Corrections

History of Prisons and Punishment

Corrections: the range of community and institutional sanctions,
treatment programs and services for managing criminal offenders.
Theories of Crime and Punishment
Classical School of Criminology: the theory of linking crime causation to
punishment based on the offenders free will and hedonism.
Positive School of Criminology- the belief that criminals do not have
complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that
beyond their control.
Classical School: CESARE BECCARIA (Italian theorist), free will,
deterrence, hedonism (seeking pleasure and the avoidance of pain
Positive School: CESARE LOMBROSO (founded positive school), non
free will, biological causes of crime, punishment should fit the criminal;
Atavism [Lombroso]
Neoclassical School
-Founded by Gabriel Tarde in 1890
-A compromise between Classical and Positive Schools; while holding
offenders accountable for their crimes, allowing for some consideration
of mitigation and aggravating circumstances
-Argues that no one has total free will
-We are influenced by social factors, age, gender and economic
circumstances
-Similar with Classical School
Early Responses to Crime
Extremely Brutal
Torture
Beatings
Branding
Mutilations
These corporal punishments attempted to relate Punishment to crimeLiars-tongues ripped out
Thieves-hands cut off
Letter A for adultery

Transportation-deportation. Used in England during the 17th and 18th

centuries to remove criminals from society
Removed the offender from the group
Sent undesirables to other British colonies
American Colonies Response to Crime
-Based on English Criminal Codes
-Incorporated the puritans linking of crime to sin
-Developed a rigid system of punishments
-Violations were dealt with severely
-Carried out in public in order to deter the broader community
Branding
Whipping
Stocks
Pillories
Used for ridicule
A Passerby would often throw rotten vegetables at them
The Development of the Prison
-Pennsylvania System: separate and silent system
-Auburn System: congregate labor and silent
-Irish System: emphasis on job training
-Reformatory Era: emphasis on education and vocational programs
-Industrial Era
-Period of Transition
-Rehabilitative Era
-Reintegration
-Retributive Era
Walnut Street Jail-first jail [Pennsylvania]
Pennsylvania System
-Western State Penitentiary: Pittsburg
-Eastern State Penitentiary: Philadelphia
-Walnut Street jail served as a model
-Individual recreation yards
-Separate and silent system
avoided criminal contamination and criminal training
not allowed to see each other
Auburn System

-Opened in Auburn, New York in 1817

-Designed around Pennsylvania model
-Cells were back to back and stacked five tiers high
-1823 modified the prison to a congregate prison during the day and
separate at night
-Inmates worked in factories inside the prison to produce goods