Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
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Working at height
Hazards of working at height
Fall of people
Fall of objects
Collapse
Overturn
Contact with overhead services
Precautions & Control measures:
- Avoid working at height by using long tools or machines
- Reduce height as much as possible
- Reduce duration & frequency of working at height
- it is
- Using proper working platform, carrying out pre use inspection &
regular maintenance
- PPE e.g. safety harness, fall arrestors & helmets with strap
- Edge protection & Safety net
- Ensure Safe access & egress to the work place
Precautions & Control measures of working on ANY roof:
The above precautions PLUS:
- Using crawl boards
- Locating & covering the lights on the roof (if any)
Hazards of ladders
Fall of people
Fall of objects
Collapse
Overturn
Contact with overhead services
Precautions & Control measures:
- Ladder resting with both feet on a levelled firm floor
- Distance between the ladder & the wall in the ratio 1 : 4
- Rested & fixed against solid surface
- Suitable for the task, approved, inspected & in good condition
- Fixed & secured at the top
- 3 steps extra length at the top
- Only one person at a time
- Keeping 3 points of contact
- PPE e.g. gloves,safety shoes, coveralls & helmets with straps
- Clean firm non-slip steps
- Should only be used as a mean of access NOT as a working
platform
May 2012 by Dr Osama Abdel-Wahab
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Excavations
Main hazards
- Fall of people
- Fall of objects e.g. tools or fluids causing flooding
- Collapse of the excavation (Caving)
- Overturn of vehicles close to edge
- Contact with underground services (electrical cables, gas pipes,
sewage, telephone)
- Access and egress (being a confined space: Difficults access &
egress, Hazardous atmospheres
- Contamination (sewage, spores)
- Type of soil
- Removal of soil
- Undermining foundations
Precautions & control measures
Plan the job using location maps
Locate & avoid underground cables e.g. CAT (cable avoidance tools)
Issue permit to work
Safe digging procedures (follwoing SSOW)
Use competent workers it is
PPE e.g. coveralls, helmets & safety shoes
Improving evironmental factors such as lighting & ventillation
Ensure safe access & egress
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Demolition
Methods of Demolition
Hand-held tools
Machine
Chemical agents (Explosives)
Hazards of Demolition
Safety hazards:
Fall of People
Fall of objects
Premature collapse
Contact with underground & overhead services
Fire & Explosion
Electricity
Health hazards;
Gases, fumes and vapours
Asbestos
Lead
Silica
Noise
Vibration
Ionising radiation
Biological hazards
Control measures & Precautions:
Pre-demolition surveys & area maps
Safe method of demolition & safe organized demolition sequence
Competent workers
Evacuating near buildings if needed
PPE e.g. helmets, reflective vest , steel toe safety shoes
Safe access & egress
Issue pertmit to work & other legislative documents
Site Precautions for children
- Fencing & barriers all around the site
- Security guards & patrols
- Monitoring the area with CCTV Cameras
- Warning signs & Posters
- Visit schools & provide information to the people in charge
- Take children to site on visits (arranging class trips to the site)
- Lock the vehicles & remove the keys
- Remove ladders & prevent access to scaffolds
- Lock away hazardous chemicals
- Cover holes & excavations
- Reduce heights of materials
May 2012 by Dr Osama Abdel-Wahab
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Setting & enforcement of site traffice rules, proper signs & Floor
marking
Segregation between vehicular route & pedestrian route
Suitable designated parking areas
Proper environmental conditions e.g. adequate lighting & reduced
noise
Avoid sharp or blind bends
Vision panels in doors or transparent doors
Sufficiently wide entrances, gateways & traffic routes
Vision aids e.g. CCTV cameras or mirrors on vehicles & at blind
corners
Setting speed limits for cars e.g. 20 km/h
Designated marked crossing points for pedestrians
FOPS
ROPS
PPE e.g. steel toe safety shoes & High visibility jackets
Driver training & qualification
Using ground guides in reversing (Signallers / Banks men)
Avoid reversing if possible e.g. One-way systems, drive through
parking, circling the vehicles
Reversing alarms (audible & visual)
Refuges & Barriers in loading docks
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Manual Handling
Manual Handling Injuries
External: Cuts, bruises (Contusions), abrasions, Burns
Internal: Fractures, slipped disc (Disc prolapsed), Muscle Sprains,
Tendon tears, ligaments tears, joint dislocation, Hernia
Activities at risk
- Handling excessive loads
- Repetitive handling without adequate breaks or recovery time
- Prolonged handling of loads especially if including excessive:
Bending, stooping, twisting & over reaching
Factors affecting the manual handling:
Load
Weight, Size, Shape
Rigidity, Difficulty to grasp
Stability (centre of gravity)
Sharp edges
Hot / cold surface
Contents (hazardous or not)
Individual
Gender
Physical capability, energy, Stamina, Height, pregnancy or illness
Competence (Manual handling Training, physical abilities & experience)
PPE
Task
Number of boxes needed to be lifted
Duration & frequency of the job
Vertical & Horizontal distance where the load will be lifted to.
Job rotation / sufficient rest or recovery (breaks)
Team lifting
Any need for excessive pulling, pushing, twisting, bending & overreaching.
Environment
Constraints on posture / Space
Floor condition & type of floor surface
Level of housekeeping
Hot/Cold/ humid conditions or strong wind
Environmental factors e.g. Lighting
remember LITE
May 2012 by Dr Osama Abdel-Wahab
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Forklifts
Conveyors
Cranes
Hoists
CONVEYORS
Hazard
Entanglement
Drawing in
Sharp edges
Items jamming conveyor
Fall of objects
Riding or crossing conveyor
Impact with objects
Noise
Manual handling
Electricity
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Entanglement
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Contact (abrasions)
Imapct
Contact (cuts)
Ejection
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Disadvantages
Not linked to machine controls
No protection when removed
Full access to dangerous parts
when removed
More difficult to remove: not
practical when frequent access
required
Tends to be left unfixed when
frequent access required
May hamper visibility
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Disadvantages
Increase the complexity of the
machine
Difficult to test and maintain
May need a brake or time delay
May fail to danger
Regular maintenance required
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Disadvantages
Does not protect the
individual from shock
Slow to operate
Inaccurate
Unsuitable or wrong fuse
may be used
Easy to override
Could need tools to replace
Disadvantages
Does not protect the
individual from shock
Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means
providing a path to earth lower than the human body
Advantages
May prevent indirect shock
by providing a very low
resistance path to earth
Readily identified
Disadvantages
Specialist testing and
maintenance, professional
installation
Protection defeated if
removed
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Disadvantages
May isolate other equipment
May be reconnected unless
locked off
Prevents live fault finding
Disadvantages
Limited battery capacity
Limited power output
Precautions need to be
followed during mains
charging
Heavier
More expensive
Disadvantages
Specialist equipment
required for 110 V
Lead from supply to
transformer at higher
voltages and will need
protection with a RCD
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Advantages
Rapid and sensitive
Difficult to defeat
Easy to use, test and reset
Disadvantages
May isolate crucial
equipment if one RCD
covers a number of
distribution points, e.g.
freezers and computers
Mechanical device, which
could fail
Only protects against earth
leakage faults (no overload
protection)
Advantages
Two layers of insulation
prevent user contact with
any live parts
No earth required
Disadvantages
Physical damage may
defeat double insulation
No earth provided in double
insulation extension leads,
therefore defeats protection
if used with equipment that
requires an earth
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In the UK the use of Halon gas is now prohibited except under certain
situations such as on aircraft and in the military and police
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Glass tube
Direction of flow
READ
Fused tip
Pre-layer
Advantages
Low cost
Takes little time
Immediate result
Little training needed
Information during spillage
Good for coarse indication
3 5 10 20
Porous
granules,
e.g. silica gel,
chemical
reagent
Fused tip
Scale
divisions
Disadvantages
Inaccurate
Positioning of tube affects reading
Only a snap shot
Inefficient
Chemical use only
Substance specific
3) Full survey:
Direct reading instruments: such as Carbon dioxide gas
analyzer
Indirect reading instruments:
Passive (by diffusion) such as radiation badge / film badge
Active (powered by mechanical pump) such as H2S detector
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Isolate:
-
Control
-
PPE:
- Respiratory protection such as breathing apparatus to protect
from chlorine or ammonia
- Hand & skin protection such as gloves to protect from detergents
or solvents
- Eye protection such as goggles to protect from corrosives or
ammonia
- Protective clothing such as chemical splash suits to protect from
acids & biological agents
- Barrier creams
Discipline
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Ammonia
Strongly corrosive alkaline colourless gas with a pungent odour.
Affecting the skin, eyes & the lungs.
Leading to eye irritation, dermatitis, inflammation of the lungs and in the
large concentrations can cause blindness and fluid in the lungs
(emphysema)
Eye protection and respiratory protection are essential.
Asbestos
Affecting the lungs causing Asbestosis (Lung cancer)
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Colourless and odourless gas which is heavier than air.
Affecting the lungs increasing the rate of respiration and high levels
depress the rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness and even
death
Carbon Monoxide CO
More toxic than CO2, Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas.
Found where incomplete combustion occurs e.g. boilers, vehicle
exhausts
Affecting the lungs & the blood casuing headache, drowsiness, flushed
pink appearance and ultimately asphyxiation and death
Chlorine
A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell.
Affecting the eyes & the respiratory system casuing severe irritation.
Lead
A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating
contaminated food or by breathing fumes or dust.
Affecting the brain & the nervous system casuing acute lead poisoning
Resulting in nausea, headaches, nervous problems and in severe cases
causing death.
Organic Solvents
These dissolve other substances & are also used as cleaning &
degreasing agents. They are volatile & evaporate quickly at room
temperature so their vapours can be breathed easily.
Affecting the skin, nasal passages, throat, lungs, eyes, & the liver.
Effects may be headaches, nausea, dizziness & loss of consciousness
and in extreme cases leading to death.
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Chronic
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Hand-Arm Vibration
Health Effects
Acute:
Numbness & Tingling in the hands and extremities
Chronic: - Permanent Numbness & Tingling
- Blanching of the fingers (Vibration White Fingers)
- Swollen painful joints
- Reduction in manual dexterity
- Reduction in the sensation of touch
Risk Factors
- Frequency of the vibrating tools ( in Hz)
- Force exerted
- Duration & frequency of exposure
- Low temperature
- Individual factors e.g. age & health condition
Control Measures for hand-arm vibration
- Automate or mechanise the job to elimination the use of vibrating
tools
- Select the suitable tool with low vibration
- Reduce the degree of vibration as much as possible
- Select ergonomically designed equipment
- Proper maintenance of equipment
- Reduce the force exerted & the strength of grip with work
equipment
- Reduce the duration of exposure to the vibration
- Health surveillance & treatment of any medical problem
- Use PPE such as Gloves and heated pads
- it is on the nature of risks
May 2012 by Dr Osama Abdel-Wahab
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Radiation
Non-Ionising
Type
Infrared
Lasers
Microwaves
Ultra-violet
Radio waves
Use in Industry
Heating and brazing
Cutting, Bar code readers
Food preparation, Signal transmission
Welding
Radar and communications
Ionising Radiation
Type
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X-Ray
Use in Industry
Smoke detectors & anti static devices
Thickness testing & sterilisation of material
Non-Destructive Testing & Radio therapy
NDT & Radio diagnosis
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Violence at work
Verbal abuse / threats AND Physical attacks
Internal AND external violence
Occupations at risk
Taxi drivers , Health care professionals, Schools, Cash transactions
Delivery/collection of money, Representing authority e.g. policemen &
enforcement officers
Control measures
- it is: on absorbing anger, how to recognise aggressive behaviour
& how to deal with it wisely
- Providing information on delays
- Proper queue management
- Welcoming environment & nice decor
- Checking visitors credentials (IDs)
- Safe & secure design of workplace e.g. wide counters, coded
locked doors & physical barriers
- Security officers & CCTV cameras
- Good means of Communication & alarm systems
- Regular removal of cash from the workplace
- Avoid Lone working; safe precautions for lone workers
- Reporting, recording and investigating violent incidents
- Zero tolerance of aggressive behaviour
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Stress
Physical Effects
Headaches
Dizziness
Aching neck and shoulders
Skin rash
Prone to infections
Raised heart rate & Increased
blood pressure
Diabetes
Heart disease
Stomach & mouth ulcers
Psychological effects
Increased anxiety
Reduced concentration
Irritability & nervousness
Panic attacks & Sudden mood changes
Inability to cope
Reduced work output / performance
Increased use of alcohol, drugs, pain
killers & tobacco
Insomnia (Poor sleep patterns)
Causes of stress:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Identification of Stress
Stress within the organisation may be identified by:
GOOD
LUCK
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Each question MUST be answered on a separate page (subsections of the same question should be answered in the same
page, ONLY a NEW question should be on a new separate page)
The number of the question must be mentioned in the box at the
top of the page
All answers must be Specific , complete & meaningful sentences
The handwriting should be CLEAR enough
Use the regular blue pen & in the drawings use a pencil
In General: 8 mark question = 8 points answer, 6 mark = 6 points
etc.
In General: the answer of 8 mark question should be about half a
side of A4 page and the answer of 20 mark question should be
about one side & half of A4 pages
The exam starts at 9:00 am SHARP
Bring your passport or ID
The exam is 2 hours ; If your mother tongue is not English
(according to the nationality registered in the exam) you will be
given extra 30 minutes, so the exam will be 2 & half hours instead
of 2 hours but ONLY if you bring a non-technical bilingual
dictionary (regular book not electronic one)
Nothing else is alowed as its a closed book exam
Time of the exam is enough but just enough , dont waste your
time
Read the question 3 times carefully before starting the answer
If you run out of time , answer in the form of list
Dont cross any answer as theres no negative marking
As much as possible; Structure your answer into separate
headings e.g. external & internal / short term & long term etc.
Action Verbs in exam questions:
o Explain, Describe or Outline: Give a detailed word picture ;
Give a clear account of, or reasons for
o List / Identify / Give / state : Select & name: Provide without
explanation nor details
o Define: Provide a generally recognised or accepted definition
PLUS an appropriate example
o Sketch: Draw a labelled diagram (using a pencil)
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