Engine Displacement

The maximum amount of fuel that the engine can burn in one complete cycle of all
the cylinders together.

Maximum Power
The amount of work the engine can do over a period of time.It is measured in
horsepower. One horsepower is equal to the energy needed to lift 550 pounds at a
height of one foot for one second.1ps = 1.01387 bhp.

Maximum Torque
The maximum power output the engine can produce over a particular range of
speed.

Antilock braking system

Sudden braking at high speeds can cause the brakes at lock up and the car to skid.
The Electronic sensors in the anti locking braking system rapidly pressurize and
depressurize the brakes , thus stopping them from locking up.

Immobilizer is a security device and is actually the engine immobilizer.

It works in the following manner: It is called iCat system(Intelligent computer Anti-theft
system). Under this system, a transponder is in-built in the car key which has a unique
identification secret code that matches with the car's engine via a computer in the Engine. This
makes the car start only with that key and no other key can be used. Maruti has introduced this
for all its cars recently as an option. Its a good security feature.
An immobiliser or immobilizer is an electronic security device fitted to an automobile that
prevents the engine from running unless the correct key (or other token) is present. This prevents
the car from being "hot wired" after entry has been achieved There are a number of types of
immobilizers for automotive use. Many new cars come with them installed from the factory, and
in those cases the actual electronic control unit for the engine comes from the factory with an
immobilizing circuit that will prevent the fuel pump and usually the ignition circuit as well from
operating unless a transponder device is within the range of the sensor. These are the best type of
immobilizer in terms of safety, because they are not a separate electrical circuit which can be
easily tampered with like aftermarket systems. Immobilizers have a radio frequency transmitter
that goes on your keychain. The sensor that is in the dashboard or somewhere near the ignition
detects the unique frequency of the transmitter in order to allow the car to run. Aftermarket
immobilizers come in all different styles. Generally speaking, it depends entirely on the specific
cars specifications in terms of fuel delivery system and ignition system to determine how to
immobilize the car. For example, a car with an electronically powered fuel pump (which is likely
fuel injected) can be easily immobilized if the power relay to the fuel pumps operation is
intervened from the immobilizer system. A fuel injected car with an immobilizer circuit would
typically disable the fuel pump, fuel injection control, as well as the ignition circuit. A car that is
carbureted on the other hand, likely uses a mechanical fuel pump from stock, and therefore you
cannot prevent fuel flow directly without the use of solenoids in between fuel lines to stop flow
physically. A carbureted car with a mechanical fuel pump would likely only have the ignition
circuit disabled in the event of immobilization. A very simple im

Technical words and their full form

CRDi

- (Common Rail Direct Injection)

TDi

- (Turbocharged Direct Injection)

DTS-i

- (Digital Twin Spark Ignition)

VTVT

- (Variable Timing Valve Train)

MPFI

- (Multi point fuel injection)

ABS

- (Anti Lock Braking)

SOHC

- ( Single OverHead Camshaft)

DOHC

- (Double Overhead Camshaft)

SUV

- (Sport Utility Vehicle)

MUV

- (Multi Utility Vehicle)

SAE

- (Society of Automotive Engineers)

HCV

- (Heavy Commercial Vehicle)

LCV

- (Light Commercial Vehicle)

CVTi

- (Charged motion Variable Time Ignition)

CCVTI

- (Controlled Combustion Variable Timing Ignition)

EBD

- (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution)

BHP

- ( Brake Horse Power)

BMEP

- (Brake Mean Effective Pressure)

BSFC

- (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

CC

- (Cubic Capacity)

CDI

- (Capacitor Discharge Ignition)

C.I ENGINE - (Compression Ignition Engine)

CNG

- (Compressed Natural Gas)

DFI

- (Digital Fuel Injection)

DI ENGINE

- (Direct Injection Engine)

EC ENGINE - (External Combustion Engine)

FHP

- (Frictional Horse Power)

GVW

- (Gross Vehicle Weight)

HVAC

- (Heating ventilating and Air Conditioning)

IC ENGINE

- (Internal Combustion Engine)

IHP

- (Indicated Horse Power)

IMEP

- (Indicated Mean Effective Pressure)

ISFC

- (Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption)

Kph

- (Kilometer Per Hour)

Kpl

- (Kilometer Per Liter)

OHV

- (Over Head Valve)

SFC

- (Specific Fuel Consumption)

SI ENGINE

- (Spark Ignition Engine)

VDB

- (Ventilated Disc Brake)

VVTi

- (Variable Valve Timing)

4WD

- (Four Wheel Drive(FWD))

2WD

- (Two Wheel Drive)

TC

- (Traction Control)

ESC

- (Electronic Stability Control)

ARAI

- (Automotive Research Association of India

EGR

- (Exhaust Gas Recirculation)

EVRV

- (Electronic Vacuum Regulator Valve)

WGT

- (Waste Gas Turbocharger)

VGT

- (Variable Geometry Turbocharger)

SRS Airbag

- (Supplemental Restraint System)

LSPV

- (Load Sensing Proportioning valve)

OBD

-(On Board Diagnose)

Hyundai
History
Hyundai was founded as a small construction firm by Chung Ju-yung in 1947.[3] Hyundai
Construction began operating outside of South Korea in 1965, initially entering the markets of
Guam, Thailand and Vietnam.[4]
Hyundai Motor Company was founded in 1967.[5] Hyundai Heavy Industries was founded in
1973,[6] and completed the construction of its first ships in June 1974.[7]
In 1983 Hyundai entered the semiconductor industry through the establishment of Hyundai
Electronics (renamed Hynix in 2001).[8]
In 1986 a Hyundai-manufactured IBM PC-XT compatible called the Blue Chip PC was sold in
discount and toy stores throughout the US. It was one of the earliest PC clones marketed toward
consumers instead of business.[9]
Hyundai announced a major management restructuring in December 1995, affecting 404
executives.[10]
In April 1999 Hyundai announced a major corporate restructuring, involving a two-thirds
reduction of the number of business units and a plan to break up the group into five independent
business groups by 2003.[11][12]

By the mid-1990s Hyundai comprised over 60 subsidiary companies and was active in a diverse
range of activities including automobile manufacturing, construction, chemicals, electronics,
financial services, heavy industry and shipbuilding.[4] In the same period it had total annual
revenues of around US$90 billion and over 200,000 employees.[4]

Hyundai Motor Company

Main article: Hyundai Motor Company
Hyundai branded vehicles are manufactured by Hyundai Motor Company, which along with Kia
comprises the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. Headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, Hyundai
operates the world's largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility[2] in Ulsan, which is

capable of producing 1.6 million units annually. The company employs about 75,000 people
around the world. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 6,000 dealerships
and showrooms worldwide. In 2012, Hyundai sold over 4.4 million vehicles worldwide. Popular
models include the Sonata midsize sedan and Elantra compact.[13]
In 1996, Hyundai Motor India Limited was established with a production plant in Irungattukottai
near Chennai, India.[18]
In 1998, Hyundai began to overhaul its image in an attempt to establish itself as a world-class
brand. Chung Ju Yung transferred leadership of Hyundai Motor to his son, Chung Mong Koo, in
1999.[19] Hyundai's parent company, Hyundai Motor Group, invested heavily in the quality,
design, manufacturing, and long-term research of its vehicles. It added a 10-year or 100,000-mile
(160,000 km) warranty to cars sold in the United States and launched an aggressive marketing
campaign.
In 2004, Hyundai was ranked second in "initial quality" in a survey/study by J.D. Power and
Associates. Hyundai is now one of the top 100 most valuable brands worldwide. Since 2002,
Hyundai has also been one of the worldwide official sponsors of the FIFA World Cup.
In 2006, the South Korean government initiated an investigation of Chung Mong Koo's practices
as head of Hyundai, suspecting him of corruption. On 28 April 2006, Chung was arrested, and
charged for embezzlement of 100 billion South Korean won (US$106 million).[20] As a result,
Hyundai Vice Chairman and CEO, Kim Dong-jin, replaced him as head of the company. On 30
September 2011, Yang Seung Suk announced his retirement as CEO of Hyundai Motor Co. In
the interim replacement period, Chung Mong-koo and Kim Eok-jo will divide the duties of the
CEO position.[21]

Hyundai Motor India Limited

Hyundai Motor India Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Hyundai Motor Company in
India. It is the 2nd largest automobile manufacturer in India.

Hyundai Motor India Limited was formed on 6 May 1996 by the Hyundai Motor Company of
South Korea. When Hyundai Motor Company entered the Indian Automobile Market in 1996 the
Hyundai brand was almost unknown throughout India. During the entry of Hyundai in 1996,
there were only five major automobile manufacturers in India, i.e. Maruti, Hindustan, Premier,
Tata and Mahindra. Daewoo had entered the Indian automobile market with Cielo just three
years back while Ford, Opel and Honda had entered less than a year back.
For more than a decade till Hyundai arrived, Maruti Suzuki had a near monopoly over the
passenger cars segment because Tata Motors and Mahindra & Mahindra were solely utility and
commercial vehicle manufacturers, while Hindustan and Premier both built outdated and
uncompetitive products.

History
HMIL's first car, the Hyundai Santro was launched on 23 September 1998 and was a runaway
success. Within a few months of its inception HMIL became the second largest automobile
manufacturer and the largest automobile exporter in India. Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL)
is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Company (HMC), South Korea and is the
largest passenger car exporter and the second largest car manufacturer in India. HMIL presently
markets 10 models - Eon, i10, Grand i10, Xcent, Elite i20, Active i20, Verna Fludic 4S, Neo
Elantra, Creta and Santa Fe.
HMILs manufacturing plant near Chennai claims to have the most advanced production, quality
and testing capabilities in the country.[citation needed] To cater to rising demand, HMIL commissioned
its second plant in February 2008, which produces an additional 300,000 units per annum,
raising HMILs total production capacity to 600,000 units per annum.
HMC has set up a research and development facility(Hyundai Motor India Engineering - HMIE)
in the cyber city of Hyderabad.
As HMCs global export hub for compact cars, HMIL is the first automotive company in India to
achieve the export of 10 lakh cars in just over a decade. HMIL currently exports cars to more
than 120 countries across EU, Africa, Middle East, Latin America, Asia and Australia. It has been
the number one exporter of passenger cars of the country for the eighth year in a row.[1]
To support its growth and expansion plans, HMIL currently has 388 strong dealer network and
more than 1000 strong service points across India, which will see further expansion in 2014.[2] In
July 2012, Arvind Saxena, the Director of Marketing and Sales stepped down from the position
after serving the company for 7 years.[3]

Manufacturing facilities
HMIL has two manufacturing plants in Sriperumbudur, Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu
capable of producing 6,00,000 vehicles annually.[4]

Manufactured locally
1. Hyundai Eon (Launched 2011)
2. Hyundai i10 (Launched 2010)
3. Hyundai Grand i10 (Launched 2013)

4. Hyundai Xcent (Launched 2014)

5. Hyundai Elite i20 (Launched 2014)
6. Hyundai i20 Active (Launched 2015)
7. Hyundai 4S Fluidic Verna (Launched 2011)
8. Hyundai Elantra (Launched 2010)
9. Hyundai Creta (Launched 2015)

mported
1. Hyundai Santa Fe Third Generation (Launched 2014)

Discontinued
1. Hyundai Santro (19982014)
2. Hyundai Santro Xing (Launched 2003)
3. Hyundai Accent GTX (19992002)
4. Hyundai New Look Santro (20012003)
5. Hyundai Sonata Gold (20012005)
6. Hyundai Sonata (Launched 2012)
7. Hyundai Accent Viva (20022004)
8. Hyundai Accent CRDi (20022006)
9. Hyundai Terracan (2003-2007)
10. Hyundai Getz (20042007)
11. Hyundai Accent GLS (20042005)
12. Hyundai Sonata Embera (20052009)
13. Hyundai Accent GLE (20062011)
14. Hyundai Verna (20062010)

15. Hyundai Getz Prime (20072010)

16. Hyundai i10 (2007-2010)
17. Hyundai Verna Transform (2010-2011)
18. Hyundai Elantra (20042010)
19. Hyundai Tucson (20052010)
20. Hyundai Sonata Transform (20102011)
21. Hyundai Santa Fe Second Generation (2010-2013)
22. Hyundai Accent Executive (2011-2013)
23. Hyundai i20 (2008-2014)

VTVT - Stands for Variable Timing Valve Train, the technology is used in most top variants of
the cars. Hyundai has the technology applied to their Hyundai Verna, i20 and i10 models. VTVT
has the ability to have independent control of the intake and exhaust valves in an internal
combustion engine. The timing of intake and exhaust will be independently programmed in
different engine load criteria basically same as VVT.

VVT/VTEC - Variable Valve Timing, term used in petrol, diesel and CNG engines. It defines the
timing for which valves are opened. VVT controls the lift, duration or timing of the intake and
the exhaust valves. In non-VVT engines, this process of controlling the lift, duration or timing of
the intake and the exhaust valves was controlled by a set of cam shafts and belt mechanisms. It
would open and close the valves at set angle of the position of the crankshaft and would then
close at the same set angle. The engine wouldnt perform at peak with this old technology as the
timing would vary.

The valve timings vary in a VVT engine with keeping in sync the engine speed ensuring the
valves opening as per the need of the engine load. All this actually brings about a change and
improvement in the engine efficiency, power, and performance.

VVTi - Variable Valve Timing with intelligence uses some microprocessors to control the VVT
functionality, first developed by Toyota. It simply varies the timing of the intake valves by some
corrections and adjustments in the functioning and mechanism between the camshaft drive and
the intake camshaft. Engine oil pressure is applied to the actuator for adjusting the camshaft
position. Higher efficiency is achieved from the engine by making adjustments in the overlap
time in between the opening of intake valves and closing of exhaust valves.

Common Rail Direct Injection or CRDI

CRDI is an intelligent way of controlling a diesel engine with use of modern computer systems.
CRDI helps to improve the power, performance and reduce harmful emissions from a diesel
engine. Conventional Diesel Engines (non-CRDI engines) are sluggish, noisy and poor in
performance compared to a CRDI engine.
CRDI or common rail direct injection system is also sometimes referred to by many similar or
different names. Some brands use name CRDe / DICOR / Turbojet / DDIS / TDI etc. All these
systems work on same principles with slight variations and enhancements here and there.
CRDI system uses common rail which is like one single rail or fuel channel which contains
diesel compresses at high pressure. This is a called a common rail because there is one single
pump which compresses the diesel and one single rail which contains that compressed fuel. In
conventional diesel engines, there will be as many pumps and fuel rails as there are cylinders.
As an example, for a conventional 4 cylinder diesel engine there will be 4 fuel-pumps, 4 fuel
rails each feeding to one cylinder. In CRDI, there will be one fuel rail for all 4 cylinders so that
the fuel for all the cylinders is pressurized at same pressure.
The fuel is injected into each engine cylinder at a particular time interval based on the position of
moving piston inside the cylinder. In a conventional non-CRDI system, this interval and the fuel
quantity was determined by mechanical components, but in a CRDI system this time interval
and timing etc are all controlled by a central computer or microprocessor based control system.
To run a CRDI system, the microprocessor works with input from multiple sensors. Based on the
input from these sensors, the microprocessor can calculate the precise amount of the diesel and
the timing when the diesel should be injected inside the cylinder. Using these calculations, the
CRDI control system delivers the right amount of diesel at the right time to allow best possible
output with least emissions and least possible wastage of fuel.
The input sensors include Accelerator Pedal Position (APP) sensor, crank position sensor,
pressure sensor, lambda sensor etc. The use of sensors and microprocessor to control the engine
makes most efficient use of the fuel and also improved the power, fuel-economy and
performance of the engine by managing it in a much better way.

One more major difference between a CRDI and conventional diesel engine is the way the fuel
Injectors are controlled. In case of a conventional Engine, the fuel injectors are controlled by
mechanical components to operate the fuel injectors. Use of these mechanical components adds
additional noise as there are many moving components in the injector mechanism of a
conventional diesel engine. In case of a CRDI engine, the fuel injectors are operated using
solenoid valves which operate on electric current and do not require complex and noisy
mechanical arrangement to operate the fuel Injection into the cylinder. The solenoid valves are
operated by the central microprocessor of the CRDI control system based on the inputs from the
sensors used in the system.
So if I summarize it, CRDI works on intelligently controlling the Diesel Engine by using sensors
and microprocessors. It replaces some of the mechanical components with intelligent electrical
and electronic systems which improves the power, response, efficiency and performance. It also
reduces the noise, emissions and vibration levels to a considerable extent.
I hope I have used simple words so that you dont get confused in the technical jargons.

Principles - CRDI

Diagram of the common rail system

Solenoid or piezoelectric valves make possible fine electronic control over the fuel injection time
and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail technology makes available provides
better fuel atomisation. To lower engine noise, the engine's electronic control unit can inject a
small amount of diesel just before the main injection event ("pilot" injection), thus reducing its
explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimising injection timing and quantity for variations in
fuel quality, cold starting and so on. Some advanced common rail fuel systems perform as many
as five injections per stroke.[10]
Common rail engines require a very short (< 10 seconds) to no heating-up time[citation needed],
depending on ambient temperature, and produce lower engine noise and emissions than older
systems[citation needed].
Diesel engines have historically used various forms of fuel injection. Two common types include
the unit injection system and the distributor/inline pump systems (See diesel engine and unit
injector for more information). While these older systems provided accurate fuel quantity and
injection timing control, they were limited by several factors:

They were cam driven, and injection pressure was proportional to engine
speed. This typically meant that the highest injection pressure could only be
achieved at the highest engine speed and the maximum achievable injection
pressure decreased as engine speed decreased. This relationship is true with
all pumps, even those used on common rail systems. With unit or distributor
systems, the injection pressure is tied to the instantaneous pressure of a
single pumping event with no accumulator, and thus the relationship is more
prominent and troublesome.

They were limited in the number and timing of injection events that could be
commanded during a single combustion event. While multiple injection
events are possible with these older systems, it is much more difficult and
costly to achieve.

For the typical distributor/inline system, the start of injection occurred at a

pre-determined pressure (often referred to as: pop pressure) and ended at a
pre-determined pressure. This characteristic resulted from "dummy" injectors
in the cylinder head which opened and closed at pressures determined by the
spring preload applied to the plunger in the injector. Once the pressure in the
injector reached a pre-determined level, the plunger would lift and injection
would start.

In common rail systems, a high-pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure up to
and above 2,000 bars (200 MPa; 29,000 psi). The term "common rail" refers to the fact that all of
the fuel injectors are supplied by a common fuel rail which is nothing more than a pressure
accumulator where the fuel is stored at high pressure. This accumulator supplies multiple fuel
injectors with high-pressure fuel. This simplifies the purpose of the high-pressure pump in that it
only needs to maintain a commanded pressure at a target (either mechanically or electronically
controlled). The fuel injectors are typically ECU-controlled. When the fuel injectors are
electrically activated, a hydraulic valve (consisting of a nozzle and plunger) is mechanically or
hydraulically opened and fuel is sprayed into the cylinders at the desired pressure. Since the fuel
pressure energy is stored remotely and the injectors are electrically actuated, the injection
pressure at the start and end of injection is very near the pressure in the accumulator (rail), thus
producing a square injection rate. If the accumulator, pump and plumbing are sized properly, the
injection pressure and rate will be the same for each of the multiple injection events.