Math 151B Quiz 1

Raymond Juan Sanchez

February 1, 2016
Question 1:
Suppose fn f and the functions fn all satisfy the Lipschitz condition:
| fn (x) fn (y) | M | x y |
for some constant M independent of n. Show that f satisfies the same Lipschitz condition.
Proof. Let x0 , y0 be two points. Since fn f then we have
Nx0 , n Nx0 = | fn (x0 ) f (x0 ) |


2

Ny0 , n Ny0 = | fn (y0 ) f (y0 ) |


2

Let N = max{Nx0 , Ny0 }, then

| f (x0 ) f (y0 ) | | f (x0 ) fN (x0 ) | + | fN (x0 ) fN (y0 ) | + | fN (y0 ) f (y0 ) |
 + M | x0 y 0 |

We are free to choose a value for , so we let  = (n) such that (n) 0. An easy choice is (n) =
where N n < . Our inequality becomes
| f (x0 ) f (y0 ) | M | x0 y0 |

1
en

1
en

The left side is a constant real number and the right is a sequence that converges to 0, hence we conclude
| f (x0 ) f (y0 ) | M | x0 y0 | 0
which is the Lipschitz condition since x0 , y0 were arbitrary points.

Question 2:
If fn f uniformly and the functions fn have only jump discontinuities, the f has only jump discontinuities
Proof. Suppose that f(x) is discontinuous at a point x0 . Since fn converges to f uniformly then for any
 > 0:

N0 , n N0 = | fn (x) f (x) | , x
2
From this it follows that
n, m N0 = | fn (x) fm (x) | | fn (x) f (x) | + | fm (x) f (x) | 
Suppose that n N0 such that fn (x) is continuous at x0 , then
> 0, | x x0 | < = | fn (x) fn (x0 ) | < 
But then this would imply that
| x x0 | < = | f (x) f (x0 ) | | f (x) fn (x) | + | fn (x) fn (x0 ) | + | fn (x0 ) f (x0 ) | 2
So we have shown that if there exists a n N0 such that fn (x) is continuous at x0 , then f(x) is continuous
at x0 , hence we can conclude that n N0 , fn (x) has a discontinuity at x0 , and by hypothesis it is a
jump discontinuity.
Now we define two sequences {Rn } and {Ln } where N0 n < as:
Rn = lim+ fn (x)
xx0

Ln = lim fn (x)
xx0

Both of these sequences are convergent since: n, m N0 gives

| fn (x) fm (x) |  = lim+ | fn (x) fm (x) |  = | Rn Rm | 
xx0

| fn (x) fm (x) |  = lim | fn (x) fm (x) |  = | Ln Lm | 

xx0

Let Rn R and let Ln L.

Suppose that R = L, then wed have Rn Ln 0. From this we would could choose an N1 N0 such
that

 > 0, n N1 = | Rn Ln |
2
Consider then the function fN1 (x):
> 0, x0 < x < x0 + = | fN1 (x) RN1 | <


2

From this we would also have, for x0 < x < x0 +

| fN1 (x) LN1 | | fN1 (x) RN1 | + | RN1 LN1 | 
This implies that RN1 = LN1 , which contradicts that fN1 (x) has a jump discontinuity at x0 . So we conclude
that R 6= L.

Since Rn R, then NR N0 such that n NR = | Rn R |


3

Since fn f uniformly then N such that n N = | fn (x) f (x) | 3 , x

Let N = max{N0 , NR , N }. Now we have that fN (x) RN as x x+
0 then + > 0 such that
x0 < x < x0 + + = | fN (x) RN | <


3

Altogether we have:  > 0, x0 < x < x0 + + gives

| f (x) R | | f (x) fN (x) | + | fN (x) RN | + | RN R | < 
So that
lim f (x) = R

xx0 +

For the left hand limit, the setup is the same:

NL N0 , n NL = | Ln L |


3

> 0, x < x < x0 = | fN (x) LN | <


3

Where N = max{N0 , NL , N }. We then have:  > 0, x < x < x0 gives

| f (x) L | | f (x) fN (x) | + | fN (x) LN | + | LN L | < 
so that
lim f (x) = L

xx
0

Since R 6= L we see that f(x) has a jump discontinuity at x0 . Since x0 was arbitrary, we conclude that f(x)
has only jump discontinuities.

Question 3:
Prove that the family of all polynomials of degree N with coefficients in [1, 1] is uniformly bounded
and equicontinuous on any compact interval.
Proof. Let us denote the set of such polynomials as PN , where p(x) PN means that
p(x) = a0 + a1 x + ... + aN xN
and ai [1, 1]. Let K be the compact interval on which the family is defined. Each member of the
collection is continuous on K since polynomials of this kind are just finite sums of continuous functions
of the form an xn . From this it follows that for any p PN , p(K) is compact and hence bounded, by the
Heini-Borel Theorem.
Since ai [1, 1] then | ai | 1. For all x K and p PN we have
| p(x) | 1+ | x | +...+ | xN |
by the triangle inequality. The function 1+ | x | +...+ | xN | is a continuous function on K, hence it is
bounded by some M R. We conclude that
| p(x) | M
for all x K and p PN . So, PN is uniformly bounded on K.
Since continuous functions on Compact sets are uniformly continuous, we see that each member of PN
is uniformly continuous. Consider the subset of PN , S = {x, x2 , x3 , ..., xN }. For all k = 1, ..., N we have
 > 0, k , | x y | < k = | xk y k |<


N

Let = min{1 , ..., N }, so that we have  > 0 and p PN

| x y | < = | p(x) p(y) | | x y | + | x2 y 2 | +...+ | xN y N | < 
So, by definition, PN is equicontinuous on K.