CI 10.

2: The effect of temperature on rate

For many reactions, increasing the temperature by 10oC will
DOUBLE the rate of reaction.

Extending the collision theory of reactions

Consider the reaction in the Haber process for making ammonia:

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

The collision theory says that N2 and H2 will only react when they
collide. The more frequently they collide, the faster the rate of
reaction. Increasing the pressure brings H2 and N2 closer together,
so they collide more often. Increasing the temperature makes
molecules move faster, increasing the frequency of collisions.

How much more frequently do molecules collide, when

temperatures rise?
The average speed of molecules is proportional to the square root
of the absolute temperature.
Example: Temperature rise: 300 K to 310 K
Increase in average speed of molecules: (310/300)1/2
= 1.016
(this is 101.6%...so an increase of 1.6% faster)
Particles must also react with a certain minimum kinetic energy.
In the Haber process, (reaction between H2 and N2)
at 300 K only 1 in 1011 collisions between H2 and N2 results in a
reaction!
Even at 800 K only 1 in 104 collisions results in a reaction.
The collision theory says:
Reactions occur when molecules collide with a certain minimum
kinetic energy. The more frequent these collisions, the faster the
rate of reaction.
The energy needed to overcome the energy barrier is called the
activation enthalpy, for the reaction. It is the energy needed to
start breaking bonds in the colliding molecules, so that collisions
can lead to reactions.

The distribution of energies

Molecules are moving at different speeds, at any given time. Some

have higher energies, some medium energies, others have lower
energies.

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution: distribution of kinetic energies

in a gas, at a given temperature.
 Number of molecules with kinetic energy E

300 K

Kinetic energy (E)

As the temperature increases, more molecules move at higher

speeds and have higher kinetic energies.
Number of molecules with kinetic energy E

Kinetic energy (E)300 K

310 K
What is the significance of this for reaction rates?
Eg. the activation enthalpy for a reaction is: Ea is +50 kJ mol-1.
How many collisions have MORE energy than +50 kJ mol-1?
Number of molecules with kinetic energy E

300 K

Kinetic energy (E)

Only collisions with energies in this region can lead to a reaction.

At higher temperatures, a significantly higher proportion of

molecules will have energies above +50 kJ mol-1.
Number of molecules with kinetic energy E

300 K

310 K
 Kinetic energy (E)

About twice as many molecules have enough energy to react –so

the reaction goes twice as fast.

SL: What is removing the ozone?

Several radicals remove ozone, in the stratosphere:
Chlorine atom, Cl
Bromine atom, Br
Chloromethane, CH3Cl From the oceans, burning coal / vegetation
(eg forest fires); they are the source of Br
Bromomethane, CH3Br and Cl in the atmosphere.

Several reactions occur in the stratosphere:

Chlorine-containing molecules absorb high energy solar radiation

and break down to give chlorine atoms.

Reaction 6: Cl + O3  ClO + O2
(chlorine atoms react with ozone, forming radicals.)
Reaction 7: ClO + O  Cl + O2
(The ClO radical then reacts with oxygen atoms.)

We now have TWO reactions, competing to remove ozone:

Reaction 4 O + O3  O2 + O2 and
Reaction 6 Cl + O3  ClO + O2

The concentration of Cl atoms in the stratosphere is much less

than the concentration of O atoms. How significant is reaction 6?

 do assignment 7, p.69
Chlorine atoms are particularly effective at removing ozone. A
single atom can remove about 1 million ozone molecules.
Add equations 6 and 7 together to produce the equation for the
overall reaction caused by chlorine atoms.
Comment on the result. What role are Cl atoms playing in the
overall reaction?

• (O + O3  O2 + O2 )
• The radicals are regenerated, and so acting as catalysts.
It is important for chemists to know which reaction (6 or 7) is
happening fastest, to understand whether oxygen atoms or
chlorine atoms are responsible for the removal of ozone.

In fact, Cl atoms react 1500 faster with ozone, compared to O

atoms. Even though Cl atoms have a much lower concentration in
the stratosphere than O atoms, the fact that they can be
regenerated in a catalytic cycle can have devastating effects.

Bromine is 100 times more effective at destroying ozone than

chlorine, despite being much less concentrated than chlorine.