Service Training

MALAGA

EPG -ITYPICAL ELECTRICAL

CIRCUIT

TYPICAL HYDRAULIC
CIRCUIT

Q
LOAD

LOAD
POS

NEG

SOURCE

SOURC
E

0I- BASIC ELECTRICITY

- COMPARISON
- OHM FORM
- SERIES CIRCUITS
- PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Claude
Dec. 1997

EPG -ICHAPTER : COMPARISON

CIRCUIT

TYPICAL ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT

TYPICAL HYDRAULIC
CIRCUIT

Q
LOAD

LOAD
POS

NEG

SOURCE

SOURCE

Circuit

Circuit

Voltage Source (battery)

Conductors (wire)
Load (resistor, lamp, etc.)

Pressure Source (pump)

Tubing, hoses
Load (hydraulic cylinder)

Current Flow
Measured in ampere
Symbol is "I" (intensity)
The movement of electrons

Oil Flow
Measured in gpm, cfm, L/min
Symbol is "Q" (quantity)
Movement of fluid molecules

Positive Source

Positive Source

Battery (generates DC voltage)

Produces certain voltage
regardless of the load

Pump (when pump shaft is

rotated, fluid is positively
expelled from the output port,
no matter how restrictive the
load)

EPG -ICHAPTER : COMPARISON

OPPOSITION

I
+

High

High

Vd
Low

Low

RESISTOR

ORIFICE

Opposition to Current Flow

Opposition to Oil Flow

Resistance

Resistance

Opposes current flow

Measured in Ohm
Symbol is R or
Dependent on length, diameter,
material and temperature

Opposes oil flow

Measured in psi, kPa, L/min
Symbol is P
Usually measured as a pressure
drop (P) in a hydraulic circuit

EPG -ICHAPTER : COMPARISON

STORING

Plate

Gas

Piston

Oil
P

Dielectric
Plate
Fluid Input

CAPACITOR

Storage Devices

Stores electrical charge

Measured in Capacitance
Symbol is C
Unit is Microfarad (F)
Pair of conductors separated
by a dielectric material

ACCUMULATOR

Storage Devices
Develops and stores pressure
Measured in pressure
Stores pressure as a result of
forcing a volume of oil into a
accumulator chamber

EPG -ICHAPTER : COMPARISON

DIRECTIONAL

Anode

Cathode

DIODE

Directional Controls
Current flows in one direction
Current flows when anode is
more positive than the cathode
Use multimeter on "diode check"
function and measure voltage
drop

CHECK VALVE

Directional Controls
Fluid flows in one direction
Symbol indicates direction of
oil flow

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

OHM FORM

Ohm's Law
I = E/R

E=IxR

R = E/I

The above formulas will be used when describing electric and electronic circuits.
Three types of electrical circuits will be discussed.

Series Circuits
- Current can flow in only one path.

Parallel Circuits
- Current can flow in more than one path.

Series-Parallel Circuits
- Has both series and parallel paths for current to flow.

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

UNKNOWN CALCULATION

E
I

E= I x R

E
I

E
R

E
=
I
R

R= E
I

Given two known in any electrical or electronic circuit, the unknown can be calculated. This slide shows
an example of solving an unknown by placing a finger over the unknown and then performing the
mathematical equation as shown.
The Ohm's Law circle is a memory aid to help solve the equation for either voltage, current or resistance.

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

I = 200 mA
A
?
E = _____

E
I

E= I x R

Filament Resistance = 60

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

I = 600 mA
A

E
R

E = 12V

R= E
I

?
Filament Resistance = _____

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

? mA
I = ____
A

E
R

E = 24 V

I= E
R

Filament Resistance = 240

10

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

SERIES CIRCUITS

R1

R2

R3

Sum of all voltage drops equal source voltage

Current flow through each load is the same
Total resistance is equal to sum of all the resistors

POS NEG

POS NEG

12V

12V

Series Circuits
Series circuits may have several resistors (loads) connected to a voltage source. The important
point to demonstrate when explaining series circuits is current flow which has only one path,
and as such, the current flowing in the circuit passes through all resistances equally.
Series circuits have the following features:

The current through each resistor is the same.

The voltage drop across each resistor will be different if the

resistance values are different.

The sum of all the voltage drops equal the source voltage.

11

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

V1

V2

V3

24

16

R1

R2

R3

POS NEG

POS NEG

12V

12V

Solution:

Total circuit resistance = the sum of all the resistors or

8 + 24 + 16 = 48
Source voltage = the sum of the two batteries (connected in series) or 12 + 12 = 24V
Current flow = source voltage divided by total resistance or
24 48 = 500 mA or 0.5 amps

12

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

?
___

R1

R2

R3

2A

POS NEG

POS NEG

12V

12V

13

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

R1

R2

R3

POS NEG

POS NEG

12V

12V

14

short

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

?
6

R1

R2

R3

unwanted path
POS NEG

POS NEG

12V

12V

15

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

R2

R1

POS NEG

12V

RULES

POS NEG

12V

Voltage drop across each resistor is the same

Current flow through each resistor is
different if the resistor values are different
The sum of the separate currents equals the
total current flow in the circuit

Parallel Circuits
In parallel circuits, the voltage drop across each resistor is equal to the
potential of the current source since there is more than one path for
current to flow through each resistor.
Parallel circuits have the following features:

The voltage drop across each resistor (load) is the same.

The current through each resistor will be different if the

resistance are different.

The sum of the separate currents equals the total current in the
circuit.

16

R3

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

R2

R1

3
A

V2

V1
A1

POS NEG

12V

A2

POS NEG

12V

Voltage drop each resistor is the same as source voltage (24V).

Total current flow is the sum of the separate currents (each path),
not enough information to solve individual current flows
without using Ohm's Law to solve other elements of the circuit.

Solve the current flow through each load by using Ohm's Law.
V1 = source voltage (24V)
R1 = 3
A1 = E1 R1 = 24 3 = 8 (A1 = 8 amps)
V2 = source voltage (24V)
R2 = 6
A2 = E2 R2 = 24 6 = 4 (A2 = 4 amps)

17

2
V3

Solution:

R3

A3

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

PAGE

R2

R1

3
?

V1

V2
A1

POS NEG

12V

18

A2

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

PAGE

R2

R1
?
___

8A

POS NEG

24V

19

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

R2

R1

3
?

V1

V2
A1

POS NEG

12V

20

A2

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

R2

R1
?
___

8A

POS NEG

24V

21

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

SERIES - PARALLEL

R1
R3

12V
POS

NEG

R2

DRAWING EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS IS IMPORTANT IN SOLVING SERIESPARALLELS CIRCUITS

22

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT STEPS

R1
R3
R2

12V
POS

NEG

R1
R3
Re
R2

12V

Step 1

POS

NEG

Re =

R1 x R2
R1 + R2

Re + R3 = Rt
Re
12V

Step 2

POS

R3

Equivalent Circuit

NEG

Rt

12V

Step 3
P

23

POS

NEG

Equivalent Circuit

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE Rt

R1 = 6

2+2=4
R3 = 2
Re = 2

Re

POS

12V

R2 = 3

12V
NEG

Re =

POS

6 x 3 18
=
=2
9
6+3
Rt = 4

12V
POS

NEG

TOTAL RESISTANCE IS 4 OHM

THEN I = E / R = 12 / 4 = 3 amps

24

Equivalent Circuit

NEG

R3 = 2

Equivalent Circuit

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

RECONSTRUCTING

Re = 2

Et = 12 volts
I t = 3 amps
Rt = 4 ohms

E3 = I x R = 3 x 2 = 6V
I3 = 3 A
R3 = 2

12V
POS

NEG

6 volt drop

NOW IT IS NECESSARY TO RECONSTRUCT THE ORIGINAL CIRCUIT

25

EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

FINAL CALCULATION

6V
1A
6
R1
R2

12V
POS

NEG

26

6V
2A
3

6V
3A
2
R3