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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong 1,
Giheung-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 446-701, South Korea
School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, South Korea
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 17 February 2014
Received in revised form
16 July 2014
Accepted 24 July 2014
Available online 21 August 2014
A novel combined system that combines a MEEeABHP (multi-effect evaporationeabsorption heat pump)
with a VCR (vapor-compression refrigeration) cycle is proposed to simultaneously generate cooling and
fresh water. In the combined system, the condenser of the VCR system is replaced by the MEEeABHP
system, where a portion of the fresh water produced in the last effect of the MEE (multi-effect evaporation) system is used as the refrigerant for the VCR system. In Part 1 of this two-part paper, model-based
energy and cost analysis is developed to quantify and qualify the performance of the combined system.
Parametric analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of absorber pressure (PA), temperature difference between effects of the MEE subsystem (DTMEE), temperature of the strong solution from absorber
(T1), and temperature of the weak solution from generator (T4) on the performance of the system. In Part
2, thermo-economic and exergy analysis is conducted to evaluate the exibility of the system for fuel
allocation from different available power and heat energy sources. The results of Part 1 showed that the
combined system can save 57.12%, 5.61%, and 25.6% in electric power, heat energy, and total annual cost
compared to the stand-alone VCR and MEEeABHP systems, respectively.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Combined system
Desalination
Refrigeration
Absorption
MEE (multi-effect evaporation)
VCR (vapor-compression refrigeration)
1. Introduction
In the Middle East, which is water-decient region with a warm
climate, fresh water and cooling are often required simultaneously
and are generated separately by stand-alone desalination and
refrigeration systems [1]. The two most widely used desalination
techniques are RO (reverse osmosis) membrane separation and
thermal desalination. In the thermal desalination salt is separated
from water by evaporation and condensations processes, whereas
in the RO process semi-permeable and driving forces like pressure
are used to separate salts from water. The membrane processes
have rapidly developed and surpassed the thermal process because
of the lower energy consumption, higher recovery factor and lower
desalted water costs. Despite of higher energy consumption, thermal desalination systems have remained the most frequently
applied technology due to lack of the discharge of brine chemical
investigated a LT-MEE desalination system combined with a singleeffect LiBreH2O ABHP with regard to energy and economics to
improve the understanding of the system. Li et al. [6] studied the
feasibility of using low-grade heat for thermal desalination via a
hybrid absorption heat pump system with ammonia-water working uid. Their results showed that the proposed system was
competitive with the reverse osmosis technology with regard to
power consumption. Gomri [7] compared the inuence of absorber
temperature and intermediate heat source temperature on energy
efciency, exergy efciency, and freshwater production of single
effect and double effect absorption heat pumps system used for
seawater desalination.
As investigated in the literature, the absorption cycles are
combined with the desalination system only to increase the fresh
water production not for cooling. Therefore, cooling is often separately generated by refrigeration cycles. The two most widely used
techniques to generate cooling are vapor compression and absorption. Recently, several studies have been carried out on application of refrigeration cycles [11e23]. To continue the refrigeration
cycle in both systems, the heat should be absorbed from the cold
environment by an evaporator and released to the hot environment
by a condenser, which can be recovered as a heat source for many
purposes such as the desalination process [24].
Therefore, refrigeration and desalination systems can be combined to simultaneously generate cooling and fresh water more
efciently and economically than two single-generation systems.
Recently, several studies have been conducted on combining
desalination systems and refrigeration cycles by recovering the
waste heats from the refrigeration cycle as an energy source for the
thermal desalination system.
Gude and Nirmalakhandan [25] presented a combined lowgrade desalination system with a modied absorption refrigeration system. In their study, heat rejected by the condenser of the
absorption refrigeration system was upgraded as an energy source
for desalination. Hou et al. [26] presented an open air-vapor
compression refrigeration system for both air-conditioning and
desalination on ships. In their proposed system, fresh water is obtained using humid-air dehumidication and a ash desalination
process. Wang and Lior [27] proposed a combined absorption
refrigeration cycle with a LT-MEE desalination system in which the
condenser of the absorption system is replaced by the rst effect of
the LT-MEE system. Janghorban Esfahani et al. [28] proposed a new
combined GT (gas turbine) and RO (reverse osmosis) desalination
system that uses a vapor compression refrigeration system to cool
the compressor inlet air and preheat the RO feed water by recovering waste heat from the refrigeration system condenser.
As investigated in the literature, recent research efforts have
focused on waste heat recovery from the refrigeration cycle as an
energy source for an LT-MEE desalination system. However,
combing highly efcient desalination systems such as MEEeABHP
with refrigeration systems to co-generate fresh water and cooling is
scarce.
This study proposes a new combined MEEeABHP with a VCR
(vapor-compression refrigeration) system that simultaneously
generates cooling and fresh water with lower energy consumption
and total annual cost compared to the systems proposed in the
literature. In the combined system, the condenser of the VCR system is replaced by a MEEeABHP system, where a portion of the
fresh water produced in the last stage of the MEEeABHP system is
used as the refrigerant for the VCR system. Two compressors are
used to compress the refrigerant, which increases the exibility of
the system by using both electricity and heat as energy sources. A
low pressure compressor is used to compress a portion of the
refrigerant, which is condensed in the absorber of the ABHP subsystem. A high pressure compressor is used to provide a portion of
313
314
Fig. 1. Schematic of the proposed combined MEEeABHP system with VCR system.
stages, and the other part is rejected back to the sea (stream 19)
[32,33].
The system presented in Fig. 2 is suggested in order to replace a
portion of the required energy for the MEE system with electric
power; the system combines the MEEeABHP system and VCR
system with two compressors. In this system, the refrigerant
coming from the evaporator is divided into two parts: one part is
compressed by the low pressure compressor and sent to the
absorber, and the other part is compressed by a high pressure
compressor and sent to the tube side of the rst stage as an energy
source. The high pressure compressor operates as a mechanical
heat pump for the MEE subsystem, which can reduce the energy
consumption of the MEE system and consume electric power
Fig. 2. Schematic of the proposed combined MEEeABHP system with VCR system with two compressors.
m_ 3 m_ 7 m_ 4
(1)
m_ 3 x3 m_ 7 x7 m_ 4 x4
(2)
Q_ G: m_ 4 h4 m_ 7 h7 m_ 3 h3
(3)
(4)
2.2.1.1.3. EV. (solution expansion valve). Mass and energy balance equations for the solution expansion valve are given by Eqs.
(5) and (6), respectively [33].
m_ 5 m_ 6
(5)
m_ 5 h5 m_ 6 h6
(6)
_ pump m_ 1 $v$PG PA
W
hpump
(7)
where hpump and v are isentropic efciency of the pump and the
specic volume of the solution.
2.2.1.1.5. A. (absorber). Mass, concentration, and energy balance
equations are presented in Eqs. (8)e(10), respectively [33].
m_ Di $Li m_ F1 $Cp Ti Tf i
i
m_ 1 m_ 10 m_ 6 m_ 16
(8)
m_ 1 x1 m_ 6 x6
(9)
Q_ A: m_ 6 h6 m_ 10 h10 m_ 16 h16 m_ 1 h1
(10)
m_ B1 m_ F1 m_ D1
(11)
2
m_ Bi m_ Fi m_ Bi1 m_ Di
4yi1 $@m_ Dr
i2
X
13
m_ Dj A5
(12)
j1
"
m_ DCon: m_ Dn m_ Dr yn $ m_ Dr $
n
1
X
!#
m_ Di
(13)
i1
"
m_ 2 h3 h2 m_ 4 h4 h5
315
m_ 18 1 yn $ m_ Dr
n1
X
!#
m_ Di
"
yn1
m_ Dr
i1
"
yn3 m_ Dr
n4
X
n2
X
!#
m_ Di
i1
!#
m_ Di
"
yn4 m_ Dr
i1
n5
X
!#
m_ Di
i1
yn5 $m_ Dr m_ DCon: m_ 13
where m_ 18 and m_ 13 are fresh water and refrigerant mass ow rates,
respectively.
The salinity balance equations for the rst stage and second to
nth stages are given by Eqs (15) and (16).
(15)
(16)
h
i
m_ 0 $L0
m_ D1 $L1 m_ F1 $ Cp T1 $T1 Cp Tf 1 $T
1
0
1
3
2
i2
X
m_ Di1 $Li1 4yi1 $@m_ Dr
m_ Dj A$Li1 5 i 1$m_ Fi1 $yi1 $Li1 m_ Bi1 $C$ DTi1;i
j1
(14)
(17)
(18)
316
m_ 0 m_ 7 m_ 23 m_ 12
(19)
COPVCR
DTi1;i Ti1 Ti
(20)
(21)
m_ 13 m_ 14
(22)
m_ 13 h13 m_ 14 h14
(23)
(24)
_
_ com: m21 h16is h21
W
LP
hcom:LP
(25)
_
_ com: m22 h23is h22
W
HP
hcom:HP
(26)
m13 m_ 21
m_ 13
GORMEEABHP
(27)
(28)
m_ fresh water
m_ 8
(29)
(30)
where ACC and AOC are the annual capital cost and annual operating cost, respectively. The economic model equations that are
used to calculate TAC are presented by Eqs. (31)e(47).
The capital cost of the generator, condenser, evaporator,
absorber, and solution heat exchanger are calculated by the power
law relation given by Eq. (31) [41].
Zk ZR:k $
Ak
AR
0:6
(31)
where subscripts LP, HP, and is represent low pressure and high
pressure, and isentropic, respectively. The specic enthalpy of
steam is calculated by IPAWS-97 thermodynamic property function
built in EES software [29].
The RR (refrigerant ratio) from the low pressure compressor to
the high pressure compressor is calculated by Eq. (27).
RR
Q_ Eva:
_ com:
W
Zk;2009 Zk
CI2009
CI2000
(32)
Table 1
Reference costs of components (AR 100 m2, WR,pump 10 kW,
WR,Motor 10 kW) [41].
Component (k)
Generator
Absorber
Solution heat exchanger
Evaporator
Condenser
Expansion valve
17,500
16,500
12,000
16,000
8000
300
Table 1. CI2009, and CI2000 are the Marshall and Swift equipment cost
index at year 2009, and 2000, respectively, which can be found in
Ref. [41].
The heat transfer area of each component in Eq. (31) is given by
Eq. (33).
Ak
Qk
Uk $LMTDk
(33)
LMTDk
Th;i Tc;i Th;e Tc;e
(34)
T T
h;i
c;i
ln Th;e
Tc;e
_
Zpump 308:9$W
pump
317
CRF
i$1 iLC
(37)
1 iLC 1
where CRF is amortization factor. i and LC are interest rate and plant
life cycle which are assumed to be equal to 15% and 20 years,
respectively.
The AOC (annual operating cost) mainly includes the cost of
energy (heat and power), labor cost, chemical cost, and insurance
cost. The equations for calculation of last three terms of the annual
operating cost are presented in Table 2. The costs of the power and
heat are assigned based on the price of electricity and saturated
steam at pressure 0.25 MPa being 0.07 $/kWh and 11 $/ton [5].
2.3. Model validation
The simulated models were validated by comparing the simulation results of the MEEeABHP and VCR systems with those found
in the relevant literature [1,4,24] under the same conditions (for
example, the relative errors of the net power generation of the SIGT
and the gain output ratio of the METVC desalination system are
both within 2.75%).
(35)
Po
hcom:
$
Zcom: 7364$m_ refrigerant $
Pi
1 hcom:
(36)
Table 3
Initial operating parameters and thermodynamic parameters for VCR, MEEeABHP,
and MEEeABHPeVCR systems.
Parameter
Equations
Descriptions
Capital costs
Area cost ($)
CA Zeffects;MEE Zcon;MEE
(38)
Ceq 4$CA
(39)
Csite 0.2$Ceq
Ctr 0.05$(CA Ceq Cs)
Cb 0.15$Ceq
Cen 0.1$Ceq
Cc 0.1$(CA Ceq Cs)
Operating cost
Cl 0.1 pf$Q$365
Cch 0.04 pf$Q$365
Cin 0.005$CA
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
Equipment cost
(evaporator, condenser)
Site cost ($)
Transportation costs ($)
Building costs ($)
Engineers and salary costs ($)
Contingency costs ($)
(45)
(46)
(47)
Units
10
10
91
Steam
40
6
30,000
0.07
C
C
%
e
C
C
kW
$/kWh
7.5
6
3
500
91
30,000
70,000
79.2
117.4
15,000
11
kPa
e
C
kPa
%
ppm
ppm
C
C
m3/d
$/ton
7.5
6
3
500
91
91
30,000
70,000
79.2
117.4
6
15,000
30,000
0.07
11
kPa
e
C
kPa
%
%
ppm
ppm
C
C
C
m3/d
kW
$/kWh
$/ton
VCR system
DTmin,Eva.
DTmin,con.
hcom
Refrigerant type
Tamb.
T14
Qcooling
Electric power price
MEEeABHP system
PA
Effect number
DTMEE
Pmotive steam
hpump
Table 2
Economic model equations for MEE subsystem for the calculations of the capital and
operating costs [40].
Value
Xsw
XB6
T1
T4
Qfresh water
Price of steam
MEEeABHPeVCR system
PA
Effect number
DTMEE
Pmotive steam
hcom
hpump
Xsw
XB6
T1
T4
T14
Qfresh water
Qcooling
Electric power price
Price of steam
318
Fig. 3. Effect of absorber pressure on (a) net power and heat energy consumptions (b)
total annual cost (c) annual capital and operating costs for an MEEeABHPeVCR system
with one compressor.
319
Fig. 5. Effect of T1 on (a) net power and heat energy consumptions (b) total annual cost
(c) capital cost and operating cost for an MEEeABHPeVCR system with one
compressor.
Fig. 4. Effect of DTMEE on (a) net power and heat energy consumptions (b) total annual
cost (c) annual capital and operating costs for an MEEeABHPeVCR system with one
compressor.
320
Fig. 6. Effect of T4 on (a) net power and heat energy consumptions (b) total annual cost
(c) capital cost and operating cost for an MEEeABHPeVCR system with one
compressor.
annual capital and operating costs, the TAC decreases with the increase of the T4.
3.2. Sensitivity analysis
The sensitivity analysis was conducted to compare the sensitivity of the system responses including net power and heat energy
consumptions, TAC, and annual capital and operating costs for
MEEeABHPeVCR system with one compressor with respect to
various conditions of 4 parameters including PA, DTMEE, T1 and T4.
321
Fig. 7. Sensitivity analysis results for the MEEeABHPeVCR system parameters: (a) heat energy consumption (b) power energy consumption (c) annual capital cost (d) annual
operating cost (e) total annual cost.
Table 4
Comparison of energy consumption, total annual cost, and performance of the VCR, MEEeABHP, and MEEeABHPeVCR systems.
System
Heat energy
consumption (kW)
Electric power
consumption (kW)
Fresh water
production (m3/d)
Cooling
generation (kW)
TAC ($/yr)
GOR
COP
VCR
MEEeAHP
MEEeABHPeVCR (low pressure com.)
Comparison
MEEeABHPeVCR (RR 0.5)
Comparison
MEEeABHPeVCR (high pressure com.)
Comparison
e
41,208
38,896
5.61%
29,677
27.98%
20,459
50.35%
11,486
e
4925
57.12%
6462
43.74%
7999
30.36%
e
15,000
15,000
e
15,000
e
15,000
e
30,000
e
30,000
e
30,000
e
30,000
e
10,690,000
16,860,000
20,500,000
25.6%
20,340,000
26.17%
20,180,000
26.75%
e
9.19
9.736
5.61%
12.76
27.97%
18.51
50.35%
2.61
e
6.093
57.13%
4.64
43.7%
3.751
30.36%
322
hf 0:141355 4:20207$T 0:000535$T 2
.
1000
0:000004$T 3
(A.1)
hv hf hfg
(A.2)
hfg 2:501$106 2:369$103 $T 2:678$101 $T 2
.
1000
8:103$103 $T 3 2:079$105 $T 4
(A.3)
4. Conclusions
In this study as Part 1 of two parts paper, new cooling and fresh
water combined system, which combines the MEEeABHP desalination system and VCR system, is suggested and investigated based
on energy and cost measurements. The energy and cost performance of the combined system are greater than those of the
MEEeABHP and VCR systems (which separately generate fresh
water and cooling) for three reasons. First, the condenser of the VCR
system is replaced by an MEEeABHP system as the waste heat of
the VCR system is recovered as an energy source for the MEEeABHP
system. Second, the pressure ratio of the compressor in the MEEeABHPeVCR system is less than that of the stand-alone VCR system. Third, the temperature of the compressor outlet stream is
increased by the ABHP subsystem and is used as an energy source
for the MEE system. The energy and economic analysis results show
that the electric power and heat energy can be decreased by 57.12%
and 5.6% and COP and GOR can be increased by 57.12% and 5.6% by
the MEEeABHPeVCR system with low pressure compressor
compared to the stand-alone systems for xed fresh water and
cooling production, respectively. Also, the total annual cost of the
MEEeABHPeVCR system is 25.6% less than that of the stand-alone
VCR and MEEeABHP systems.
hp; t
t g0t grt
RT
(A.4)
g0t
9
X
(A.5)
ni pIi Ji t 0:5Ji 1
(A.6)
i1
grt
43
X
i1
Acknowledgments
A.2. Seawater
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation
of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (NRF2012R1A1B3001400).
323
.
1000
hsw hf X a1 a2 X a3 X 2 a4 X 3 a5 T a6 T 2 a7 T 3 a8 XT a9 X 2 T a10 XT 2
a1 2:348 104 ; a2 3:152 105 ; a3 2:803 106 ; a4 1:446 107 ; a5 7:826 103 ;
a6 4:417 101 ; a7 2:139 101 ; a8 1:991 104 ; a9 2:778 104 ; a10 9:728 101
(A.7)
sf 0:1543 15:383$T 0:02996$T 2 0:00008193$T 3
.
1000
0:000000137$T 4
(B.1)
hLiBrwater
4
X
n0
an xn T
3
X
bn x n T 3 d 0
n0
(A.8)
B.2. Seawater
where x and T are solution concentration and temperature of
lithium bromideewater, respectively.
In all cases of entropy calculation the reference temperature is
considered as 25 C [35e37].
.
1000
ssw sf X a1 a2 X a3 X 2 a4 X 3 a5 T a6 T 2 a7 T 3 a8 XT a9 X 2 T a10 XT 2
a1 4:231 102 ; a2 1:463 104 ; a3 9:880 104 ; a4 3:095 105 ; a5 2:562 101 ;
a6 1:443 101 ; a7 5:879 104 ; a8 6:111 101 ; a9 8:041 101 ; a10 3:035 101
(B.2)
sLiBrwater a1 a2 a3 T 2 A4 x a5 xT a6 xT 2 a7 x2 a8 x2 T a9 x3 a10 x4
a1 1:01961E3; a2 1:101529E 1; a3 1:042150E 2;
a4 1:036935E2; a5 5:87032E 2; a6 8:63107E 5;
a7 3:266802; a8 3:16683E 4; a9 4:100993E 2;
a10 1:790548E 4
(B.3)
324
Appendix C
Table C.1
Heat transfer area, heat transfer coefcient and logarithmic mean temperature difference equations [4].
Equations
Descriptions
Area of effect 1
m0 $L0
Ue1 $T0C T1
Ae1
(C.1)
Area of effect 2 to n
Di1
Dr
i 1 $yi1 $Fi $Li1
j1 Dj $yi1
Pi2
Aej
Uei $Tvi1 Ti
(C.2)
Total area of effects
Atot
n
X
Ai
(C.3)
i1
AHi
i$Fi $C$ Tf i Tf i1
(C.4)
UHi $LMTDHi
AHn
n$Fn $ Tf n Tf
(C.5)
UHn $LMTDHn
Condenser area
Acon:
Dcon:
Dr
Pn1
j1
Dj $yn
$Ln
(C.6)
Ucon: $LMTDcon:
For effect 1
2
3
2:3186 106 $T0c
Ue1 1:9394 1:40562 103 $T0c 2:07525 105 $T0c
(C.7)
Uei 1:9394 1:40562 103 $Tvi1 2:07525 105 $Tv2i1 2:3186 106 $Tv3i1
(C.8)
(C.9)
For effects 2 to n
(C.10)
Ucon: 1:6175 1:537 104 $Tvn 1:825 104 $Tv2n 8:026 108 $Tv3n
(C.11)
!
Tvi Tf i1
LMTDHi Tf i Tf i1
ln
Tvi Tf i
(C.12)
Tvn1 Tf
ln
LMTDHn1 Tf n1 Tf
Tvn1 Tf n1
!
Tv Tsw
ln n
LMTDcon: Tf Tsw
Tvn Tf
!
(C.13)
325
Appendix D
Table D.1
Polynomial equations for responses with respects to parameters.
R2 (%)
Polynomial equations
For heat energy consumption
Q PA 45353:7 809:574$PA 19:888$PA2
2
Q DTMEE 37166 83:7122$DTMEE 219:77$DTMEE
Q T1 5:049673E4 3:741358E2$T1 2:874453$T12
Q T4 288458 6089:14$T4 49:6028$T42 0:134949$T43
For power consumption
PowerPA 730:923 685:767$PA 16:9873$PA2
2
3
PowerDTMEE 4921:65 2:55595$DTMEE 0:975026$DTMEE
0:149924$DTMEE
PowerT1 4:94312E3 0:5272619$T1 3:70358E 3$T12
PowerT4 4966:85 0:673947$T4 0:00267495$T42
For capital cost
CCPA 2:52712E7 5:49809E6$PA 835247$PA2 58241:7$PA3 1530:69$PA4
2
3
CCDTMEE 5:58619E7 3:15783E7$DTMEE 7:51610E6$DTMEE
6:47956E5$DTMEE
CCT1 1:156886E7 8:134481E3$T1 59:79869T12
CCT4 1:220102E7 1:520654E4$T4 64:13320$T42
For operating cost
OCPA 7:27305E6 319198$PA 8275:65$PA2
2
OCDTMEE 8:93068E6 1:417006E4$DTMEE 3:517890E4$DTMEE
OCT1 1:106149E7 5:982119E4$T1 4:593880E2$T12
OCT4 4:906959E7 9:726187E5$T4 7922:78$T42 21:5542$T43
For total annual cost
TACPA 7:64892E7 3:741E7$PA 1:04432E7$PA2
2
3
TACDTMEE 6:44208E7 3:12021E7$DTMEE 7:41811E6$DTMEE
633158$DTMEE
TACT1 2:26304E7 67955:7$T1 519:187$T12
TACT4 6:17212E7 9:99347E5$T4 8:085095E3$T42 21:83293$T43
Sensitivity value
39.776
439.54
5.75
11.69
33.9746
685:767 33:9746$PA
2:55595 1:950052$DTMEE
2
0:449772$DTMEE
99.99
99.99
99.96
99.98
99.95
99.99
99.97
99.96
99.99
99.96
99.97
99.99
99.96
99.99
99.97
99.99
References
Table D.2
Polynomial equations' derivative functions with sensitivity values
Polynomial equations' derivative functions
99.99
99.96
99.97
99.99
1.952
0.0074
0:673947 0:0053499$T4
For capital cost
0.0053
759,876
16551.3
20,886,400
2,517,000
119.597
128.266
70357.8
918.776
1881
2,232,000
1038.37
28,623
326
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Nomenclature
A: absorber
ABHP: absorption heat pump
ACC: annual capital cost, $/yr
AOC: annual operating cost, $/yr
BPE: boiling point evaluation, C
Con.: condenser
Com.: compressor
Cp: specic heat capacity, kJ/kg C
CRF: amortization factor
ex: specic exergy, kJ/kg
Ex: exergy, kJ
G: generator
h: specic enthalpy, kJ/kg
HP: high pressure
L: latent heat
LC: life cycle
LP: low pressure
MEE: multi effect evaporation
MSF: multi stage ashing
m: mass ow rate, kg/s
NEA: non-equilibrium allowance
n: number of effects in the MED-TVC system
P: pressure, bar
pf: plant load factor
Q: heat ow rate
Qfresh water: fresh water ow rate
RR: refrigerant ow-rate ratio
s: specic entropy, kJ/kg K
SJE: steam jet ejector
SHX: solution heat exchanger
T: temperature, C
TAC: total annual cost, $/yr
0
T : temperature of brine in each effect
T: temperature of brine after cooling
U: heat transfer coefcient, kW/m2k
v: specic volume, m3/kg
W: power, MW
X: salinity, ppm
x: solution concentration based on mass fraction of LiBr
y: ashing fraction
Subscripts
amb: ambient
A: absorber
B: brine
D: distillate
f: feed water
F: seawater stream
sw: seawater
n: saturated vapor
Greek