Faculty of Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

Islamic University - Gaza

Signals and Linear System Discussion (EELE 3110)

Fall-2014
Eng. Yousef Shaban

For the following systems check 1-linerarity 2- causal or non casual

3-Time variance 4-Memoryless or with memory 5-stability

1. Indicate whether the following systems are causal, linear, memoryless, and/or time
invariant by circling the correct options. (A system may have more than one of
these properties.) Justify your answer.
(a) y(t) = x(t 2)+x(2 t)
Causality: The system is NOT causal because for any t < 1, the output
depends on a future input, e.g. y(0) = x( 2) + x(2).
Linearity: The system is linear because if
y1 (t) = x1 (t 2) + x1 (2 t),
y2 (t) = x2 (t 2) + x2 (2 t), and
x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t),
then the output y(t) corresponding to the input x(t) is
y(t) = x(t 2) + x(2 t)
= (x1 + x2 )(t 2) + (x1 + x2 )(2 t)
= x1 (t 2) + x2 (t 2) + x1 (2 t) + x2 (2 t)
= (x1 (t 2) + x1 (2 t)) + (x2 (t 2) + x2 (2 t))
= y1 (t) + y2 (t).
Memorylessness: The system is NOT memoryless because the output at
time t depends on input values at times other than t.
Time Invariance: The system is time invariant. To see this, we let y(t) be
the output corresponding to the input x(t) and let xa (t) = x(t a)1 . Then
the output ya (t) corresponding to the input signal xa (t) is
ya (t) = xa (t 2) + xa (2 t)
= x((t a) 2) + x(2 (t a))
= y(t a).

(b)

v(t )

x(t )dt

Causality: The system is NOT causal because for any t < 2, the output
depends on a future input.
Linearity: The system is linear
Memorylessness: The system is NOT memoryless because the output at
time t depends on input values at times other than t.
Time Invariance: The system is NOT time invariant. To see this, we let
x(t) = u(t) u(t 1) so that
Constant for all t, so in particular, y(t-3)=1 for any value of t. However, if we let

x(t ) u (t ) u (t 1)
1

y (t ) x(t )dt dt 1
0

y3(t ) x(t 3) u (t 3) u (t 4)
2

y3(t ) 0 1

So , system is time varying.

(c) y(t) = (dx/dt)(t)

Causality: The system is causal.
Linearity: The system is linear because if
y1 (t) = (dx1 /dt)(t), and
y2 (t) = (dx2 /dt)(t),
and x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t), then the output y(t) corresponding to the
input x(t) is
y(t) = (d(x1 + x2 )/dt)(t)
= (dx1 /dt)(t) + (dx2 /dt)(t)
= y1 (t) + y2 (t).
Memorylessness: The system is memoyless
Time Invariance: The system is time invariant. To see this, we let y(t) be
the output corresponding to the input x(t) and let xa (t) = x(t a). Then
the output ya (t) corresponding to the input signal xa (t) is
ya (t) = (dxa /dt)(t) = (d(x)/dt)(t a) = y(t a).

(d) y(t) = x(t/3)

Causality: The system is NOT causal because if t < 0, then the output
depends on future values of the input, e.g. for t = 3 we have y( 3) =
x( 1).
Linearity: The system is linear because if
y1 (t) = x1 (t/3), and
y2 (t) = x2 (t/3)
and x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t), then the output y(t) corresponding to the
input x(t) is
y(t) = (x1 + x2 )(t/3)
= x1 (t/3) + x2 (t/3)
= y1 (t) + y2 (t)
Memorylessness: The system is NOT memoryless because the output at
time t depends on input values at times other than t.

Time Invariance: The system is time invariant. To see this, we let y(t) be
the output corresponding to the input x(t) and let xa (t) = x(t a). Then
the output ya (t) corresponding to the input signal xa (t) is
ya (t) = xa (t/3) = x((t a)/3) = y(t a)

(e) y(t) = cos(x(t))

Causality: The system is memoryless, hence causal.
Linearity: The system is NOT linear because if
y1 (t) = cos(x1 (t)), and
y2 (t) = cos(x2 (t)),
and x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t), then the output y(t) corresponding to the
input x(t) is
y(t) = cos(x1 (t) + x2 (t))
= cos(x1 (t)) cos(x2 (t)) sin(x1 (t)) sin(x2 (t))
= cos(x1 (t)) + cos(x2 (t))
Memorylessness: The system is memoryless because the output at time t
depends on input values at only time t.
Time Invariance: The system is time invariant. To see this, we let y(t) be
the output corresponding to the input x(t) and let xa (t) = x(t a). Then
the output ya (t) corresponding to the input signal xa (t) is
ya (t) = cos(xa (t)) = cos(x(t a)) = y(t a).