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INTRODUCTION
even the network itself. In this process the grid capabilities are
scaled up and linked to thousands of power sources, including
most importantly, the renewable energy sources. The
integration enables the generation of new data which can be
turned into real insight, sub serving timely decision making, in
real time, which is not merely desirable but is a desideratum.
Smart Grid offers tailor made solutions for the kind of
distribution and transmission losses of the order of 32.53%
[5] that is occurring in countries like India. If these losses are
avoided by the introduction of Smart grids it will have the
salutary effect of offsetting the energy shortage which in India
is currently as high as around 11% and the peak capacity
shortage ruling at 11.3%.
A. What is a Smart Grid?
As per the conceptualized vision of Smart Grid
the
shape 21st century grid is fashioned on a model that
exploits the huge progress that has been made in the digital
technology and advanced materials.[6]. The term "smart grid"
refers to a modernized electrical power distribution network
with long-distance transmission lines that incorporates
networked intelligent digital sensors to optimize operations,
benefit customers and the environment, increase efficiency,
and coordinate small and alternative power sources. The
benefits of smart grid are numerous. A smart grid would save
energy and emit less carbon and hence it is eco friendly. A
smart pre supposes intelligent, networked electric meters that
can track electricity use and adjust rates and usage patterns
automatically. It would make it easier to integrate alternative,
intermittent power sources like wind and solar into the
electrical supply. And finally it would have more-efficient,
superconducting transmission lines to reduce losses similar to
the Tres Amigas Superstation near Clovis linking US three
main power grids in Texas, Eastern and Western states for the
first time which would allow buyers and sellers to send and
receive renewable energy anywhere in the U.S.[7]. What is
more, it is going to boost Renewable energy use as developers
connect facilities to the superstation, and send electricity
through PNMs [an energy holding company based in the U.S.
state of New Mexico.]system to Tres Amigas from other
places.
Todays power grid is primarily composed of three
components; viz, Generation (central generating station),
Transmission and Distribution ( operated from control centers)
facilities. As per Smart Grid Basics it refers to the
progressive evolution of the electricity network towards a
network that monitors and controls grid activities, ensuring a
two-way flow of electricity and information between power
plants and consumersand all points in between[8], in order
to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure
electricity supply. It can be defined as an electric system that
uses two way information, cyber secure communication
technologies, and computational intelligence in an integrated
way across power generation to distribution systems .
Source:www. : Dmc.uae.net
Actually, Smart Grid is an auto balancing, self monitoring and
intelligent power system that accepts any source of fuel and
transforms it into consumers end use with minimal human
intervention, that will allow optimized use of Renewable
Energy Sources (RES), thereby reducing /minimizing the
collective environmental carbon foot print.
A smart
grid,
is one that enables real time
communication between the consumer and utility allowing to
optimize a consumers energy usage based on environmental
and/ or price preferences and operates by the infusion of the
interoperable hardware and software components. SG has the
capability to accommodate technical difficulties of integrating
renewable resources like wind and solar to the grid, providing
further reduction to GHG emissions. Under the remit of the
discussion comes various Smart concepts & solutions , key
aspects and challenges for smart Grids implementation on the
generation, transmission and distribution sides respectively.
Source: tamunews.tamu.edu
grid and practical aspects has laid down solid basis for the
development of SG .in the following technical aspects:
A.
Generation Link
Source: www.gocanvas.com
E .Information building block(IBB)
IBB includes construction of system information collection,
load management system, automatic meter reading system.
And other related systems.
IV CONCLUSION:
Traditional methods used to evaluate distributed energy
resources (DER) do not adequately capture the range of
benefits potentially offered by energy storage system. The
overarching benefits of Grid modernization are far too
numerous and far reaching. They encompass power quality
enhancement like reduction of harmonics and momentary
voltage excursions, reliability, national security, economic
vitality, and reduced environmental impact. Country specific
benefits include,(1) virtual elimination of cascading outages,
(2) improved tolerance to natural disasters(3) improved public
and worker safety(4) reduced energy losses and reduced
transmission congestion coupled with efficient electrical
generation (5) fuller utilization of Grid assets (6) more
targeted &efficient Grid maintenance & fewer equipment
failures. What will be most noteworthy about the Smart Grids
will be that new renewable power sources that are at present
out of reach of most of the present day centralized
transmission grid will be connected by building new lines to
these upcoming plants, in what is going to be an advancement
from quasi-steady to dynamic. In this process, as demonstrated
by Amperion, traditional communication technologies like
optic fiber and micro wave are going to be speedily replaced
by Broad band over power line (BPL) for application on
transmission lines. Currently a 5 mile,69kV line is operating
in the US at megabit per second data rates with latency of less
than 10 milliseconds. In The US this high voltage BPL
technology is now waiting to be extended to 138 kV. The
proper application of FACTS devices, dynamic circuit ratings
and other transmission technologies will allow the deferral of
some transmission line additions. Improved transmission line
power-transfer capability means fewer lines are ultimately
needed, which also lessens environmental impact. EPRI[
Electric Power Research Institute,US] has estimated a 4 to 1
societal benefit ratio.
The cause of the outages in US was not recognizing load
and stability restrictions- on account of human errorwhich
suggested a remedy of institution of improved system wide
monitoring, alarms and power state estimation programs. A
distance relay system has to have the ability to differentiate
between fault and load especially when the system is under
stress. Transmission enhancements required for 21st century
are: bulk storage devices like flow batteries, FACTs devices
like Unified power flow controllers ,static var compensators,
static synchronous compensators, and current limiting
devices(CLDs) based on high temperature super conductivity.
These devices will make the transmission much more
accommodating of variations in load and /or voltage. Of these,
FACTS represents a mature technology to control AC
transmission system parameter and this increase power
transfer capability and improve voltage regulation Changes in
Generation and load pattern may make such flexibility
extremely desirable.
REFERENCES:
[1] The NETL Modern Grid Initiative Powering our