I.

Introduction
The goal of reading is constructing meaning in response to text. It requires

interactive process use of grapho-phonetic, syntactic and semantic cues to construct

meaning.
-Kenneth Goodman
Reading is pivotal part of our lives but it is complex cognitive process of
decoding symbols in order to construct or derived meaning. It means that a person
requires knowledge and strategies in order to read. Reading shapes not only knowledge
but also imagination, sensation and language components. It implies that reading is
very important in our lives. First, in acquiring knowledge, through reading reference
materials like magazines, newspapers and books, a person can gather information and
later develop process of sorting information to knowledge and knowledge to wisdom.
Second, imagination, through reading a person can develop creativity in mind through
imagining exemplary concepts. It implies that a person who does not know how read
cannot experience the astonishing world through reading. Third, the importance of
reading in sensation, a person who can read can develop recognition of words (eye
sight), listening strategies (auditory) and sense of affection
(feeling). Fourth, reading drives a person to obtain language components through
vocabulary development (morphology), how individual words and their most basic
meaningful units are combined to create sentences (syntax), understanding of how
language conveys meaning (semantic) and ways how a person achieve the he/she
speaks (pragmatics). Due to the complexity of reading process, one cannot withstand
the occurrence of difficulties in reading such as deficiencies in basic comprehension
abilities, faulty word identification, inappropriate directional habits, poor reading,
limited in special comprehension abilities, deficiencies in basic study skills, deficient
in ability to adapt to needs of content fields, deficiencies in rate of comprehension.
This means that one deficiency in reading can result in another reading difficulty. In
order to avoid the presence of reading difficulty is to form steps on how to prevent it.
First is to check the difficulty through diagnostic then followed by finding preventions

and remedies. Thats why researches conduct case study on one individual who needs
reading remediation. This is designed to give simple contributions in finding solution
to the problems encountered by a reader.

II.

Analysis
In order to overcome difficulties and weaknesses of a reader, it is
essential to conduct a program called remedial reading instruction. The
researchers conduct the study and choose one respondent from Tanauan
School of Fisheries. They gathered the respondents profile which is showed
below.

Name: John Harry Opena

Nickname: John John

Date of birth: July 23, 2003

Age: 13

Place

of

birth:

Ambulong,

Tanuan

City,

Sex: Male

Religion: Roman Catholic

Batangas
Address: Ambulong, Tanuan City, Batangas
Name of Father: Romulo Opea

Age:

Occupation:
Carpenter

Name of Mother: Melanie Opea

Age:

Occupation:

No of Children in the family: 5

No.of Boys:

No. Of girls: 1

4
Sibling position: 4th

Living with whom:

Parents

Elementary school graduated : Ambulong Elementary School

School year: 2014-2015
The researchers followed the steps and techniques in remediation. First,
they began diagnosing the learners needs through the use of informal oral
reading test. The reading material aligned level of reading This instrument is
presented below.

Oral informal reading test.

Angels of Mercy

During peace time there was already a lack of doctors, nurses and
medicine in Vietnam. The war in Vietnam had aggravated the need because the
trained help personnel were taken into the army leaving the civilian population to
their own resources in the treatment of war injuries.

Many countries not directly involved in the Vietnam war sent medical
themes to Vietnam. The Philippines had its Operation Brotherhood. West
Germany sent a hospital ship, the Helgoland. The ship was run by the West
German Red Cross. It was a beacon of hope to the sick and injured.
The researchers found causes of reading difficulties and it is shown below.
Table 1. Types of miscues made by Harry during informal oral
reading test
Characteristics
No. Of Miscues
Specific Example
Patterns and
Observation
Addition
Reversal
Repetition
Omission
Substitution
Refusal

As the result of the test, the researchers found out that the word recognition
and the reading ability of the respondent is not fit to his grade level and is therefore in
need of a reading remediation. The following factors influence the acquisition of
reading ability such as intelligence, language facility, motivation, and home
background. First factor is intelligence, according to Worth (2015) , intelligence drives
the capacity of mind to operate within one surrounding and the ability to learn. This

means that an individual is mentally equipped to read and later comprehend it. Next
factor is language facility, as stipulated by Lawrence (2016) poor language facility
unable to form sentences and fluently put ideas into words. This is caused by lack of
opportunities to practice the spoken word or to listen and respond verbally. This
insufficient language facility can cause negative effect in terms of reading. This is the
point where an individual can vigorous foundation of vocabulary. Third, motivations
affects reading ability of a person be cause to be a successful reader, a student must
develop desire to spend their own time outside of school reading on an hour or two
(Reed, 2005). Motivation, arise an individuals eagerness to read and to learn. Finally,
home background affects readers skill as it is an essential ingredient in most
childrens success in school because of the positive relation to his/her parents based
on the study of Gratz (2006). Parents are the most important factor in childs
development as they guide them to be motivated in school, to help build knowledge,
and aid them in reading from simple to complex vocabulary.
After finding the factors influence the respondents reading ability, the
researchers administer certain exercises that will put remedies on the problem
encountered by the respondents.
EXERCISE 1 Graded words in isolation.
Blindness

Razor

Study

Radar

Salty

Honey

Elbow

Common

Stopping

Dentist

Table 2. Types of miscues made by Harry during graded in isolation

Characteristics
Substitution

No. Of
Miscues
1

Refusal

Interpretation:

Specific Example

Patterns and Observation

Radam for radar

Rasar for razor
Dentist

Reads another letter instead of

what is written down.
Stops reading and give signs
that he needs prompting.

Rading words in isolation provide data needed to determine test takers level of
eye sight word and decoding capability. Harry committed miscues thrice in graded
word in isolation. First, substitution he read radam instead of radar and rasar
instead of razor. This means that harry reads what is intended to read. Second, harry
refuse to read certain word like dentist, which implies that he does not want to read a
word.

EXERCISE 2 Graded word in context

1. We learned to play the music.
on
2. A car chase opens the play.
seconds.
3. The towns police finally came.
afternoons light
4. A tent is hidden by the fog.
5. We run around the court.
Characteristics

6. Nanny saw a high hat and tried it

7. They can take off every thirty
8. The planes gleaned in the
9. Marcia watched the movie twice.
10. Ronny and I sat in a real

Substitution

No. Of
Miscues
1

Specific Example

Patterns and Observation

Refusal

Radam for radar

Rasar for razor
Dentist

Reads another letter instead of

what is written down.
Stops reading and give signs
that he needs prompting.
Sequence of letter in words are
confused

Reversal

two for towns

Omission

copkip for cockpit

final for finally

Addition

when for we

Omits important letters in

words.
Adds letter that change the
meaning of word written.

and light for light

Adds article in a sentence

salt for sat

Adds letter that change the

meaning of word written.

Faulty word
identification

which for twice

He read wrong words.

early for real

Reads another word which is

not written

Table 3. Types of miscues made by Harry during graded words in context

Interpretation:
Through reading words in context supplies valuable information for
estimating beginning level in graded reading passages. Harry perform fdifferent causes
of reading difficulties such as substitution (1), refusal (1), reversals (2),ommission (1).
additions(3), faulty words identification(2). This means that harry needs futher
remediation.
EXERCISE 3 Listening comprehension test
Mias Art
Mia rushed home and threw open the front door. Her mother whirled
around, surprised that Mia was home from school so early. I won first place in the
art contest! she said with pride.
Though Mia had been working eagerly on her art submission for weeks, her
mother wasnt sure what the project involved. Thats wonderful, Mia! What was
the subject of your art project? her mother asked.
Grinning from ear to ear, Mia handed over her artwork. It was a portrait of
her mother.

1. This story is mostly about Mia

A working on a project at home
B choosing a new art project
C winning an art contest
D completing a painting
2. Did Mia won the contest?

Table 3. Types of miscues made by Harry during listening comprehension test

Question type
Interpretative
Question type

No. Of
Miscues
1

Literal Question
type

Observation
He needs support from those
who have the knowledge to
read.
He can retell story that he
read.

Listening comprehension test provides apportunity to check emergent and

initial readers reading behavior. There are two questions present in the instrument
(literal and interpretative). She answered correctly the literal question type but failed to
answer interpretative question type as he need assistance from the knowledgeable one.

ASSESSMENT
To test if the tutee has learning within the span of remediation, researcher
constructed instructional games which are aligned to his interest. Since Harry enjoys
playing bingo, we made test that is similar to the game and it is called Word Bingo.
Attached here is the picture of the game.

Attached here is the picture of Word Bank.