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STANDARDMETHODSFORTHEEXAMINATIONOFWATERANDWASTEWATER
PREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
Inordertopromotepubliceducationandpublicsafety,equaljusticeforall,abetterinformedcitizenry,
theruleoflaw,worldtradeandworldpeace,thislegaldocumentisherebymadeavailableonanoncommercial
basis,asitistherightofallhumanstoknowandspeakthelawsthatgovernthem.
ENDOFPREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
STANDARDMETHODSFORTHEEXAMINATIONOFWATERAND
WASTEWATER
18THEDITION1992
Preparedandpublishedjointlyby:
AMERICANPUBLICHEALTHASSOCIATION
AMERICANWATERWORKSASSOCIATION
WATERENVIRONMENT FEDERATION
JointEditorialBoard
ArnoldE.Greenberg,APHA,Chairman
LenoreS.Clesceri,WEF
AndrewD.Eaton,AWWA
ManagingEditor
MaryAnnH.Franson
PublicationOffice
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
1015FifteenthStreet,NW
Washington,DC20005
ii
Copyright1917,1920,1923,and1925by
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
Copyright1933,1936,and1946by
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
Copyright1955,1960,and1965by
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
WaterPollutionControlFederation
Copyright1971by
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
WaterPollutionControlFederation
Copyright1976by
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
WaterPollutionControlFederation
Copyright1981by
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
WaterPollutionControlFederation
Copyright1985by
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
WaterPollutionControlFederation
Copyright1989by
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
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STANDARDMETHODSFORTHEEXAMINATIONOFWATERANDWASTEWATER
AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
WaterPollutionControlFederation
Copyright1992by
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
WaterEnvironmentFederation
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,graphicallyorelectronically,including
enteringinstorageorretrievalsystems,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublishers.
30M7/92
TheLibraryofCongresshascataloguedthisworkasfollows:
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation.
Standardmethodsfortheexaminationofwaterandwastewater.
ISBN0875532071
PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
Composition:EPSGroup,Inc.,Hanover,Maryland
Setin:TimesRoman
Printing:VictorGraphics,Inc.,Baltimore,Maryland
Binding:AmericanTradeBindery,Baltimore,Maryland
CoverDesign:DRPollardandAssociates,Inc.,Arlington,Virginia
iii
2120COLOR*
2120A.Introduction
Colorinwatermayresultfromthepresenceofnaturalmetallicions(ironandmanganese),humusand
peatmaterials,plankton,weeds,andindustrialwastes.Colorisremovedtomakeawatersuitableforgeneral
andindustrialapplications.Coloredindustrialwastewatersmayrequirecolorremovalbeforedischargeinto
watercourses.
1.Definitions
Thetermcolorisusedheretomeantruecolor,thatis,thecolorofwaterfromwhichturbidityhas
beenremoved.Thetermapparentcolorincludesnotonlycolorduetosubstancesinsolution,butalsothat
duetosuspendedmatter.Apparentcolorisdeterminedontheoriginalsamplewithoutfiltrationor
centrifugation.Insomehighlycoloredindustrialwastewaterscoloriscontributedprincipallybycolloidalor
suspendedmaterial.Insuchcasesbothtruecolorandapparentcolorshouldbedetermined.
*ApprovedbyStandardMethodsCommittee.1988.
2-1
2.PretreatmentforTurbidityRemoval
Todeterminecolorbycurrentlyacceptedmethods,turbiditymustberemovedbeforeanalysis.The
optimalmethodforremovingturbiditywithoutremovingcolorhasnotbeenfoundyet.Filtrationyieldsresults
thatarereproduciblefromdaytodayandamonglaboratories.However,somefiltrationproceduresalsomay
removesometruecolor.Centrifugationavoidsinteractionofcolorwithfiltermaterials,butresultsvarywiththe
samplenatureandsizeandspeedofthecentrifuge.Whensampledilutionisnecessary,whetheritprecedesor
followsturbidityremoval,itcanalterthemeasuredcoloriflargecolorbodiesarepresent.
Acceptablepretreatmentproceduresareincludedwitheachmethod.Statethepretreatmentmethod
whenreportingresults.
3.SelectionofMethod
Thevisualcomparisonmethodisapplicabletonearlyallsamplesofpotablewater.Pollutionbycertain
industrialwastesmayproduceunusualcolorsthatcannotbematched.Inthiscaseuseaninstrumentalmethod.
Amodificationofthetristimulusandthespectrophotometricmethodsallowscalculationofasinglecolorvalue
representinguniformchromaticitydifferencesevenwhenthesampleexhibitscolorsignificantlydifferentfrom
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thatofplatinumcobaltstandards.Forcomparisonofcolorvaluesamonglaboratories,calibratethevisual
methodbytheinstrumentalprocedures.
4.Bibliography
OPTICALSOCIETY OFAMERICA.1943.CommitteeReport.Theconceptofcolor.J.Opt.Soc.Amer.
33:544.
JONES,H.etal.1952.TheScienceofColor.ThomasY.CrowellCo.,NewYork,N.Y.
2120B.VisualComparisonMethod
1.GeneralDiscussion
a.Principle:Colorisdeterminedbyvisualcomparisonofthesamplewithknownconcentrationsof
coloredsolutions.Comparisonalsomaybemadewithspecial,properlycalibratedglasscolordisks.The
platinumcobaltmethodofmeasuringcoloristhestandardmethod,theunitofcolorbeingthatproducedby1
mgplatinum/Lintheformofthechloroplatinateion.Theratioofcobalttoplatinummaybevariedtomatch
thehueinspecialcasestheproportiongivenbelowisusuallysatisfactorytomatchthecolorofnaturalwaters.
b.Application:Theplatinumcobaltmethodisusefulformeasuringcolorofpotablewaterandofwater
inwhichcolorisduetonaturallyoccurringmaterials.Itisnotapplicabletomosthighlycoloredindustrial
wastewaters.
c.Interference:Evenaslightturbiditycausestheapparentcolortobenoticeablyhigherthanthetrue
colorthereforeremoveturbiditybeforeapproximatingtruecolorbydifferentialreadingwithdifferentcolor
filters1orbydifferentialscatteringmeasurements.2Neithertechnique,however,hasreachedthestatusofa
standardmethod.RemoveturbiditybycentrifugationorbythefiltrationproceduredescribedunderMethodC.
Centrifugefor1hunlessithasbeendemonstratedthatcentrifugationunderotherconditionsaccomplishes
satisfactoryturbidityremoval.
ThecolorvalueofwaterisextremelypHdependentandinvariablyincreasesasthepHofthewateris
raised.Whenreportingacolorvalue,specifythepHatwhichcolorisdetermined.Forresearchpurposesor
whencolorvaluesaretobecomparedamonglaboratories,determinethecolorresponseofagivenwaterovera
widerangeofpHvalues.3
d.Fieldmethod:Becausetheplatinumcobaltstandardmethodisnotconvenientforfielduse,compare
watercolorwiththatofglassdisksheldattheendofmetallictubescontainingglasscomparatortubesfilled
withsampleandcolorlessdistilledwater.Matchsamplecolorwiththecolorofthetubeofclearwaterplusthe
calibratedcoloredglasswhenviewedbylookingtowardawhitesurface.Calibrateeachdisktocorrespondwith
thecolorsontheplatinumcobaltscale.Theglassdisksgiveresultsinsubstantialagreementwiththoseobtained
bytheplatinumcobaltmethodandtheiruseisrecognizedasastandardfieldprocedure.
e.Nonstandardlaboratorymethods:Usingglassdisksorliquidsotherthanwaterasstandardsfor
laboratoryworkispermissibleonlyifthesehavebeenindividuallycalibratedagainstplatinumcobaltstandards.
Watersofhighlyunusualcolor,suchasthosethatmayoccurbymixturewithcertainindustrialwastes,may
havehuessofarremovedfromthoseoftheplatinumcobaltstandardsthatcomparisonbythestandardmethod
isdifficultorimpossible.Forsuchwaters,usethemethodsinSections2120CandD.However,resultsso
obtainedarenotdirectlycomparabletothoseobtainedwithplatinumcobaltstandards.
f.Sampling:Collectrepresentativesamplesincleanglassware.Makethecolordeterminationwithina
reasonableperiodbecausebiologicalorphysicalchangesoccurringinstoragemayaffectcolor.Withnaturally
coloredwatersthesechangesinvariablyleadtopoorresults.
2.Apparatus
a.Nesslertubes,matched,50mL,tallform.
b.pHmeter,fordeterminingsamplepH(seeSection4500H+).
3.PreparationofStandards
a.Ifareliablesupplyofpotassiumchloroplatinatecannotbepurchased,usechloroplatinicacidprepared
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frommetallicplatinum.Donotusecommercialchloroplatinicacidbecauseitisveryhygroscopicandmayvary
inplatinumcontent.Potassiumchloroplatinateisnothygroscopic.
b.Dissolve1.246gpotassiumchloroplatinate,K2PtCl6(equivalentto500mgmetallicPt)and1.00g
crystallizedcobaltouschloride,CoCl26H2O(equivalenttoabout250mgmetallicCo)indistilledwaterwith100
mLconcHClanddiluteto1000mLwithdistilledwater.Thisstockstandardhasacolorof500units.
c.IfK2PtCl6isnotavailable,dissolve500mgpuremetallicPtinaquaregiawiththeaidofheatremove
2-2
HNO3byrepeatedevaporationwithfreshportionsofconcHCl.Dissolvethisproduct,togetherwith1.00g
crystallizedCoCl26H2O,asdirectedabove.
d.Preparestandardshavingcolorsof5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,60,and70bydiluting0.5,1.0,
1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0,6.0,and7.0mLstockcolorstandardwithdistilledwaterto50mLinnessler
tubes.Protectthesestandardsagainstevaporationandcontaminationwhennotinuse.
4.Procedure
a.Estimationofintactsample:Observesamplecolorbyfillingamatchednesslertubetothe50mL
markwithsampleandcomparingitwithstandards.Lookverticallydownwardthroughtubestowardawhiteor
specularsurfaceplacedatsuchananglethatlightisreflectedupwardthroughthecolumnsofliquid.Ifturbidity
ispresentandhasnotbeenremoved,reportasapparentcolor.Ifthecolorexceeds70units,dilutesample
withdistilledwaterinknownproportionsuntilthecoloriswithintherangeofthestandards.
b.MeasurepHofeachsample.
5.Calculation
a.Calculatecolorunitsbythefollowingequation:
where:
A=estimatedcolorofadilutedsampleand
B=mLsampletakenfordilution.
b.Reportcolorresultsinwholenumbersandrecordasfollows:
ColorUnits
RecordtoNearest
150
51100
101250
10
251500
20
c.ReportsamplepH.
6.References
1.KNIGHT ,A.G.1951.Thephotometricestimationofcolorinturbidwaters.J.Inst.WaterEng.5:623.
2.JULLANDER.J.&K.BRUNE.1950.Lightabsorptionmeasurementsonturbidsolutions.ActaChem.Scand.
4:870.
3.BLACK,A.P.&R.F.CHRISTMAN,1963.Characteristicsofcoloredsurfacewaters.J.Amer.WaterWorks
Assoc.55:753.
7.Bibliography
HAZEN,A.1892.Anewcolorstandardfornaturalwaters.Amer.Chem.J.14:300.
HAZEN,A.1896.Themeasurementofthecolorsofnaturalwaters.J.Amer.Chem.Soc.18:264.
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STANDARDMETHODSFORTHEEXAMINATIONOFWATERANDWASTEWATER
MeasurementofColorandTurbidityinWater.1902.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Div.Hydrog.Circ.8,Washington,
D.C.
RUDOLES,W.&W.D.HANLON.1951.Colorinindustrialwastes.SewageInd.Wastes23:1125.
PALIN,A.T.1955.Photometricdeterminationofthecolourandturbidityofwater.WaterWaterEng.
59:341.
CHRISTMAN,R.F.&M.GHASSEMI.1966.Chemicalnatureoforganiccolorinwater.J.Amer.Water
WorksAssoc.58:723.
GHASSEMI,M.&R.F.CHRISTMAN,1968.Propertiesoftheyelloworganicacidsofnaturalwaters.Limnol.
Oceanogr.13:583.
2120C.SpectrophotometricMethod
1.GeneralDiscussion
a.Principle:Thecolorofafilteredsampleisexpressedintermsthatdescribethesensationrealizedwhen
viewingthesample.Thehue(red,green,yellow,etc.)isdesignatedbythetermdominantwavelength,the
degreeofbrightnessbyluminance,andthesaturation(pale,pastel,etc.)bypurity.Thesevaluesarebest
determinedfromthelighttransmissioncharacteristicsofthefilteredsamplebymeansofaspectrophotometer.
b.Application:Thismethodisapplicabletopotableandsurfacewatersandtowastewaters,both
domesticandindustrial.
c.Interference:Turbidityinterferes.Removebythefiltrationmethoddescribedbelow.
2.Apparatus
a.Spectrophotometer,having10mmabsorptioncells,anarrow(10nmorless)spectralband,andan
effectiveoperatingrangefrom400to700nm.
b.Filtrationsystem,consistingofthefollowing(seeFigure2120:1):
1)Filtrationflasks,250mL,withsidetubes.
2)Waltercrucibleholder.
3)Micrometallicfiltercrucible,averageporesize40m.
4)Calcinedfilteraid.*
5)Vacuumsystem.
3.Procedure
a.Preparationofsample:Bringtwo50mLsamplestoroomtemperature.Useonesampleattheoriginal
pHadjustpHoftheotherto7.6byusingsulfuricacid(H2SO4)andsodiumhydroxide(NaOH)ofsuch
concentrationsthattheresultingvolumechangedoesnotexceed3%.AstandardpHisnecessarybecauseofthe
variationofcolourwithpH.Removeexcessivequantities
*CeliteNo.505,ManvilleCorp.,orequivalent.
2-3
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Figure2120:1.Filtrationsystemforcolourdeterminations.
ofsuspendedmaterialsbycentrifuging.Treateachsampleseparately,asfollows:
Thoroughlymix0.1gfilteraidina10mLportionofcentrifugedsampleandfiltertoformaprecoatin
thefiltercrucible.DirectfiltratetowasteflaskasindicatedinFigure2120:1.Mix40mgfilteraidina35mL
portionofcentrifugedsample.Withvacuumstillon,filterthroughtheprecoatandpassfiltratetowasteflask
untilclearthendirectclearfiltrateflowtocleanflaskbymeansofthethreewaystopcockandcollect25mL
forthetransmittancedetermination.
b.Determinationoflighttransmissioncharacteristics:Thoroughlyclean1cmabsorptioncellswith
detergentandrinsewithdistilledwater.Rinsetwicewithfilteredsample,cleanexternalsurfaceswithlens
paper,andfillcellwithfilteredsample.
Determinetransmittancevalues(inpercent)ateachvisiblewavelengthvaluepresentedinTable2120:1,
usingthe10ordinatesmarkedwithanasteriskforfairlyaccurateworkandall30ordinatesforincreased
accuracy.Setinstrumenttoread100%transmittanceonthedistilledwaterblankandmakealldeterminations
withanarrowspectralband.
4.Calculation
a.TabulatetransmittancevaluescorrespondingtowavelengthsshowninColumnsX,Y,andZinTable
2120:I.Totaleachtransmittancecolumnandmultiplytotalsbytheappropriatefactors(for10or30ordinates)
shownatthebottomofthetable,toobtaintristimulusvaluesX,Y,andZ.ThetristimulusvalueYispercent
luminance.
TABLE2120:I.SELECTEDORDINATESFORSPECTROPHOTOMETRICCOLORDETERMINATIONS*
X
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Ordinate No.
Wavelength
nm
424.4
465.9
414.1
2*
435.5*
489.5*
422.2*
443.9
500.4
426.3
452.1
508.7
429.4
5*
461.2*
515.2*
432.0*
474.0
520.6
434.3
531.2
525.4
436.5
8*
544.3*
529.8*
438.6*
552.4
533.9
440.6
10
558.7
537.7
442.5
11*
564.1*
541.4*
444.4*
12
568.9
544.9
446.3
13
573.2
548.4
448.2
14*
577.4*
551.8*
450.1*
15
581.3
555.1
452.1
16
585.0
558.5
454.0
17*
588.7*
561.9*
455.9*
18
592.4
565.3
457.9
19
596.0
568.9
459.9
20*
599.6*
572.5*
462.0*
21
603.3
576.4
464.1
22
607.0
580.4
466.3
23*
610.9*
584.8*
468.7*
24
615.0
589.6
471.4
25
619.4
594.8
474.3
26*
624.2*
600.8*
477.7*
27
629.8
607.7
481.8
28
636.6
616.1
487.2
29*
645.9*
627.3*
495.2*
30
663.0
647.4
511.2
0.032.69
0.033.33
0.039.38
0.098.06
0.100.00
0.118.14
Factorswhen30OrdinatesUsed
FactorsWhen10OrdinatesUsed
*Insertineachcolumnthetransmittancevalue(%)correspondingtothewavelengthshown.Wherelimitedaccuracyis
sufficient,useonlytheordinatesmarkedwithanasterisk.
b.CalculatethetrichromaticcoefficientsxandyfromthetristimulusvaluesX,Y,andZbythefollowing
equations:
Locatepoint(x,y)ononeofthechromaticitydiagramsinFigure2120:2anddeterminethedominant
wavelength(innanometers)andthepurity(inpercent)directlyfromthediagram.
2-4
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Figure2120:2.Chromaticitydiagrams.
2-5
TABLE2120:II.COLORHUESFORDOMINANT WAVELENGTHRANGES
Wavelength Range
nm
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Hue
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400465
Violet
465482
Blue
482497
Bluegreen
497530
Green
530575
Greenishyellow
575580
Yellow
580587
Yellowishorange
587598
Orange
598620
Orangered
620700
Red
400530c*
Bluepurple
530c700*
Redpurple
*SeeFigure2120:2forsignificanceofc.
Determinehuefromthedominantwavelengthvalue,accordingtotherangesinTable2120:II.
5.ExpressionofResults
Expresscolorcharacteristics(atpH7.6andattheoriginalpH)intermsofdominantwavelength
(nanometers,tothenearestunit),hue(e.g.,blue,bluegreen,etc.)luminance(percent,tothenearesttenth),
andpurity(percent,tothenearestunit).Reporttypeofinstrument(i.e.,spectrophotometer),numberof
selectedordinates(10or30),andthespectralbandwidth(nanometers)used.
6.Bibliography
HARDY ,A.C.1936.HandbookofColorimetry.TechnologyPress,Boston,Mass.
2120D.TristimulusFilterMethod
1.GeneralDiscussion
a.Principle:Threespecialtristimuluslightfilters,combinedwithaspecificlightsourceandphotoelectric
cellinafilterphotometer,maybeusedtoobtaincolordatasuitableforroutinecontrolpurposes.
Thepercentageoftristimuluslighttransmittedbythesolutionisdeterminedforeachofthethreefilters.
Thetransmittancevaluesthenareconvertedtotrichromaticcoefficientsandcolorcharacteristicvalues.
b.Application:Thismethodisapplicabletopotableandsurfacewatersandtowastewaters,both
domesticandindustrial.Exceptformostexactingwork,thismethodgivesresultsverysimilartothemore
accurateMethodC.
c.Interference:Turbiditymustberemoved.
2.Apparatus
a.Filterphotometer.*
b.Filterphotometerlightsource:Tungstenlampatacolortemperatureof3000C.
c.Filterphotometerphotoelectriccells,1cm.
d.Tristimulusfilters.
e.Filtrationsystem:SeeSection2120C.2bandFigure2120:1.
3.Procedure
a.Preparationofsample:SeeSection2120C.3a.
b.Determinationoflighttransmissioncharacteristics:Thoroughlyclean(withdetergent)andrinse1cm
absorptioncellswithdistilledwater.Rinseeachabsorptioncelltwicewithfilteredsample,cleanexternal
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surfaceswithlenspaper,andfillcellwithfilteredsample.
Placeadistilledwaterblankinanothercellanduseittosettheinstrumentat100%transmittance.
Determinepercentageoflighttransmissionthroughsampleforeachofthethreetristimuluslightfilters,with
thefilterphotometerlampintensityswitchinapositionequivalentto4Vonthelamp.
4.Calculation
a.DetermineluminancevaluedirectlyasthepercentagetransmittancevalueobtainedwiththeNo.2
tristimulusfilter.
b.CalculatetristimulusvaluesX,Y,andZfromthepercentagetransmittance(T1,T2,T3)forfiltersNo.1,
2,3,asfollows:
X=T30.06+T10.25
Y=T20.316
Z=T30.374
Calculateanddeterminetrichromaticcoefficientsxandy,dominantwavelength,hue,andpurityasin
Section2120C.4babove.
5.ExpressionofResults
ExpressresultsasprescribedinSection2120C.5.
*FisherElectrophotometerorequivalent.
GeneralElectriclampNo.1719(at6V)orequivalent.
GeneralElectricphotovoltaiccell.TypePV1,orequivalent.
CorningCS3107(No.1),CS498(No.2),andCS570(No.3),orequivalent.
2-6
2120E.ADMITristimulusFilterMethod(PROPOSED)
1.GeneralDiscussion
a.Principle:ThismethodisanextensionofTristimulusMethod2120D.Bythismethodameasureofthe
samplecolor,independentofhue,maybeobtained.ItisbasedonuseoftheAdamsNickersonchromaticvalue
formula1forcalculatingsinglenumbercolordifferencevalues.i.e.,uniformcolordifferences.Forexample,if
twocolors,AandB,arejudgedvisuallytodifferfromcolorlesstothesamedegree,theirADMIcolorvalueswill
bethesame.ThemodificationwasdevelopedbymembersoftheAmericanDyeManufacturersInstitute
(ADMI).2
b.Application:Thismethodisapplicabletocoloredwatersandwastewatershavingcolorcharacteristics
significantlydifferentfromplatinumcobaltstandards,aswellastowatersandwastewaterssimilarinhuetothe
standards.
c.Interference:Turbiditymustberemoved.
2.Apparatus
a.Filterphotometer*equippedwithCIEtristimulusfilters(see2120D.2d).
b.Filterphotometerlightsource:Tungstenlampatacolortemperatureof3000C(see2120D.2b).
c.Absorptioncellsandappropriatecellholders:Forcolorvalueslessthan250ADMIunits,usecells
witha5.0cmlightpathforcolorvaluesgreaterthan250,usecellswith1.0cmlightpath.
d.Filtrationsystem:SeeSection2120C.2bandFigure2120:1oracentrifugecapableofachieving1000
g.(SeeSection2120B.)
3.Procedure
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a.Instrumentcalibration:Establishcurvesforeachphotometercalibrationdataforoneinstrument
cannotbeappliedtoanotherone.Prepareaseparatecalibrationcurveforeachabsorptioncellpathlength.
1)Preparestandardsasdescribedin2120B.3.Fora5cmcelllengthpreparestandardshavingcolor
valuesof25,50,100,200,and250bydiluting5.0,10.0,20.0,30.0,40.0,and50.0mLstockcolorstandard
withdistilledwaterto100mLinvolumetricflasks.Fortheshorterpathlength,prepareappropriatestandards
withhighercolorvalues.
2)Determinelighttransmittance(see3c,below)foreachstandardwitheachfilter.
3)Usingthecalculationsdescribedin3dbelow,calculatethetristimulusvalues(Xs,Ys,Zs)foreach
standard,determinetheMunsellvalues,andcalculatetheintermediatevalue(DE).
4)UsingtheDEvaluesforeachstandard,calculateacalibrationfactorFnforeachstandardfromthe
followingequation:
where:
(APHA)n,=APHAcolorvalueforstandardn.
(DE)n=intermediatevaluecalculatedforstandardn,and
b=celllightpath,cm.
Placing(DE)nontheXaxisandFnontheYaxis,plotacurveforthestandardsolutions.Usecalibration
curvetoderivetheFvaluefromDEvaluesobtainedwithsamples.
b.Samplepreparation:Preparetwo100mLsampleportions(oneattheoriginalpH.oneatpH7.6)as
describedinSection2120C.3a,orbycentrifugation.(NOTE:Centrifugationisacceptableonlyifturbidity
removalequivalenttofiltrationisachieved.)
c.Determinationoflighttransmissioncharacteristics:Thoroughlycleanabsorptioncellswithdetergent
andrinsewithdistilledwater.Rinseeachabsorptioncelltwicewithfilteredsample.Cleanexternalsurfaceswith
lenspaperandfillcellwithsample.Determinesamplelighttransmittancewiththethreefilterstoobtainthe
transmittancevalues:T1fromFilter1.T2fromFilter2,andT3fromFilter3.Standardizetheinstrumentwith
eachfilterat100%transmittancewithdistilledwater.
d.Calculationofcolorvalues:TristimulusvaluesforsamplesareXs,Ys,andZsforstandardsXr,Yr,and
Zr,andfordistilledwaterXc ,Yc ,andZc .MunsellvaluesforsamplesareVxs,VysandVzsforstandards,Vxr,
Vyr,andVzr,andfordistilledwaterVxc ,Yyc ,andVzc .
Foreachstandardorsamplecalculatethetristimulusvaluesfromthefollowingequations:
X=(T30.1899)+(T10.791)
Y=T2
Z=T31.1835
Tristimulusvaluesforthedistilledwaterblankusedtostandardizetheinstrumentarealways:
Xc =98.09
Yc =100.0
Zc =118.35
Convertthesixtristimulusvalues(Xs,Ys,ZsXc ,Yc ,Zc )tothecorrespondingMunsellvaluesusing
publishedtables2,3,4orbytheequationgivenbyBridgeman.3
CalculatetheintermediatevalueofDEfromtheequation:
DE={(0.23Vy)2+[(VxVy)]2+[0.4(VyVz)2}
where:
Vy=VysVyc
(VAVv)=(VxsVys)(Vxc Vvc )
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(VyVz)=(VvsVzs)(Vvc Vzc )
whenthesampleiscomparedtodistilledwater.
*FisherElectrocolorimeter.Model181,orequivalent.
InstrumentalColourSystems.Ltd.7BuckleburyPlace.UpperWoolhampton,BerkshireRG75UD,
England.
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Withthestandardcalibrationcurve,usetheDEvaluetodeterminethecalibrationfactorF.
CalculatethefinalADMIcolorvalueasfollows:
where:
b=absorptioncelllightpath,cm.
ReportADMIcolorvaluesatpH7.6andattheoriginalpH.
4.AlternateMethod
TheADMIcolorvaluealsomaybedeterminedspectrophotometrically,usingaspectrophotometerwitha
narrow(10nmorless)spectralbandandaneffectiveoperatingrangeof400to700nm.Thismethodisan
extensionof2120C.Tristimulusvaluesmaybecalculatedfromtransmittancemeasurements,preferablybyusing
theweightedordinatemethodorbytheselectedordinatemethod.ThemethodhasbeendescribedbyAllenet
al.,2whoincludeworksheetsandworkedexamples.
5.References
1.MCLAREN,K.1970.TheAdamsNickersoncolourdifferenceformula.J.Soc.DyersColorists86:354.
2.ALLEN.W.,W.B.PRESCOTT R.E.DERBY ,C.E.GARLAND,J.M.PERET &M.SALTZMAN,1973.
DeterminationofcolorofwaterandwastewaterbymeansofADMIcolorvalues.Proc.28thInd.Waste
Conf.,PurdueUniv.,Eng.Ext.Ser.No.142:661.
3.BRIDGEMAN,T.1963.InversionoftheMunsellvalueequation.J.Opt.Soc.Amer.53:499.
6.Bibliography
JUDD.D.B.&G.WYSZECKI.1963.ColorinBusiness,Science,andIndustry,2nded.JohnWiley&Sons,
NewYork,N.Y.(SeeTablesA,B,andCinAppendix.)
WYSZECKI.G.&W.S.STILES.1967.ColorScience.JohnWiley&Sons.NewYork,N.Y.(SeeTables6.4.A,
B,C,pp.462467.)
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