Department of Civil Engineering \ Transportation

Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment

The National University of Malaysia
Semester II - Session 2015/2016

Task 3 \ ITS Architecture

Urban Traffic Management system

Name Student
Ameer Abdul Adheem Hussein
P81466

Lecturer
PROF. DATO' IR. DR RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH BIN
O.K. RAHMAT
Dr. MUHAMAD NAZRI BIN BORHAN

Task 3:
Suggest a suitable physical and logical architecture for Kajang Traffic
Management. Your report must include:
- Overall diagram. - Traffic Light System. - Smart Surveillance System.
- VMS.
- Communication System. - Estimated cost.

Solution \\

Introduction:
The development of effective transportation system has direct impact
on the economic growth and rate of urbanization of a country. With
expanding populations, the ability to move large numbers of people
quickly and efficiently, both within and across cities, is pivotal for a
countrys economic development. The proposal should pioneer in
transportation solutions, with an impeccable track record of providing
intelligent transport systems that constantly sets the standards in
technology, safety, efficiency and innovation.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): is the application of
electronics, communications, or information processing, used singly or
in combination, to improve the efficiency or safety of a surface
transportation system. (ITS) can connect vehicles, travelers, and
roadways, helping to improve the travel experience by providing
information such as roadway congestion locations, accidents,
construction delays, optimum routing, weather conditions, and traveler
information. (ITS) improves transportation safety and mobility and
enhances global connectivity by means of productivity improvements
achieved through the integration of advanced communications
technologies into the transportation infrastructure and in vehicles.
Intelligent transportation systems encompass a broad range of
wireless and wire line communication based information and
electronics technologies to better manage traffic and maximize the
utilization of the existing transportation infrastructure. It improves
driving experience, safety and capacity of road systems, reduces risks
in transportation, relieves traffic congestion, improves transportation
efficiency and reduces pollution.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

Benefits (ITS):
Objectives the cities seeks to make best use of existing
transport networks through Intelligent Transport Systems, can
contribute greatly to the transport shared-priorities:

1) Tackling congestion:
Through improved Urban Traffic Management Control, optimize
the traffic light and coordinate the adjacent intersection.

2) Making transport more efficient:

For example, parking guidance and information from variable
message system can reduce the average time spent searching
for spaces.

3) Safer roads:
More specifically improve personal safety through better
coordination of CCTV.

4) Better air quality:

From reduced congestion and by optimize and coordinate the
traffic control and easier location of parking spaces and many
things that can improve our life.

Accident Cost Savings (44%)

Time Savings (41%)
Emissions/Fuel (6%)
Operating Cost Savings (5%)
Agency Cost Savings (4%)
Other (< 1%)

Projected (ITS) Infrastructure Benefits (1996-2015)

Source: Apogee Report on Global ITS Benefits

(ITS) Architecture:
(ITS) Architecture provides a common framework for planning, defining
and integrating intelligent transportation systems. It was developed
through broad participation from transportation practitioners, systems
engineers, system developers, technology specialists, consultants, etc.
over the last ten years. The architecture defines:
a) The functions that are required for (ITS)
(i.e. collection of traffic information).
b) The physical entities or subsystems where these functions reside
(i.e. the roadside or the vehicle).
c) The information flows and data flows that connect these
functions and physical subsystems together into an integrated
system.
Also to linking (ITS) to the Transport Planning Process; (ITS) needs to
be integrated into the local or regional transportation plan. ITS
Architecture supports this integration by forcing all involved to identify
the intended relationship between (ITS) and conventional
transportation plans and solutions. It can also add substance to those
plans through the definition of what is required to provide which
services and the priority for their implementation.

Physical and Logical Architecture :

Contrary to centralized control, the proposed system is based on a fully
distributed system. In this system, all timings are calculated by the
local signal controller Coordination with adjacent intersections is
possible if each controller can provide its neighbors with some
information about its status, its future timing strategy and the time at
which it expects the vehicles to leave its intersection before the
controller starts optimizing the signalized intersection under its control.
Physically the system consists of three basic components, namely the
sensor (inductive loops, smart camera or infra red system), controller
for controlling traffic flows at an individual intersection and coordinator
for coordinating the timing of an individual controller with its neighbors,
Each computer will share traffic data and timing with its neighbors for
coordination purposes. In case where proactive control is required
such as giving priority to an emergency vehicle, the computer at the
control room will override the timing at each intersection with predetermined timing that gives priority flows for an intended route.

Proposed Intelligent Transportation Systems

(ITS) in Kiang city:
Kiang city is one of the important cites in Selangor , this area defined
as an important commercial area, it has too much traffic jams so that it
is very difficult to control the traffic violations and the difficulty of
monitoring the movement of vehicles ,so the development of intelligent
transport system there consider very important, my proposed (ITS)
architecture. my proposal include the traffic light system, the smart
surveillance system, variable message system (VMS), communication
system and the estimated cost to install such as system.

Problem Statement :
Traffic congestion and long queues at intersections during peak hours
is the major problems in Kajang city. Growing numbers of road users
and limited resources provided by current infrastructures lead to
increasing of traveling times. This problem is mainly due to poor
coordination between adjacent traffic signal controls, resulting in

inefficient progressive traffic flows (or commonly known as the

unattainable green wave effect). Inability of existing method in
determining traffic demand and provide suitable time split when the
traffic volume exceeds its capacity is another main factor which lead to
traffic congestion.

Map of Kajang city

Picture in kajang

Proposed systems:
My proposal must include:

1- Overall Diagram

2- Traffic light system:

Considering the important role of traffic signals in Traffic Management
and Control Strategies, one of the major responsibilities of City Traffic
is to installing, operating and maintaining Traffic signals of all
signalized intersections throughout the city .
Major activities in this area includes equipping non signalized
intersections with the appropriate types of signals and developing
Intelligent Intersections Network centrally managed and coordinated by
integrated management system.
In crowded cities, it is difficult to implement a normal traffic control
system, because of the variation of flow of roads vehicles during
different period of time, many parameters must be considered to
develop a certain traffic control system. The proposed system in
(KAJANG) city consists of many subsystems working together under
certain roles in order to increase the overall system efficiency.
These subsystems are defined as:
The main control subsystem, which is responsible of the original traffic
control including traffic period for each section of traffic lights.
Intelligent sensors subsystem, which is responsible to give priority to
the emergency vehicles passing through the interring roads to the
intersection.
With this intelligent system different types of images are captured
during different periods per day, these images are known as empty,
normal and full traffic, Firstly the control system is designed and
implemented according to the previous measurements that happen to
specify the time periods for each road intersection, Then secondly,
traffic can be classified in three levels, according to the number of
vehicles present at the captured road:
First level indicates a small number of vehicles present, in which the
control system passed to the normal position and there is no increment
in any time period.
Second level indicates a medium number of vehicles present, in which
the control system passed to the congestion position so an increment
of time period is applied (according to the size of congestion) to correct
this event.

 Third level indicates an emergency vehicle present, in which the

control system passed to the emergency position so a sudden signal
allowed giving a priority to this road.

3- Smart surveillance system:

The smart surveillance system, through automatic detection devices,
identifies defined events and submits digital images to the
headquarters. Smart surveillance is usually applied to control the
territory, to limit access to pedestrian areas or zones limited to traffic,
to punish the unauthorized use of bus lanes and illegal parking, or to
manage traffic lights. The surveillance system increases road safety by
reducing accidents, traffic rules violations, vandalism and crime. It also
reduces air pollution through tracking cars that illegally enter traffic
limited zones.
The smart surveillance system consists of the smart cameras and the
microprocessors which are connected to the control room computer.
The integration of these advanced image sensors with highperformance processors into an embedded system facilitates new
application classes such as smart cameras. Smart cameras not only
capture images or video sequences, they further perform high-level
image processing such as motion analysis and face recognition onboard and transmit the (compressed) video data as well as the
extracted video information via a network.
Smart image sensors can overcome problems like large intensity
contrasts due to weather conditions or road lights and further
blooming, which is an inherent weakness of existing image sensors.
Furthermore, noise in the video data is reduced by the capability of
video computation. Thus, the smart camera delivers a new video
quality and better video analysis results, if it is compared to existing
solutions.
The basic component of the image processing system for the smart
surveillance system comprises of the smart surveillance camera,
multiplexer, image grabber and a Windows based computer. Data
input is provided by the smart surveillance camera which produces
analogue electrical signals which is then digitized and stored in the
frame memory of the computer for further processing.

Uses of Smart surveillance system:

The benefits from install the smart surveillance system in Mansour
district are: Improve safety and reduce congestion at intersections.
Presence detection feature provides customizable data to traffic
controllers about the presence or absence of a vehicle within a
specified zone. It detects both moving and stopped vehicles.
Directional sensitive presence detection to discriminate vehicle
detections based on the travelling direction of a vehicle through the
detection zone
Stopped vehicle on a specific lane or in the center of the
intersection.
Actual queue length for vehicle stopped at the stop bar.
Average vehicle waiting time at the stop bar.
Pedestrian detection, triggered when a movement by pedestrians is
detected within a detection zone.

4- Variable message system (VMS):

Electronic traffic signs can be placed in a wide range of places like
highways, major road junctions, and urban arteries. Typically installed
at the above the roadway, the VMS uses text and graphics in
monochrome or color. The versatility of variable message signs makes
them suitable for providing traffic information for a variety of situations
including emergencies, construction, and road closures. The VMS can
also be used to communicate events and activities, public office
schedules, waste collection, parking availability, and travel warnings in
several languages .
Displays are built with long life technology that is easily visible in all
types of weather and through the use of a solar sensor; the brightness
can be adjusted for both clear day and night viewing. The display
system can operate as a stand-alone system or be integrated with
other traffic control and management systems providing data for traffic.
Solar Powered Variable Message Signs reducing energy consumption
is not only an economic factor by developed an innovative technology
for piloting, which maximizes efficiency and minimizes energy
consumption of the VMS .
Uses the best existing technology for low consumption application,
power supplies with low dispersion, optimized electronic control, heat
dissipation without external air exchange, and high thermal dissipation
paint. Thanks to the possibility to use a battery and photovoltaic panel,
the main strength energy autonomy :
a) Saving operating and maintenance costs.
b) Installation time and costs reduction.
c) Installation without electric cable constraints.
d) Optimal Brightness.
e) Virtually Maintenance Free.
f) Black-out Operation Guaranteed.

5- Communication system:
Communication system is very crucial in an urban traffic control for the
following purposes:
a) Synchronization of controller timer at each intersection for offset
implementation.
b) Exchange of traffic data between controllers.
c) Malfunction reporting from each controller to the control room.
d) Incident reporting to the control room.
e) Use of the smart camera for surveillance purpose.
f) Data compilation at the control room would be used for the benefit of
road users and research purposes.
Laying copper or fiber optic cable for this purpose is relatively very
expensive and involves road digging. Renting existing commercial
telecommunication cable also involves high operating cost. A wireless
communication system is an alternative option to avoid high initial and
running cost. Another alternative is using power cable plug Ethernet.
This is actually a simple device that enables electricity cable to
become cable at the same time.
This option will reduce communication cost tremendously as it will use
existing power supply cable as the communication line with reasonable
bandwidth.

6- Estimated cost to install such as system:

Low cost solutions are the second outcome of this study, ranging from
setting the optimum timing manually to an intelligent system with
communication system. The intelligent system is based on distributed
control system using microprocessors whereas the communication system
is based on wireless system or system using power cable as the
communication medium to minimize cost.
Installation is a very important part as it directly affects the cost and also
the durability of the items installed. For every intersection, many items are
needed to be installed. They comprise of video cameras, an industrial PC,
an image grabbing card, a multiplexer and support equipment such as
video recorder and uninterrupted power supply which were placed beside
the traffic light controller.
Type
Traffic light
SSM

item
No of item
Maintenance
camera
100
New
VMS
construction
New
Communication construction
system
with new
building

cost
100

Total cost
1000,000$
10000$
2000,000$

1000,000,0$