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Lab 3: Primitive land plants

Required Taxonomy:
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Hepatophyta
Phylum Bryophyta
Phylum Lycophyta
Phylum Pterophyta

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In animals, the diploid (2n) organism undergoes meiosis and produces haploid (n), unicellular
gametes (sperm and egg), which then fuse to form a diploid (2n) zygote. All plants on the other
hand exhibit alternation of generations: the diploid (2n) part of the lifecycle (the sporophyte)
undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, which then germinate to form a haploid (n)
multicellular gametophyte (Fig. 3.2). The gametophyte then undergoes mitosis and eventually
produces haploid (n) gametes (sperm and egg), which then fuse to form a diploid (2n) zygote.
The alternation between the haploid (n) gametophyte and diploid (2n) sporophyte generations is
where the lifecycle gets its name.

Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)


Nonvascular plants tend to be structurally very simple, small, low to the ground, and generally
inhabit moist areas. There are three phyla of nonvascular plants, Hepatophyta (liverworts),
Anthocerophyta (hornworts), and Bryophyta (mosses). These plants are covered with a waxy
cuticle to prevent water loss, and have pores that allow gases to enter and leave the plant some
have specialized guard cells that surround the pores and open and close them as needed.
Rhizoids, are short threads of cells that provide anchorage, but do not absorb water or nutrients.
Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)
Liverworts are the most primitive land plants, structure is simple; often consisting only of flat
sheets of tissue a few cells thick (a thallus) attached to the ground by rhizoids. All liverworts
lack stomata
Marchantia is a common genus of liverwort found along the edges of brooks and streams, the
thallus of Marchantia lacks xylem and phloem and therefore does not possess a true stem,

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leaves, or roots. Marchantia can reproduce asexually by means of specialized cells housed
within small cup-shaped structures along the upper surface of the thallus called gemmae cups.
The female gametophytes of Marchantia produce small umbrella-shaped structures called
archegoniophores, while as for males, produce stalked umbrella-shaped structures called
antheridiophores that produce sperm within tiny antheridia on the upper surfaces of the
structure.
Phylum Brophyta (mosses)
Mosses always have a simple stem and leaves and in most mosses there is some cellular
specialization, centre of the stem has elongated cells capable of conducting water (hydroids) and
also possess stomata.
Seedless vascular plants
Vascular tissue allowed for the movement of water and nutrients around the plant body,
which meant that plants could become larger. Vascular tissue also provided support, which
allowed plants to grow upright.
Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes)
Lycophytes tend to be small shrub-like plants. These plants show two important advances:
they have simple microphyll leaves and they produce small roots Two well-known genera of
lycophytes are Lycopodium and Selaginella.
Phylum Pterophyta (pterophytes) (Ferns)
Most diverse group of seedless vascular plants, Most ferns are homosporous, bearing sporangia
in clusters often found on the undersides of fronds. These clusters are called sori and look like
spots of mildew or fungus on the leaves, but are actually reproductive structures.
Whisk ferns (Psilotum) are the oldest and simplest vascular plants for which we have any record.

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