Expedition
To Cape Horn

On 15 October 1787 Bounty left Deptford for Spithead, in

the English Channel, to await nal sailing orders.[36][n 3]
Adverse weather delayed arrival at Spithead until 4
November. Bligh was anxious to depart quickly, to
reach Cape Horn before the end of the short southern
summer,[38] but the Admiralty did not accord him high
priority, and delayed issuing the orders for a further three
weeks. When Bounty nally sailed, on 28 November, the
ship was trapped by contrary winds and unable to clear
Spithead until 23 December.[39][40] With the prospect of
a passage around Cape Horn now in serious doubt, Bligh
received permission from the Admiralty to take, if necessary, an alternative route to Tahiti via the Cape of Good
Hope.[41]

On 2 April, as Bounty approached Cape Horn, a strong

gale and high seas began an unbroken period of stormy
weather which, Bligh wrote, exceeded what I had ever
met with before ... with severe squalls of hail and
sleet.[53] The winds drove the ship back; on 3 April she
was further north than she had been a week earlier.[54]
Again and again Bligh forced the ship forward, to be repeatedly repelled. On 17 April he informed his exhausted
crew that the sea had beaten them, and that they would
turn and head for the Cape of Good Hope"to the great
joy of every person on Board, Bligh recorded.[55]

2.2 Cape to Pacic

On 24 May 1788 Bounty anchored in False Bay, east of

the Cape of Good Hope, where ve weeks were spent in
repairs and reprovisioning.[56] Blighs letters home emphasised how t and well he and his crew were, by comparison with other vessels, and expressed hope that he
would receive credit for this.[57] At one stage during the
sojourn, Bligh lent Christian money, a gesture that the
historian Greg Dening suggests might have sullied their
relationship by becoming a source of anxiety and even
resentment to the younger man.[58] In her account of the
voyage, Caroline Alexander describes the loan as a sigAs the ship settled into her sea-going routine, Bligh in- nicant act of friendship, but one which Bligh would en-

EXPEDITION

sure Christian did not forget.[57]

Bay, Tahiti on 26 October 1788, concluding a journey of

[67]
After leaving False Bay on 1 July, Bounty set out across 27,086 nautical miles (50,163 km; 31,170 mi).
the southern Indian Ocean on the long voyage to their next
port of call, Adventure Bay in Tasmania. They passed the 2.3 Tahiti
remote le Saint-Paul, a small uninhabited island which
Bligh knew from earlier navigators contained fresh water
and a hot spring, but he did not attempt a landing. The
weather was cold and wintry, conditions akin to the vicinity of Cape Horn, and it was dicult to take navigational
observations, but Blighs skill was such that on 19 August
he sighted Mewstone Rock, on the south-west corner of
Tasmania, and two days later made anchorage in Adventure Bay.[59]

Matavai Bay, Tahiti, as painted by William Hodges in 1776

The Bounty party spent their time at Adventure Bay in recuperation, shing, replenishment of water casks and the
felling of timber. There were peaceful encounters with
the native population.[59] The rst sign of overt discord
between Bligh and his ocers occurred when the captain
exchanged angry words with William Purcell, the carpenter, over the latters methods for cutting wood.[60][n 6]
Bligh ordered Purcell back to the ship, and when the carpenter stood his ground, Bligh withheld his rations, which
immediately brought him to his senses, according to
Bligh.[60]
On the nal leg of the journey to Tahiti, further clashes
occurred. On 9 October Fryer refused to sign the ships
account books unless Bligh provided him with a certicate attesting to his complete competence throughout the
voyage. Bligh would not be coerced; he summoned the
crew and read the Articles of War, at which Fryer backed
down.[62] There was also trouble with the surgeon Huggan, whose careless blood-letting of able seaman James
Valentine while treating him for asthma led to the seamans death from a blood infection.[63] To cover his error the surgeon reported to Bligh that Valentine had died
from scurvy,[64] which led Bligh to apply his own medicinal and dietary antiscorbutic remedies to the entire ships
company.[65] By now Huggan was almost incapacitated
with drink, until Bligh conscated his supply. Huggan
briey returned to duty; before Bounty's arrival in Tahiti,
he examined all on board for signs of venereal disease,
and found none.[66] Bounty came to anchor in Matavai

A Polynesian woman, painted in 1777 by John Webber

Blighs rst action on arrival was to secure the cooperation of the local chieftains. The paramount chief,
Tynah, remembered Bligh from Cooks voyage 15 years
previously, and greeted him warmly. Bligh presented the
chiefs with gifts, and informed them that their own "King
George" wished in return only breadfruit plants. They
happily agreed with this simple request.[68] Bligh assigned
Christian to lead a shore party charged with establishing
a compound in which the plants would be nurtured.[69]
Whether based ashore or on board, the mens duties during Bountys ve-month stay in Tahiti were relatively light.
Many led promiscuous lives among the native women
altogether 18 ocers and men, including Christian, received treatment for venereal infections[70] while others took regular partners.[71] Christian formed a close
relationship with a Polynesian, Mauatua, to whom he
gave the name Isabella after a former sweetheart from
Cumberland.[72] Bligh remained chaste himself,[73] but
was tolerant of his mens activities, unsurprised that
they should succumb to temptation when the allurements of dissipation are beyond any thing that can be
conceived.[74] Nevertheless, he expected them to do

5
their duty eciently, and was disappointed to nd increasing instances of neglect and slackness on the part of
his ocers. Infuriated, he wrote: Such neglectful and
worthless petty ocers I believe were never in a ship such
as are in this.[70]
Huggan died on 10 December. Bligh attributed this
to the eects of intemperance and indolence ... he
never would be prevailed on to take half a dozen turns
upon deck at a time, through the whole course of the
voyage.[75] For all his earlier favoured status, Christian did not escape Blighs wrath. He was often humiliated by the captainsometimes in front of the crew
and the Tahitiansfor real or imagined slackness,[70]
while severe punishments were handed out to men whose
carelessness had led to the loss or theft of equipment.
Floggings, rarely administered during the outward voyage, now became increasingly common.[76] On 5 January
1789 three members of the crewCharles Churchill,
John Millward and William Musprattdeserted, taking
a small boat, arms and ammunition. Muspratt had recently been ogged for neglect. Among the belongings
Churchill left on the ship was a list of names that Bligh
interpreted as possible accomplices in a desertion plot
the captain later asserted that the names included those
of Christian and Heywood. Bligh was persuaded that his
protg was not planning to desert, and the matter was
dropped. Churchill, Millward and Muspratt were found
after three weeks and, on their return to the ship, were
ogged.[76]

On 22 April 1789, Bounty arrived at Nomuka, in the

Friendly Islands (now called Tonga), intending to pick
up wood, water and further supplies on the nal scheduled stop before the Endeavour Strait.[83] Bligh had visited the island with Cook, and knew that the inhabitants
could behave unpredictably. He put Christian in charge
of the watering party and equipped him with muskets, but
at the same time ordered that the arms should be left in
the boat, not carried ashore.[83] Christians party was harassed and threatened continually, but having been denied
the use of arms, were unable to retaliate. He returned
to the ship with his task incomplete, and was cursed by
Bligh as a damned cowardly rascal.[84] Further disorder
ashore resulted in the thefts of a small anchor and an adze,
for which Bligh further berated Fryer and Christian.[85] In
an attempt to recover the missing property, Bligh briey
detained the islands chieftains on the ship, but to no avail.
When he nally gave the order to sail, neither the anchor
nor the adze had been restored.[86]
By 27 April, Christian was in a state of despair, depressed and brooding.[87][n 8] His mood was worsened
when Bligh accused him of stealing coconuts from the
captains private supply. Bligh punished the whole crew
for this theft, stopping their rum ration and reducing their
food by half.[88][89] Feeling that his position was now intolerable, Christian considered constructing a raft, with
which he could escape to an island and take his chances
with the natives. He may have acquired wood for this
purpose from Purcell.[87][90] In any event, his discontent
became common knowledge among his fellow ocers.
Two of the young gentlemen, George Stewart and Edward
Young, urged him not to desert; Young assured him that
he would have the support of almost all on board if he
were to seize the ship and depose Bligh.[91] Stewart told
him the crew were ripe for anything.[87]

From February onwards the pace of work increased;

more than 1,000 breadfruit plants were potted and carried into the ship, where they lled the great cabin.[77]
The ship was overhauled for the long homeward voyage,
by men who in many cases regretted the forthcoming departure and loss of their easy life with the Tahitians. Bligh
was impatient to be away, but as Richard Hough observes
in his account, he failed to anticipate how his company
would react to the severity and austerity of life at sea ... 3 Mutiny
after ve dissolute, hedonistic months at Tahiti.[78] By
1 April 1789 the work was done, and four days later, after an aectionate farewell from Tynah and his queen, 3.1 Seizure
Bounty left the harbour.[77]
In the early hours of 28 April 1789, Bounty lay about
30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) south of the island of
Tofua.[92] After a largely sleepless night, Christian had
2.4 Towards home
decided to act. He understood from his discussions with
In their Bounty histories, both Hough and Alexander Young and Stewart which crewmen were his most likely
maintain that, however sorry the men were to leave Tahiti, supporters, and after approaching Quintal and Isaac Marthey were not at that stage close to mutiny. The jour- tin he learned the names of several more. With the help
nal of James Morrison, the boatswains mate, supports of these men, Christian rapidly gained control of the upthis.[79][80][n 7] The events that followed, Hough suggests, per deck; those who queried his actions were ordered to
were determined in the three weeks following the depar- keep quiet.[93] At about 05:15, Christian went below, disture, when Blighs anger and intolerance reached para- missed Hallett, who was sleeping on the chest containing
noid proportions. Christian was a particular target, al- the ships muskets, and distributed arms to his followers
ways seeming to bear the brunt of the captains rages.[82] before making for Blighs cabin.[94] Three men took hold
Unaware of the eects of his behaviour on his ocers of the captain and tied his hands, threatening to kill him if
and crew,[14] Bligh would forget these displays instantly he raised the alarm;[95] Bligh called as loudly as I could in
and attempt to resume normal social intercourse.[79]
hopes of assistance.[96] The commotion woke Fryer, who

MUTINY

water.[99] During the following hours the loyalists collected their possessions and entered the boat. Among
these was Fryer, who with Blighs approval sought to stay
on boardin the hope, he later claimed, that he would be
able to retake the ship[94] but Christian ordered him into
the launch. Soon, the vessel was badly overloaded, with
more than 20 persons and others still vying for places.
Christian ordered the two carpenters mates, Norman and
McIntosh, and the armourer, Joseph Coleman, to return
to the ship, considering their presence essential if he were
to navigate Bounty with a reduced crew. Reluctantly they
obeyed, beseeching Bligh to remember that they had remained with the ship against their will. Bligh assured
them: Never fear, lads, I'll do you justice if ever I reach
England.[100]

Fletcher Christian and the mutineers seize HMS Bounty on 28

April 1789. Engraving by Hablot Knight Browne, 1841

from his cabin opposite saw the mutineers frogmarching

Bligh away. The mutineers ordered Fryer to lay down
again, and hold my tongue or I was a dead man.[94]
Bligh was brought to the quarterdeck, his hands bound
by a cord held by Christian, who was brandishing a
bayonet;[97] some reports maintained that Christian had
a sounding plummet hanging from his neck, so he
could jump overboard and drown himself if the mutiny
failed.[94] Others who had been awakened by the noise
left their berths and joined in the general pandemonium.
It was unclear at this stage who were and who were not
active mutineers. Hough describes the scene: Everyone
was, more or less, making a noise, either cursing, jeering or just shouting for the reassurance it gave them to
do so.[97] Bligh shouted continually, demanding to be set
free, sometimes addressing individuals by name, and otherwise exhorting the company generally to knock Christian down!"[98] Fryer was briey permitted on deck to
speak to Christian, but was then forced below at bayonetpoint; according to Fryer, Christian told him: I have
been in hell for weeks past. Captain Bligh has brought
this on himself.[94]
Christian originally thought to cast Bligh adrift in
Bounty's small jolly boat, together with his clerk John
Samuel and the loyalist midshipmen Hayward and Hallett. This boat proved unseaworthy, so Christian ordered
the launching of a larger ships boat, with a capacity of
around ten. However, Christian and his allies had overestimated the extent of the mutinyat least half on board
were determined to leave with Bligh. Thus the ships
largest boat, a 23-foot (7.0 m) launch, was put into the

Samuel saved the captains journal, commission papers

and pursers documents, but was forced to leave behind Blighs maps and charts15 years of navigational
work.[94] The launch was supplied with about ve days
food and water,[101] a sextant, compass and nautical tables, and Purcells tool chest. At the last minute the mutineers threw four cutlasses down into the boat.[94] Of
Bounty's complement44 after the deaths of Huggan
and Valentine19 men were crowded into the launch,
leaving it dangerously low in the water with only seven
inches of freeboard.[101] The 25 men remaining on Bounty
included the committed mutineers who had taken up
arms, the loyalists detained against their will, and others
for whom there was no room in the launch. At around
10:00 the line holding the launch to the ship was cut; a
little later, Bligh ordered a sail to be raised. Their immediate destination was the nearby island of Tofua, clearly
marked on the horizon by the plume of smoke rising from
its volcano.[102]

3.2 Blighs open-boat voyage

Bligh hoped to nd water and food on Tofua, then proceed to the nearby island of Tongatapu to seek help from
King Poulaho (whom he knew from his visit with Cook)
in provisioning the boat for a voyage to the Dutch East
Indies.[103] Ashore at Tofua, there were encounters with
natives who were initially friendly but grew more menacing as time passed. On 2 May, four days after landing,
Bligh realised that an attack was imminent. He directed
his men back to the sea, shortly before the Tofuans seized
the launchs stern rope and attempted to drag it ashore.
Bligh coolly shepherded the last of his shore party and
their supplies into the boat. In an attempt to free the rope
from its captors, the quartermaster John Norton leapt into
the water; he was immediately set upon and stoned to
death.[104]
The launch escaped to the open sea, where the shaken
crew reconsidered their options. A visit to Tongatapu, or
any island landfall, might incur similarly violent consequences; their best chance of salvation, Bligh reckoned,
lay in sailing directly to the Dutch settlement of Coupang

3.2

Blighs open-boat voyage

Map showing Bountys movements in the Pacic Ocean,

17881790
Voyage of Bounty to Tahiti and to location of the mutiny, 28
April 1789
Course of Blighs open-boat journey to Coupang, Timor, between
2 May and 14 June 1789
Movements of Bounty under Christian after the mutiny, from
28 April 1789 onwards

in Timor, using the rations presently on board.[n 9] This

was a journey of some 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km;
4,000 mi) to the west, beyond the Endeavour Strait, and
it would necessitate daily rations of an ounce of bread
and a quarter-pint of water for each man. The plan was
unanimously agreed.[106][107]
From the outset, the weather was wet and stormy, with
mountainous seas that constantly threatened to overwhelm the boat.[108] When the sun appeared, Bligh noted
in his daily journal that it gave us as much pleasure
as a winters day in England.[109] Bligh endeavoured
to continue his journal throughout the voyage, observing, sketching and charting as they made their way west.
To keep up morale, he told stories of his prior experiences at sea, got the men singing, and occasionally said prayers.[110] The launch made the rst passage by Europeans through the Fiji Islands,[111] but they
dared not stop because of the islanders reputation for
cannibalism.[112][n 10] On 17 May Bligh recorded that
our situation was miserable; always wet, and suering extreme cold ... without the least shelter from the
weather.[114]
A week later, with the skies clearing, birds began to appear, signalling a proximity to land.[115] On 28 May the
Great Barrier Reef was sighted; Bligh found a navigable
gap and sailed the launch into a calm lagoon.[116] Late
that afternoon he ran the boat ashore on a small island
which he named Restoration Island, where the men found
oysters and berries in plentiful supply and were able to
eat ravenously.[117][118] Over the next four days the party
island-hopped northward within the lagoon, aware that
their movements were being closely monitored by natives on the mainland.[119] Strains were showing within
the party; following a heated disagreement with Pur-

Page 1 of the water damaged unpublished autograph manuscript

of Blighs voyage in the launch of HMS Bounty, from the ship to
Tofua and from thence to Timor 28 April to 14 June 1789, after
the Mutiny. It contains notes used later as the basis for his report
and all his subsequent narratives. Each mutineers physical appearance is described in detail. The manuscript is is the National
Library of Australia.

cell, Bligh grabbed a cutlass and challenged the carpenter to ght. Fryer told Cole to arrest their captain, but
backed down after Bligh threatened to kill him if he
interfered.[120]
On 2 June the launch cleared Cape York, the extreme
northern point of the Australian continent. Bligh turned
south-west, and steered through a maze of shoals, reefs,
sandbanks and small islands. The route taken was not
the Endeavour Strait, but a narrower southerly passage
later known as the Prince of Wales Channel. At 20:00
that evening they reached the open Arafura Sea,[121]
still 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) from
Coupang.[122] The following eight days encompassed
some of the toughest travel of the entire journey, and by
11 June many were close to collapse. The next day the
coast of Timor was sighted: It is not possible for me
to describe the pleasure which the blessing of the sight
of this land diused among us, Bligh wrote.[123] On 14
June, with a makeshift Union Jack hoisted, they sailed
into Coupang harbour.[114]

In Coupang, Bligh reported the mutiny to the authorities,

and wrote to his wife: Know then, my own Dear Betsey, I have lost the Bounty ...[124] Nelson the botanist
quickly succumbed to the harsh Coupang climate, and
died.[125] On 20 August the party departed for Batavia
(now Jakarta) to await a ship for Europe;[126] the cook
Thomas Hall died there, having been ill for weeks.[127]
Bligh obtained passages home for himself, his clerk
Samuel and his servant John Smith, and sailed on 16
October 1789.[128] Four of the remainderthe masters
mate Elphinstone, the quartermaster Peter Linkletter, the
butcher Robert Lamb and the assistant surgeon Thomas
Ledwardall died either in Batavia or on their journeys
home.[129][130]

3.3

Bounty under Christian

MUTINY

6 June. To ensure the co-operation of the Tahiti chiefs,

Christian concocted a story that he, Bligh and Captain
Cook were founding a new settlement at Aitutaki. Cooks
name ensured generous gifts of livestock and other goods,
and on 16 June the well-provisioned Bounty sailed back
to Tubuai. On board were nearly 30 Tahitian men and
women, some of whom were there by deception.[135][136]
For the next two months Christian and his forces struggled
to establish themselves on Tubuai. They began to construct a large moated enclosurecalled Fort George,
after the British kingto provide a secure fortress against
attack by land or sea.[135] Christian attempted to form
friendly relations with the local chiefs, but his party was
unwelcome.[137] There were persistent clashes with the
native population, mainly over property and women, culminating in a pitched battle in which 66 islanders were
killed and many wounded.[138] Discontent among the
Bounty party was rising, and Christian sensed that his authority was slipping. He called a meeting to discuss future plans and oered a free vote. Eightthe hard core
of the active mutineersremained loyal to Christian, but
sixteen wished to return to Tahiti and take their chances
there. Christian accepted this decision; after depositing
the majority at Tahiti he would run before the wind, and
... land upon the rst island the ship drives. After what I
have done I cannot remain at Tahiti.[137]

After the departure of Blighs launch, Christian divided

the personal eects of the departed loyalists among the
remaining crew and threw the breadfruit plants into the
sea.[131] He recognised that Bligh could conceivably survive to report the mutiny, and that anyway the non-return
of Bounty would occasion a search mission, with Tahiti as
its rst port of call. Christian therefore headed Bounty towards the small island of Tubuai, some 450 nautical miles
(830 km; 520 mi) south of Tahiti.[132] Tubuai had been
discovered and roughly charted by Cook; except for a single small channel, it was entirely surrounded by a coral 3.4 Mutineers divided
reef and could, Christian surmised, be easily defended
against any attack from the sea.[133]
When Bounty returned to Tahiti, on 22 September, the
welcome was much less eusive than previously. The
Tahitians had learned from the crew of a visiting British
ship that the story of Cook and Bligh founding a settlement in Aitutaki was a fabrication, and that Cook had
been long dead.[139] Christian worried that their reaction
might turn violent, and did not stay long. Of the 16 men
who had voted to settle in Tahiti, he allowed 15 ashore;
Joseph Coleman was detained on the ship, as Christian required his skills as an armourer.[140] That evening
Christian inveigled aboard Bounty a party of Tahitians,
mainly women, for a social gathering. With the festivities under way, he cut the anchor rope and Bounty sailed
away with her captive guests.[141] Coleman escaped by
diving overboard, and reached land.[140] Among the abducted group were six elderly women, for whom Christian
Tubuai, where Christian rst attempted to settle; the island is alhad no use; he put them ashore on the nearby island of
most totally surrounded by a coral reef
Mo'orea.[142] Bounty's complement now comprised nine
Bounty arrived at Tubuai on 28 May 1789. The re- mutineersChristian, Young, Quintal, Brown, Martin,
John
ception from the native population was hostile; when a John Williams, William McCoy, John Mills and[143]
(known
by
the
crew
as
Alexander
Smith)

Adams
otilla of war canoes headed for the ship, Christian used
[144]
and
20
Polynesians,
of
whom
14
were
women.
a four-pounder gun to repel the attackers. At least a
dozen warriors were killed, and the rest scattered. Undeterred, Christian and an armed party surveyed the island,
and decided it would be suitable for their purposes.[134]
However, to create a permanent settlement they needed
compliant native labour, and women. The most likely
source for these was Tahiti, to which Bounty returned on

The 16 sailors on Tahiti began to organise their lives.[145]

One group, led by Morrison and Tom McIntosh, began
building a schooner, which they named Resolution after
Cooks ship.[146] Morrison had not been an active mutineer; rather than waiting for recapture, he hoped to sail
the vessel to the Dutch East Indies and surrender to the

4.2

Court martial, verdict and sentences

authorities there, hoping that such action would conrm

his innocence. Morrisons group maintained ships routine and discipline, even to the extent of holding Divine
Service each Sunday.[147][n 11] Churchill and Matthew
Thompson, on the other hand, chose to lead drunken
and generally dissolute lives, which ended in the violent
deaths of both; Churchill was murdered by Thompson,
who was in turn killed by Churchills native friends.[149]
Others, such as Stewart and Heywood, settled into quiet
domesticity; Heywood spent much of his time studying
the Tahitian language.[145] He adopted native dress, and
in accordance with the local custom was heavily tattooed
on his body.[150]
HMS Pandora foundering, 29 August 1791; 1831 etching by
Robert Batty, from a sketch by Heywood

4
4.1

Retribution
HMS Pandora mission

When Bligh landed in England on 14 March 1790, news

of the mutiny had preceded him and he was fted as a
hero. In October 1790, at a formal court martial for the
loss of Bounty, he was honourably acquitted of responsibility for the loss and was promoted to post-captain. As
an adjunct to the court martial, Bligh brought charges
against Purcell for misconduct and insubordination; the
former carpenter received a reprimand.[151][152]
In November 1790 the Admiralty despatched the frigate
HMS Pandora, under Captain Edward Edwards, to capture the mutineers and return them to England to stand
trial.[153] Pandora arrived at Tahiti on 23 March 1791,
and within a few days all 14 surviving Bounty men had
either surrendered or been captured.[154] Edwards made
no distinction between mutineers and those detained on
Bounty unwillingly;[155] all were incarcerated in a specially constructed prison erected on Pandora's quarterdeck, dubbed Pandoras Box.[156] Pandora remained
at Tahiti for ve weeks while Captain Edwards vainly
sought information on Bountys whereabouts. The ship nally sailed on 8 May, to search for Christian and Bounty
among the thousands of southern Pacic islands.[157]
Apart from a few spars discovered at Palmerston Island,
no traces of the fugitive vessel were found.[158] Edwards
continued the search until August, when he turned west
and headed for the Dutch East Indies.[159]

oners were mostly kept bound hand and foot until they
reached Coupang on 17 September.[160][161]
The prisoners were conned for seven weeks, at rst in
prison and later on a Dutch East India Company ship,
before being transported to Cape Town.[162] On 5 April
1792 they embarked for England on a British warship,
HMS Gorgon, and arrived at Portsmouth on 19 June.
There they were transferred to the guardship HMS Hector
to await trial. The prisoners included the three detained
loyalistsColeman, McIntosh and Normanto whom
Bligh had promised justice, the blind ddler Michael
Byrne (or Byrn), Heywood, Morrison, and four active mutineers: Thomas Burkett, John Millward, Thomas
Ellison and William Muspratt.[163] Bligh, who had been
given command of HMS Providence for a second breadfruit expedition, had left England in August 1791,[164]
and thus would be absent from the pending court martial
proceedings.[165]

4.2 Court martial, verdict and sentences

The court martial opened on 12 September 1792 on HMS
Duke in Portsmouth harbour, with Lord Hood, naval
commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, presiding.[166] Heywoods family secured him competent legal advisers;[167]
of the other defendants, only Muspratt employed legal
counsel.[168] The survivors of Blighs open-boat journey
gave evidence against their former comradesthe testimonies from Thomas Hayward and John Hallett were particularly damaging to Heywood and Morrison, who each
maintained their innocence of any mutinous intention and
had surrendered voluntarily to Pandora.[169] The court
did not challenge the statements of Coleman, McIntosh,
Norman and Byrne, all of whom were acquitted.[170] On
18 September the six remaining defendants were found
guilty of mutiny and were sentenced to death by hanging,
with recommendations of mercy for Heywood and Morrison in consideration of various circumstances.[171]

On 29 August 1791 Pandora ran aground on the outer

Great Barrier Reef. The men in Pandoras Box were
ignored as the regular crew attempted to prevent the
ship from foundering. When Edwards gave the order to
abandon ship, Pandora's armourer began to remove the
prisoners shackles, but the ship sank before he had nished. Heywood and nine other prisoners escaped; four
Bounty menStewart, Henry Hillbrant, Richard Skinner
and John Sumnerdrowned, along with 31 of Pandora's
crew. The survivors, including the ten remaining prisoners, then embarked on an open-boat journey that largely On 26 October 1792 Heywood and Morrison received
followed Blighs course of two years earlier. The pris- royal pardons from King George III and were released.

10

5 PITCAIRN
Mutineers, and to criminate Captain Bligh.[179] Blighs
position was further undermined when the loyalist gunner Peckover conrmed that much of what was alleged in
the Appendix was true.[180]
Bligh commanded HMS Director at the Battle of Camperdown in October 1797 and HMS Glatton in the Battle of
Copenhagen in April 1801.[14] In 1805, while commanding HMS Warrior, he was court-martialled for using bad
language to his ocers, and reprimanded.[181] In 1806
he was appointed Governor of New South Wales, in Australia; after two years a group of army ocers arrested
and deposed him in the so-called Rum Rebellion. After
his return to England Bligh was promoted to rear-admiral
in 1811 and vice-admiral in 1814, but was not oered
further naval appointments. He died, aged 63, in December 1817.[14]

Of the pardoned mutineers, Heywood and Morrison returned to naval duty. Heywood acquired the patronage
of Hood and by 1803, at the age of 31, had achieved
the rank of captain. After a distinguished career he
died in 1831.[177] Morrison became a master gunner,
and was eventually lost in 1807, when HMS Blenheim
Admiral Lord Hood, who presided over the Bounty court martial foundered in the Indian Ocean. Muspratt is believed
to have worked as a naval steward before his death, in
or before 1798. The other principal participants in the
Muspratt, through his lawyer, won a stay of execution court martialFryer, Peckover, Coleman, McIntosh and
by ling a petition protesting that court martial rules had othersgenerally vanished from the public eye after the
prevented his calling Norman and Byrne as witnesses closing of the procedures.[182]
in his defence.[172] He was still awaiting the outcome
when Burkett, Ellison and Millward were hanged from
the yardarm of HMS Brunswick in Portsmouth dock on
28 October. Some accounts claim that the condemned 5 Pitcairn
trio continued to protest their innocence until the last
moment,[173] while others speak of their manly rmness
5.1 Settlement
that ... was the admiration of all.[174] There was some
unease expressed in the pressa suspicion that money
After leaving Tahiti on 22 September 1789, Christian
had bought the lives of some, and others fell sacrice to
sailed Bounty west in search of a safe haven. He then
their poverty.[175] A report that Heywood was heir to
formed the idea of settling on Pitcairn Island, far to the
a large fortune was unfounded; nevertheless, Dening aseast of Tahiti; the island had been reported in 1767, but its
serts that in the end it was class or relations or patronexact location never veried. After months of searching,
age that made the dierence.[175] In December Muspratt
Christian rediscovered the island on 15 January 1790,
heard that he was reprieved, and on 11 February 1793 he,
188 nautical miles (348 km; 216 mi) east of its recorded
too, was pardoned and freed.[176]
position.[183] This longitudinal error contributed to the
mutineers decision to settle on Pitcairn.[184]

4.3

Aftermath

Much of the court martial testimony was critical of

Blighs conductby the time of his return to England
in August 1793, following his successful conveyance of
breadfruit to the West Indies aboard Providence, professional and public opinion had turned against him.[177] He
was snubbed at the Admiralty when he went to present
his report, and was left on half pay for 19 months before
receiving his next appointment.[178] In late 1794 the jurist
Edward Christian, brother of Fletcher, published his Appendix to the court martial proceedings, which was said
by the press to palliate the behaviour of Christian and the

On arrival the ship was unloaded and stripped of most

of its masts and spars, for use on the island.[180] It was
set ablaze and destroyed on 23 January, either as an
agreed precaution against discovery or as an unauthorised act by Quintalin either case, there was now no
means of escape.[185] The island proved an ideal haven for
the mutineersuninhabited, virtually inaccessible, with
plenty of food, water and fertile land.[183] For a while,
mutineers and Tahitians existed peaceably. Christian settled down with Isabella; a son, Thursday October Christian, was born, as were other children.[186] Christians authority as leader gradually diminished, and he became
prone to long periods of brooding and introspection.[187]

11

Bounty Bay, Pitcairn Island, where HMS Bounty was burned on

23 January 1790

Gradually, tensions and rivalries arose over the increasing

extent to which the Europeans regarded the Tahitians as
their property, in particular the women who, according
to Alexander, were passed around from one 'husband'
to the other.[185] In September 1793 matters degenerated into extreme violence, when ve of the mutineers
Christian, Williams, Martin, Mills, and Brownwere
killed by Tahitians in a carefully executed series of murders. Christian was set upon while working in his elds,
rst shot and then butchered with an axe; his last words,
supposedly, were Oh, dear!"[188][n 12] In-ghting continued thereafter, and by 1794 the six Tahitian men were all
dead, killed by the widows of the murdered mutineers or
by each other.[190]
Two of the four surviving mutineers, Young and Adams,
assumed leadership and secured a tenuous calm, which
was disrupted by the drunkenness of McCoy and Quintal after the former distilled an alcoholic beverage from
a local plant.[183] Some of the women attempted to leave
the island in a makeshift boat, but could not launch it successfully. Life continued uneasily until McCoys suicide
in 1798. A year later, after Quintal threatened fresh murder and mayhem, Adams and Young killed him and were
able to restore peace.[191]

5.2

Discovery

Parts of Bountys rudder, recovered from Pitcairn Island and

preserved in a Fiji museum

George[193] the respective captains, Sir Thomas Staines

and Philip Pipon, reported that Christian the son displayed in his benevolent countenance, all the features of
an honest English face.[194] On shore they found a population of 46 mainly young islanders led by Adams,[194]
upon whom, it was clear to them, the islanders welfare
was wholly dependent.[195]
After receiving Stainess report, the Admiralty decided to
take no action. In the following years many ships called at
Pitcairn Island and heard Adamss various stories of the
foundation of the Pitcairn settlement.[195] Adams died in
1829, honoured as the founder and father of a community
that over the next century became celebrated as an exemplar of Victorian morality.[183] Over the years, many
recovered Bounty artefacts have been sold by islanders as
souvenirs; in 1999 the Pitcairn Project was established
by a consortium of Australian academic and historical
bodies, to survey and document all the material remaining on-site, as part of a detailed study of the settlements
development.[196]

6 Cultural impact
The perception of Bligh as an overbearing tyrant began
with Edward Christians Appendix of 1794.[197] Apart
from Blighs journal, the rst published account of
the mutiny was that of Sir John Barrow, published in
1831. Barrow was a friend of the Heywood family;
his book mitigated Heywoods role while emphasising
Blighs severity.[198] The book also instigated the legend
that Christian had not died on Pitcairn, but had somehow
returned to England and been recognised by Heywood
in Plymouth, around 180809.[199] An account written
in 1870 by Heywoods stepdaughter Diana Belcher further exonerated Heywood and Christian and, according
to Alexander, cemented ... many falsehoods that had insinuated their way into the narrative.[198]

After Young succumbed to asthma in 1800, Adams took

responsibility for the education and well-being of the nine
remaining women and 19 children. Using the ships Bible
from Bounty, he taught literacy and Christianity, and kept
peace on the island.[184] This was the situation in February
1808, when the American sealer Topaz came unexpectedly upon Pitcairn, landed, and discovered the by then
thriving community.[192] News of Topaz's discovery did
not reach Britain until 1810, when it was overlooked by an
Admiralty preoccupied by war with France. In 1814, two
British warships, HMS Briton and HMS Tagus, chanced In addition to the many books and articles about the
upon Pitcairn. Among those who greeted them were mutiny, in the 20th century ve featured lms were proThursday October Christian and Edward Youngs son, duced. The rst, from 1916, was a silent Australian

12

NOTES AND REFERENCES

7 Notes and references

Footnotes
[1] James Cook commanded his rst voyage, in HMS Endeavour, as a newly promoted lieutenant, and was not
promoted to the rank of captain until after his second
voyage.[5][6] However, Cook always insisted on the support of a marine detachment of at least twelve.[7]
[2] The latter part of this voyage was without Cook, who was
killed by Hawaiians in 1778.[12][13]

Poster for the 1935 lm Mutiny on the Bounty, starring Charles

Laughton as Bligh and Clark Gable as Christian.

lm, subsequently lost.[200] The second, in 1933, also

from Australia, was entitled In the Wake of the Bounty
and saw the screen debut of Errol Flynn in the role
of Christian.[200] The impact of this lm was overshadowed by that of the 1935 MGM version, Mutiny on
the Bounty, based on the popular namesake novel by
Charles Nordho and James Norman Hall, and starring
Charles Laughton and Clark Gable as Bligh and Christian. The lms story was presented, says Dening, as the
classic conict between tyranny and a just cause";[201]
Laughtons portrayal became in the public mind the
denitive Bligh, a byword for sadistic tyranny.[202] The
two subsequent major lms, Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)
with Trevor Howard and Marlon Brando, and The Bounty
(1984) with Anthony Hopkins and Mel Gibson, largely
perpetuated this image of Bligh, and that of Christian as
tragic hero. The latter lm added a level of homoeroticism to the BlighChristian relationship.[201]

[3] Dates are given as recorded by Bligh in Bounty's log

(where applicable), which was kept according to the
nautical, navy or sea time then used by the Royal
Navyeach day begins at noon and continues until noon
the next day, twelve hours ahead of regular civil, natural or land time. The nautical 15 October, for example, equates to the land time period between noon on the
14th and noon on the 15th.[37]
[4] An early example of Blighs esteem for Christian was indicated at Tenerife, where Bounty stopped between 5 and
11 January. On arrival, Bligh sent Christian ashore as
the ships representative, to pay respect to the islands
governor.[46][47]
[5] This was not a formal naval promotion, but it gave Christian the authority of a full lieutenant on the voyage, and
greatly increased his chances of a permanent lieutenants
commission from the Admiralty on his return.[49][50]
[6] Suggestions that Bligh was an exceptionally harsh commander are not borne out by evidence. His violence was
more verbal than physical;[14] as a captain his overall ogging rate of less than one in ten seamen was exceptionally
low for the time.[61] He was known for shortness of temper and sharpness of tongue, but his rages were generally
directed at his ocers, particularly when he perceived incompetence or dereliction of duty.[61]

Among historians attempts to portray Bligh more sympathetically are those of Richard Hough (1972) and Car- [7] Morrisons journal was probably written with the advantage of hindsight, after his return to London as a prisoline Alexander (2003). Hough depicts an unsurpassed
oner. Hough argues that Morrison could not have mainfoul-weather commander ... I would go through hell and
tained a day-by-day account of all the experiences he unhigh water with him, but not for one day in the same
derwent including the mutiny, his capture and the return
[203]
ship on a calm sea.
Alexander presents Bligh as
to England.[81]
over-anxious, solicitous of his crews well-being, and utterly devoted to his task. He was unfortunate in his tim- [8] The historian Leonard Guttridge suggests that Christians
ing; the story of the mutiny became public knowledge
psychological state may have been further aected by the
venereal disease contracted in Tahiti.[87]
when the Romantic poets rst commanded the literary
scene. Blighs chief apologist was Sir Joseph Banks, while
[9] Bligh listed these provisions in his journal as 150 pounds
Christian was championed by Wordsworth and Coleridge.
(68 kg) of bread, 28 gallons (130 litres) of water, 20
Poetry routed science, wrote the Baltimore Sun's repounds (9.1 kg) of pork, and a few coconuts and breadviewer of Alexanders book, and it has held the eld
fruit salvaged from Tofua. There were also three bottles
ever since.[202] In 1998, in advance of a BBC documenof wine and ve quarts of rum.[105]
tary lm aimed at Blighs rehabilitation, the respective depassed, pursued
scendants of the captain and Christian feuded over their [10] The straight through which the loyalists
[113]
by
natives,
is
still
called
Bligh
Water.
contrary versions of the truth. The programmes presenter, Dea Birkett, suggested that Christian versus Bligh [11] Morrison and his men created a seaworthy schooner.
has come to represent rebellion versus authoritarianism,
When HMS Pandora arrived in Tahiti in March 1791,
a life constrained versus a life of freedom, sexual represin search of mutineers, the schooner was conscated and
commandeered to act as Pandora's tender. The schooner
sion versus sexual licence.[204]

13

subsequently disappeared in a storm and was presumed

lost, but was returned safely to Batavia by a skeleton
crew.[148]
[12] This account of Christians death was based on the account
of John Adams, the last surviving mutineer. Adams was
sometimes inconsistent in his stories; for example, he also
claimed that Christians death was due to suicide.[189]

References

[31] McKinney 1999, pp. 1723, 164166; Wahlroos 1989,

p. 304.
[32] McKinney 1999, pp. 1723, 37, 164166.
[33] Dening 1992, pp. 2832.
[34] Alexander 2003, p. 69.
[35] Bligh 1792, pp. 158160; Hough 1972, pp. 7677;
Alexander 2003, frontispiece.
[36] Hough 1972, p. 78.

[1] Wineld 2007, p. 355.

[2] Hough 1972, p. 64.
[3] Alexander 2003, p. 70.
[4] Alexander 2003, pp. 49, 71.
[5] David 2004.
[6] Alexander 2003, p. 72.
[7] Alexander 2003, p. 71.
[8] McKinney 1999, p. 16.
[9] McKinney 1999, pp. 1720.
[10] Hough 1972, p. 65.
[11] Alexander 2003, p. 43.
[12] Darby 2004.
[13] McKinney 1999, pp. 712.
[14] Frost 2004.

[37] McKinney 1999, p. 180.

[38] Alexander 2003, pp. 7071.
[39] Alexander 2003, pp. 7273.
[40] Hough 1972, pp. 7880.
[41] McKinney 1999, pp. 2526.
[42] McKinney 1999, pp. 1314, 28.
[43] Hough 1972, p. 83.
[44] Hough 1972, p. 88.
[45] Alexander 2003, p. 86.
[46] Alexander 2003, p. 79.
[47] Bligh 1792, p. 27.
[48] Bligh 1792, p. 25.
[49] Alexander 2003, pp. 8687.
[50] McKinney 1999, p. 31.

[15] Alexander 2003, p. 47.

[51] Hough 1972, p. 87.

[16] Hough 1972, pp. 5859.

[52] Dening 1992, p. 22.

[17] Hough 1972, pp. 6667.

[53] Bligh 1792, p. 30.

[18] Alexander 2003, p. 73.

[54] Alexander 2003, p. 90.

[19] Alexander 2003, p. 48.

[55] Bligh 1792, p. 33.

[20] McKinney 1999, pp. 164166.

[56] Hough 1972, pp. 9596.

[21] Alexander 2003, p. 51.

[57] Alexander 2003, pp. 9294.

[22] Hough 1972, p. 74.

[58] Dening 1992, p. 69.

[23] Alexander 2003, p. 56.

[59] Hough 1972, pp. 9799.

[24] McKinney 1999, pp. 2022.

[60] Alexander 2003, pp. 9798.

[25] Hough 1972, pp. 7576.

[61] Dening 1992, p. 127.

[26] Dening 1992, p. 70.

[62] Hough 1972, pp. 100101.

[27] Alexander 2003, pp. 6365.

[63] Wahlroos 1989, pp. 297298.

[28] Hough 1972, pp. 6768.

[64] Dening 1992, p. 71.

[29] Alexander 2003, p. 68.

[65] Alexander 2003, pp. 101103.

[30] McKinney 1999, p. 23.

[66] Alexander 2003, pp. 103104.

14

NOTES AND REFERENCES

[67] McKinney 1999, p. 47.

[105] Bligh 1792, p. 176.

[68] Alexander 2003, pp. 105107.

[106] Hough 1972, pp. 169172.

[69] Hough 1972, p. 115.

[107] Alexander 2003, p. 148.

[70] Hough 1972, pp. 122125.

[108] Hough 1972, p. 175.

[71] Alexander 2003, p. 112.

[109] Bligh 1792, p. 186.

[72] Guttridge 2006, p. 26.

[110] Guttridge 2006, pp. 3335.

[73] Guttridge 2006, p. 24.

[111] Alexander 2003, p. 150.

[74] Bligh 1792, p. 162.

[112] Hough 1972, p. 174.

[75] Bligh 1792, p. 102.

[113] Stanley 2004, pp. 597598.

[76] Alexander 2003, pp. 115120.

[114] Hough 1972, p. 189.

[77] Alexander 2003, pp. 124125.

[115] Hough 1972, p. 179.

[78] Hough 1972, p. 128.

[116] Alexander 2003, p. 151.

[79] Hough 1972, p. 133.

[117] Hough 1972, pp. 180182.

[80] Alexander 2003, p. 126.

[118] Bligh 1792, p. 200.

[81] Hough 1972, pp. 312313.

[119] Hough 1972, pp. 184185.

[82] Hough 1972, pp. 131132.

[120] Guttridge 2006, p. 35.

[83] Hough 1972, pp. 135136.

[121] Hough 1972, pp. 186187.

[84] Alexander 2003, pp. 129130.

[122] Alexander 2003, p. 152.

[85] Hough 1972, pp. 138139.

[123] Bligh 1792, p. 227.

[86] Alexander 2003, pp. 132133.

[124] Alexander 2003, p. 154.

[87] Guttridge 2006, pp. 2729.

[125] Bligh 1792, pp. 239240.

[88] Alexander 2003, p. 136.

[126] Hough 1972, p. 213.

[89] Hough 1972, p. 144.

[127] Bligh 1792, p. 257.

[90] Hough 1972, pp. 1314, 147.

[128] Alexander 2003, pp. 163164.

[91] Hough 1972, pp. 1416.

[129] Bligh 1792, p. 264.

[92] Hough 1972, p. 148.

[130] Hough 1972, p. 215.

[93] Hough 1972, pp. 1721.

[131] Alexander 2003, pp. 1213.

[94] Guttridge 2006, pp. 2933.

[132] Guttridge 2006, p. 36.

[95] Alexander 2003, p. 140.

[133] Hough 1972, pp. 192195.

[96] Bligh 1792, p. 154.

[134] Hough 1972, pp. 194196.

[97] Hough 1972, pp. 2124.

[135] Dening 1992, p. 90.

[98] Hough 1972, p. 26.

[136] Hough 1972, pp. 196197.

[99] Hough 1972, pp. 149151.

[137] Hough 1972, pp. 199200.

[100] Hough 1972, pp. 158159.

[138] Alexander 2003, p. 14.

[101] Alexander 2003, pp. 140141.

[139] Hough 1972, pp. 201203.

[102] Hough 1972, pp. 161162.

[140] Alexander 2003, p. 15.

[103] Bligh 1792, p. 165.

[141] Alexander 2003, p. 250.

[104] Hough 1972, pp. 165169.

[142] Alexander 2003, pp. 368369.

15

[143] Dening 1992, p. 84.

[181] Hough 1972, p. 290.

[144] Hough 1972, pp. 204205.

[182] Alexander 2003, pp. 377378.

[145] Hough 1972, p. 229.

[183] Government of Pitcairn 2000.

[146] Dening 1992, pp. 215217.

[147] Hough 1972, pp. 220221.

[184] Stanley 2004, pp. 288296.

[185] Alexander 2003, p. 369.

[148] Alexander 2003, pp. 10, 19, 2930.

[186] Hough 1972, pp. 243, 246.
[149] Alexander 2003, p. 8.
[150] Tagart 1832, p. 83.
[151] Hough 1972, pp. 216217.

[187] Hough 1972, pp. 245246.

[188] Hough 1972, pp. 254259.

[152] Alexander 2003, p. 173.

[189] Alexander 2003, pp. 371372.

[153] Alexander 2003, p. 7.

[190] Guttridge 2006, p. 86.

[154] Alexander 2003, p. 11.

[191] Hough 1972, pp. 266267.

[155] Alexander 2003, p. 9.

[192] Alexander 2003, pp. 347348.

[156] Dening 1992, pp. 238239.

[193] Alexander 2003, pp. 351352.

[157] Hough 1972, pp. 226227.

[158] Alexander 2003, pp. 1518.
[159] Hough 1972, pp. 227229.

[194] Barrow 1831, pp. 285289.

[195] Alexander 2003, p. 355.
[196] Erskine 1999.

[160] Alexander 2003, pp. 2226.

[161] Hough 1972, pp. 227230.
[162] Alexander 2003, pp. 27, 3031.

[197] Alexander 2003, pp. 343344.

[198] Alexander 2003, pp. 401402.

[163] Alexander 2003, pp. 3235.

[199] Barrow 1831, pp. 309310.

[164] Hough 1972, p. 218.

[200] Dening 1992, p. 344.

[165] Dening 1992, pp. 4344.

[201] Dening 1992, p. 346.

[166] Hough 1972, p. 276.

[202] Lewis 2003.

[167] Alexander 2003, pp. 204205.

[203] Hough 1972, pp. 302303.

[168] Alexander 2003, p. 272.

[204] Minogue 1998.

[169] Alexander 2003, pp. 240245.

[170] Hough 1972, p. 281.
[171] Alexander 2003, p. 283.
[172] Dening 1992, p. 46.
[173] Alexander 2003, pp. 300302.
[174] Dening 1992, p. 48.
[175] Dening 1992, pp. 3742.
[176] Alexander 2003, p. 302.
[177] Hough 1972, p. 284.
[178] Alexander 2003, pp. 318, 379.
[179] Alexander 2003, pp. 340341.
[180] Hough 1972, p. 286.

Online
Darby, Madge (2004). Bligh, Sir Richard Rodney
(17371821)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University
Press). doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2648. (subscription
or UK public library membership required)
David, Andrew (2004). Cook, James (1728
1779)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(online ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6140. (subscription or UK
public library membership required)
Erskine, Nigel (1999). Reclaiming the Bounty".
Archaeology (Boston: Archaeological Institute of
America) 52 (3). Retrieved 18 May 2015.

16
Frost, Alan (2004).
Bligh, William (1754
1817)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(online ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2650. (subscription or UK
public library membership required)
History of Pitcairn Island. Guide to Pitcairn.
Auckland: Government of the Islands of Pitcairn,
Henderson, Ducie and Oeno. 2000. Retrieved 30
April 2015.
Newspapers

EXTERNAL LINKS

Wahlroos, Sven (1989). Mutiny and Romance in the

South Seas: a Companion to the Bounty Adventure.
Topseld, Massachusetts: Salem House Publishers.
ISBN 978-0-88162-395-6.
Wineld, Rif (2007). British Warships in the Age of
Sail, 17141792: Design, Construction, Careers and
Fates. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-184415-700-6.

8 Further reading

Lewis, Mark (26 October 2003). "'The Bounty':

Fletcher Christian was the villain. The Baltimore
Sun (Baltimore, Maryland). Retrieved 20 May
2015.

Fryer, John (1979). Walters, Stephen S, ed. The

Voyage of the Bounty Launch: John Fryers Narrative. Guildford: Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-0904351-10-1.

Minogue, Tim (22 March 1998). Blighs v Christians, the 209-year feud. The Independent (London). Retrieved 20 May 2015.

Morrison, James (1935). Rutter, Owen, ed. The

Journal of James Morrison, etc. London: Golden
Cockerel Press. OCLC 752837769.

Bibliography
Alexander, Caroline (2003). The Bounty. London:
Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-257221-7.
Barrow, Sir John (1831). The Eventful History of
the Mutiny and Piratical Seizure of HMS Bounty: Its
Causes and Consequences. London: John Murray.
OCLC 4050135.
Bligh, William (1792). A Voyage to the South Sea,
etc. London: Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. OCLC 28790.
Dening, Greg (1992). Mr Blighs Bad Language:
Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521-38370-7.
Guttridge, Leonard F (2006) [1992]. Mutiny: A History of Naval Insurrection. Annapolis, Maryland:
Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-348-2.
Hough, Richard (1972). Captain Bligh and Mr
Christian: The Men and the Mutiny. London:
Hutchinsons. ISBN 978-0-09-112860-9.
McKinney, Sam (1999) [1989]. Bligh!: The Whole
Story of the Mutiny Aboard H.M.S. Bounty. Victoria, British Columbia: TouchWood Editions. ISBN
978-0-920663-64-6.
Stanley, David (2004). South Pacic (Eighth ed.).
Chico, California: Moon Handbooks. ISBN 978-156691-411-6.
Tagart, Edward (1832). A Memoir of the late Captain Peter Heywood, R.N. with Extracts from his Diaries and Correspondence. London: Engham Wilson. OCLC 7541945.

Proud, Jodie; Zammit, Anthony (2006). From

Mutiny to Eternity: The Conservation of Lt.
William Blighs Bounty Logbooks (PDF). Canberra: Australian Institute for the Conservation of
Cultural Material. Retrieved 1 May 2015.

9 External links
Fateful Voyage original source documents

17

10
10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Mutiny on the Bounty Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty?oldid=717494633 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Carey

Evans, The Epopt, Derek Ross, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Ed Poor, Rmhermen, SimonP, Jaknouse, Dwheeler, Isis~enwiki, Rickyrab, Stevertigo,
Patrick, Paul Barlow, Llywrch, Fred Bauder, Liftarn, Justin Johnson, Zanimum, IZAK, Sannse, Tregoweth, Jpatokal, TaranRampersad,
Tusixoh, TonyClarke, Cherkash, , Edaelon, Charles Matthews, RickK, Doradus, Sarrazip, Kaare, Kirk!, Jerzy, Johnleemk, Rossumcapek,
Jason Potter, Josh Cherry, Hankwang, Earl Andrew, Fredrik, PBS, Chris 73, Henrygb, Academic Challenger, Halibutt, Bkell, Michael Snow,
Xanzzibar, Wile E. Heresiarch, Davidcannon, Martinwguy, DocWatson42, Bob Palin, Tom harrison, MSGJ, Zigger, Mrabbits, Beryllium,
Adam McMaster, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Neilc, Leonard Vertighel, R. end, Gdr, Abu badali, Blankfaze, Kvasir, Turion, Adamsan,
Ellsworth, Husnock, PFHLai, Sam Hocevar, Kasreyn, Deleteme42, Thorwald, Mike Rosoft, Ornil, N328KF, Rich Farmbrough, Pmsyyz,
Dpm64, Cnwb, Rama, Florian Blaschke, YUL89YYZ, Ionesco, Ahkond, Xezbeth, Bender235, Mateo SA, Kaisershatner, Pedant, Sfahey,
Chvsanchez, Marcok, Cmdrjameson, 3mta3, Hesperian, Polylerus, HasharBot~enwiki, Orzetto, Philip Cross, Geo Swan, GiantSloth, Andrew Gray, Davenbelle, Bukvoed, Pnd~enwiki, Batmanand, Gblaz, Dhartung, Velella, Captain Seafort, Erik, Brholden, Sleigh, Martian,
Bookandcoee, Richwales, BadSeed, Woohookitty, Pauley2483, Urod, Dodiad, GregorB, GraemeLeggett, Palica, Jbarta, Marudubshinki,
Sneakums, Matilda, Graham87, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Carwil, Lugnad, Ber06122, Binkymagnus, Ghepeu, The wub, Ian Dunster,
MapsMan, Kirchherr, DirkvdM, Yamamoto Ichiro, Leithp, FlaBot, LeeWilson, Chrisjackson, Pathoschild, Frey553, Str1977, Choess,
Srleer, Scimitar, Chobot, Jaraalbe, Sundevilesq, Bgwhite, Ahpook, HJKeats, Wavelength, RobbieNomi, Gdgourou, RussBot, Zaroblue05, Seasee, Aaron Walden, Wimt, DonaldDuck, NawlinWiki, NickBush24, Trovatore, Irishguy, D. F. Schmidt, Pascotimes, Daniel
Mietchen, RFBailey, Ruhrsch, Emersoni, Tony1, MrBark, Bruce Hall, Bronks, Drboisclair, Jezzabr, Crisco 1492, Jkelly, TheMadBaron,
Hstoels, Nikkimaria, Petri Krohn, Neilka, The Singularity, Jonathan.s.kt, Citylover, Otto ter Haar, Zvika, NekoD, A bit iy, SmackBot,
Roger Davies, Diggers2004, KnowledgeOfSelf, Sunkorg, Eskimbot, Welkinridge, Kintetsubualo, Wittylama, Trystan, Ian Rose, Portillo, Hmains, Betacommand, Kevinalewis, Schmiteye, Vinodm, Hegariz, Happywae, JCSantos, Quinsareth, Bazonka, Colonies Chris,
Couillaud, Scwlong, Modest Genius, Kotra, Chan Yin Keen, Bigturtle, B jonas, Pwjb, Matt.forestpath, Tim riley, RossF18, Powersman,
DavidHallett, Rklawton, Sjoh0050, Derry Boi, John, J 1982, Dumarest, Adilmasood, RandomCritic, Deceglie, Freyr35, Grandpafootsoldier, Collywolly, Buckboard, Dr.K., Peyre, Damian Wrigley, TJ Spyke, Mackan, Norm mit, Clarityend, Joseph Solis in Australia,
Vocaro, Lenoxus, CapitalR, PGes, Tawkerbot2, Travisl, John Moore 309, Spacini, Levi P., CmdrObot, BoH, Neachili, Banedon, Jimknut,
AshLin, Cumulus Clouds, Fordmadoxfraud, Tarotb, Cydebot, Comar4, Grahamec, Go229, Bellerophon5685, Rn39, GangstaEB, Omicronpersei8, M.S.K., Spookpadda, Chris CII, Thijs!bot, Jmg38, TonyTheTiger, Kablammo, Serpent-A, Vidor, Nonagonal Spider, J Clear,
Seaphoto, Uvaphdman, Jj137, Blakestern, Wl219, Ingolfson, JAnDbot, The Jack of Hearts, Petecarney, MER-C, Arch dude, Fredbloggins,
Ghost of the Bounty, PacicBoy, VoABot II, Dark54555, Rivertorch, Froid, The Anomebot2, Johnbibby, WeeWillieWiki, Markus451,
Martocticvs, Flowanda, Ustye, Keith D, TechnoFaye, R'n'B, Manticore, DrKay, Harrywad, Uncle Dick, Marcsin, Simpsone4, SpigotMap,
Hillock65, NobleHelium, Ndunruh, Tc triangle, Largoplazo, Drdanny, Stan Ostrovskii, RjCan, Gardener of Geda, 21Club, X!, Sam Blacketer, VolkovBot, Safemariner, Iwavns, DarkArcher, Dickens10, Tomer T, Sodapopkid, Philip Trueman, Rei-bot, Cerebellum, Brucetr6,
Jackfork, Sciencewatcher, HuskyHuskie, Noformation, UnitedStatesian, Roy Frenkiel, Silverfern nc, Lamro, Kenweeks, Sealman, Gustav von Humpelschmumpel, Rontrigger, Flonto, StAnselm, OberRanks, Euryalus, Kingbird1, Krawi, LordoftheStones, Whiteghost.ink,
Editore99, Man Its So Loud In Here, Jc-S0CO, Freeman501, Goustien, Benea, IdreamofJeanie, 48states, Prof saxx, Nn123645, Keinstein, ClueBot, Timeineurope, Jillsimmons, WaltBusterkeys, James Galloway, Piledhigheranddeeper, Solar-Wind, Arjayay, Brianboulton,
Westherm, Dutzi, Antiquary, Tony Holkham, Dank, ParaGreen13, Mhockey, Canihaveacookie, SoxBot III, Francisgabriel1909, Gosteli,
XLinkBot, Iloveteach, Good Olfactory, Bor25, Gregory dj, Addbot, Redjacket3827, Guoguo12, Mootros, Archer884, Favonian, LinkFABot, Jetblue1717, Michael of Lucan, Lightbot, Mr. Richard Bolla, Yobot, Zagothal, Rikanderson, AnomieBOT, Je Muscato, Citation bot,
Sagaliba~enwiki, ArthurBot, Cliftonian, Grifterlake, St.nerol, JimVC3, Br77rino, Aa77zz, Srich32977, Frozenhero, GorgeCustersSabre,
Azurfrog, Pauswa, Jsinger123, FrescoBot, Tobby72, Roundtheworld, Jimosei, Westmorlandia, Hchc2009, Singingdaisies, Pinethicket, SoccerMan2009, Michael44a, Graoe, Dutchmonkey9000, Wotnow, Sisyphos23, Hiationi, Bazsola, RjwilmsiBot, Lorrainecurtis, Ripchip
Bot, Beyond My Ken, EmausBot, Look2See1, Pete Hobbs, ZroBot, Archer888, Josve05a, A2soup, Michael Fleischhacker, Brandmeister, Pedeckmar, Spicemix, ClueBot NG, EmaKelly, Proscribe, Raifu, Filibusti, Helpful Pixie Bot, Love4nerds, SchroCat, BG19bot, The
Banner Turbo, Acole1087, Jmcontra, Khazar2, Dexbot, Furrycat66, Nimetapoeg, Donfbreed2, Juliana 8, Lemnaminor, Karrholm13, Spyglasses, TFA Protector Bot, Marsupialist, Paul.carlier, Interzone826, Monkbot, Samsbanned, Cheeseballs4, DesertDah, FACBot, Sizeont,
Vesuvius Dogg, Sembawang, CharltonChiltern, SpringbokSam and Anonymous: 374

10.2

Images

File:Admiral_Hood_1783.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Admiral_Hood_1783.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: (Original text: 'thePeerage.com person page 15214, here; this painting was published in: Hood, Samuel;
Hannay, David (ed) ) Original artist: Joshua Reynolds
File:BOUNTY_RUDDER_FROM_THE_FIJI_MUSEUM._SUVA,_FIJI_ISLANDS.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/5/55/BOUNTY_RUDDER_FROM_THE_FIJI_MUSEUM._SUVA%2C_FIJI_ISLANDS.jpg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jerrye & Roy Klotz, MD
File:Bounty_Voyages_Map.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Bounty_Voyages_Map.png License:
GFDL Contributors: I stitched together two maps from Online Map Creation (which uses GMT,[1] an open source software licensed
under GNU GPL[2]), and changed their color scheme. Voyage lines are based on File:Bountya.jpg, the map on this web page, and books
on the Bounty such as Alexander, Caroline (2003). The Bounty. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-257221-4. Original artist: Ruhrsch
(<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ruhrfisch' title='User talk:Ruhrfisch'>talk</a>)
File:Bounty_bay.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Bounty_bay.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Makemake at German Wikipedia
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:HMS_BOUNTY_II_with_Full_Sails.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/HMS_BOUNTY_II_
with_Full_Sails.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dan Kasberger

18

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:HMS_Pandora.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/HMS_Pandora.jpg License: Public domain

Contributors: Originally published in Barrow, Sir John (1831). The Eventful History of the Mutiny and Piratical Seizure of HMS Bounty:
Its Causes and Consequences. London: John Murray. Between pages 186 and 187. Original artist: Etching by Robert Batty (17891848),
from an original sketch by Peter Heywood (17721831)
File:John_Webber_-_Poedooa,_the_Daughter_of_Oree.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/John_
Webber_-_Poedooa%2C_the_Daughter_of_Oree.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Maritime Museum, BHC2957 Original artist: John Webber
File:Mutiny_HMS_Bounty.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Mutiny_HMS_Bounty.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: National Maritime Museum Original artist: Robert Dodd
File:Mutiny_on_the_Bounty.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Scan from page 329 of Pelham, Camden (1887) [1841]. The Chronicles of Crime; or, The New Newgate
Calendar, Being a Series of Memoirs and Anecdotes of Notorious Characters Who Have Outraged the Laws of Great Britain From the Earliest
Period to 1841. Volume I. London: T Miles & Co.
Original artist: en:Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz"; 18151882)
File:Nla.ms-ms5393-2-s1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Nla.ms-ms5393-2-s1.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: National Library of Australia Original artist: Bligh, William, 1754-1817.
File:Portrait_of_William_Bligh.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Portrait_of_William_Bligh.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Maritime Museum, Repro ID: PU3277; rst published in: Bligh, William (1792) "Frontispiece"
in A Voyage to the South Sea, Undertaken by Command of His Majesty, for the Purpose of Conveying the Bread-fruit Tree to the West Indies, in
His Majestys Ship the Bounty, Commanded by Lieutenant William Bligh, London: George Nichol Retrieved on 31 December 2009. Original
artist: Painted by J. Ruell, royal painter to His Majesty and Their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Wales and Duke of York; engraved by
J. Cond
File:Poster_-_Mutiny_on_the_Bounty_(1935).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Poster_-_Mutiny_
on_the_Bounty_%281935%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.doctormacro.com/Movie%20Summaries/M/
Mutiny%20on%20the%20Bounty%20%281935%29.htm Original artist: Employee(s) of Metro-Goldwyn Meyer
File:Tubuai.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Tubuai.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http:
//eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=ISS004&roll=E&frame=5779, cropped and rotated with north on top Original artist:
NASA
File:William_Hodges_-_Tahitian_War_Galleys_in_Matavai_Bay,_Tahiti_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/William_Hodges_-_Tahitian_War_Galleys_in_Matavai_Bay%2C_Tahiti_-_Google_
Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: FQEtCJ341madog at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist:
William Hodges

10.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0