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Transport Streams
By Charley Hamilton, Senior Sales Engineer
February 14, 2012
In Collaboration with
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learn?
Encoding Basics
Transport Stream Elements
Multiplexer Functions
Metadata
MPEG Timing Elements and Lip Sync considerations
Decoder Buffering Functions
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Video and Audio, and sometimes data elements are encoded into
a sequence of MPEG fram es
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I Frames
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P Frames
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Group of Pictures
Closed
B B
P B
B P
B B P
B B P B B
P B
B P B B
P P
P P P
P P P P
P P
P P
Open
P P
P P
P P
Variable
P B
P B
P B
P B P
P B P B P B P
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P P
B P B P
P-picture
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I-picture
B Frames
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A GOP begins with an I frame and ends with last frame before the
next I frame
All frames within the GOP depend directly or indirectly on data from
the I frame
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B Frame
49.9 Kb
B B
P B
B P
B B P
P Frame
83.45 Kb
B B P B B
P B
B P B B
P Frame
59.9 Kb
P P
P P
P P
P P P
P Frame
94.5 Kb
P P P P
P P
P P
P P
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Packet header
Other types of packet based systems use MPEG packets such as Cable
Modems (DOCSIS) and various data transfer systems among others.
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Video channels
A video stream
One or more audio streams
Possibly one or more data streams
Audio channels
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One
Transport
(MPEG)
Packet
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Sync
Byte
PID
188 Bytes
Continuity
Counter
Adaptation
Adaptation
Field
Field
(Optional)
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PES 1
x
0110101000110001111001011100011100011101010001
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01010001111010010101101010001110011110010111
(0x47)
(0x47)
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Once the decoder finds a 0x47 in the stream, it looks 187 bytes
down the stream, and looks for another 0x47
If it finds three Sync Bytes in a row, then the Decoder has Found
Sync and assumes packet boundaries from then on
0x47
187 bytes
0x47
187 bytes
0x47
187 bytes
Sync Lost
Packet 188 bytes
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0x32
11010101010111011010101010001
Copyright Q1 2012 Triveni Digital,
Inc.
ASI to SMPTE-310
ASI to Gig-E
ASI to Microwave or QAM
Satellite to ASI
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Video/Audio
channel
Video/Audio
channel
Video/Audio
channel
Audio Encoder
PAT
Video Encoder
PMT
Audio Encoder
CAT
Video Encoder
Audio Encoder
Null
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
Video
Audio
Multiplexer
Video Encoder
Audio Encoder
Video Encoder
MPEG-2 Transport Stream
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Decoder: Receiver or
set top box
Program
01 Video
Program
02 Video
Program
03 Video
PAT/PMT/
MPEG
Tables
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PSIP
Tables
Program
01 Audio
Program
02 Audio
Program
03 Audio
14 15
10
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11
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14 15
70123456789101112131415
8
9 10 11
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To Be Discussed
To Be Discussed
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Metadata
The PAT is on PID 0x00. This is the first PID or Base PID a
MPEG decoder looks for
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PMT 1
Video PID 0x31
Audio PID 0x34
Audio PID 0x35
PCR_PID 0x31
PMT 2
PID 0x40
PMT 3
Video PID 0x51
Audio PID 0x54
Audio PID 0x55
PCR_PID 0x51
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Transport
Stream Version
Program 815
PID for PMT
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Program 815
Program PMT
Descriptor
Defines Additional
Stream
Characteristics
Elementary streams
found in this PMT
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MPEG
Metadata
tables
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Audio-Video Synchronization
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MPEG Packets
MPEG
Packet with
PCR Stamp
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Decoder
27Mhz Clock
MPEG Packets
Adjusts value of
counter based on
incoming PCR Packet
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Difference between
the Actual Value of the PCR time stamped by
encoder
and
the Expected Value of the PCR as calculated by
decoder based on the clock rate and the time
at which the PCR value is received.
+/-500ns
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Difference between
the clock frequency calculated at decoder
based on actual PCR values received
and
an ideal 27 MHz clock, which is the clock rate
dictated by the MPEG-2 standard
+/- 810 Hz
Copyright Q1 2012 Triveni Digital,
Inc.
Heres Why
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Max Jitter
Min Jitter
Overall Jitter
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PID
Video 0x41
Video 0x51
Packet
Spacing
0x31
2 Packets
0x41
1 Packet
0x51
0 Packets
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Transport
Stream
MUX
Video 0x41
Video 0x51
Transport
Stream
MUX
PID
Old Spacing
New Spacing
0x31
2 Packets
8 Packets
0x41
1 Packet
5 Packets
0x51
0 Packets
2 Packets
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UDP Header
MPEG-2 TS Payload
IP Header
UDP Header
MPEG-2 TS Header
MPEG-2 TS Payload
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UDP Header
IP Header
MPEG-2 TS Payload
IP Header
UDP Header
MPEG-2 TS Header
MPEG-2 TS Payload
IP Packet
IP Header
UDP Header
MPEG-2 TS Header
MPEG-2 TS Payload
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B Frame
B Frame
B Frame
B Frame
B Frame
B Frame
Case 1
I Frame
P Frame
B Frame
P Frame
B Frame
P Frame
B Frame
Case 2
Case 1: IP packet containing MPEG-2 TS packets carrying B
frame info
Loss of IP packet may result in momentary video glitch
(may not be visible)
Case 2: IP packet containing MPEG-2 TS packets carrying I
frame info, including PES header
Loss if IP packet will probably result in .5 second (GOP
size) visible video corruption
The TS or Service impact due to IP packet loss depends upon
what is carried in the IP packet.
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IP Header
UDP Header
MPEG-2 TS Header
MPEG-2 TS Payload
Encoder
Decoder
27Mhz Clock
27Mhz Clock
1,2,3,4..
1,2,3,4..
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Decoder
27Mhz Clock
27Mhz Clock
1,2,3,4..
1,2,3,4..
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Encoder
27Mhz Clock
Massive
Network
Processing
1,2,3,4..
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27Mhz Clock
1,2,3,4..
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PES
Header
PES Packet
Payload
PES
Header
PES Packet
Payload
PES
Header
PES Packet
Payload
Header (4 Bytes)
Sync
Byte
PID
188 Bytes
Continuity
Counter
Adaptation
Adaptation
Field
Field
(Optional)
Flags
PES 1
x
Optional
Fields
Stuffing
Bytes
PCR
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MPEG Packets
1,2,3,4..
F1
PTS
500
F2
PTS
950
Packetizer
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1,2,3,4..
Buffer 1 Pid 0x31 Video
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1,2,3,4..
Buffer 1 Pid 0x31 Video
F1
PTS
500
F2
PTS
675
F3
PTS
950
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F2
PTS
990
27Mhz Clock
MPEG Packets
F1
PTS
200
= 200
Buffer 1 Pid 0x31 Video
F1
PTS
500
F2
PTS
675
F3
PTS
950
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Next Frame
Decoder
Decode
Hardware
27Mhz Clock
MPEG Packets
F1
PTS
500
= 500
Buffer 1 Pid 0x31 Video
F2
PTS
675
F3
PTS
950
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Decode
Hardware
27Mhz Clock
MPEG Packets
F2
PTS
675
= 675
Buffer 1 Pid 0x31 Video
F3
PTS
950
Buffer 2 Pid 0x34 Audio
F2
PTS
990
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Shows current
occupancy of
MPEG2 buffered
packets
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Shows current
occupancy of
MPEG2 buffered
packets
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Ensure
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PAT Interval:
100ms
PMT Interval:
400ms
PCR Interval:
100ms
Max Jitter:
+/-500ns
References
www.trivenidigital.com
ATSC A/78
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Ralph Bachofen
VP Sales & Marketing
Tel. 1-609-716-3502
Email. RBachofen@TriveniDigital.com
Charley Hamilton
Sr. Sales Engineer
Tel. 1-859-358-7295
Email. CHamilton@TriveniDigital.com
Customer Support
Tel. 1-609-936-3434
Email. Support@TriveniDigital.com
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Page 80
In Canada:
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Page 81
Thanks for
Attending!
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