International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology

(IJECET)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 45-54, Article ID: IJECET_07_01_005
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ISSN Print: 0976-6464 and ISSN Online: 0976-6472
IAEME Publication

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF

MULTIBAND CHAUCER FRACTAL PATCH
ANTENNA LOADED WITH DUMBBELL
Hina Yadav
Department of Electronics Science, South Campus,
University of Delhi, India
Jugul Kishore
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
I.T.S Engineering College, Greater Noida, India
R. K. Yadav
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
JRE School of Engineering Greater Noida, India
ABSTRACT
This paper presents design and simulation of multiband Chaucer fractal
patch antenna loaded with dumbbell shaped structure simulated and
fabricated on FR4 material having relative permittivity 4.4 and thickness 1.6
mm. The operating frequency is in the ISM band. The antenna resonates at 2.4
GHz. Here we will find various performance characteristics like return loss,
impedance, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at resonant frequencies. The
antenna structures will be studied using Ansoft High Frequency Structure
Simulation (HFSS) based on Method of Moments (MoM). The results obtained
indicate that there is a fair value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and
directivity at all resonant frequencies.
Key words: Chaucer, Dumbbell, fractal, Multiband
Cite this Article: Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav. Design and
Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with
Dumbbell. International Journal of Electronics and Communication
Engineering & Technology, 7(1), 2016, pp. 45-54.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/issues.asp?JType=IJECET&VType=7&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
Compact sizes, low profile, conformal and multiband are the highly desirable
attributes of a Microstrip patch antenna [1].Moreover, a number of approaches for
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Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav

designing multi-band (primarily, dual-hand) antennas have been summarized in [2].

The term fractal, which means broken or irregular fragments, was originally coined by
Mandelbrot [3] to describe a family of complex shapes that possess an inherent selfsimilarity or self-affinity in their geometrical structure. Fractals have been
successfully used to model such complex natural objects as galaxies, cloud
boundaries, mountain ranges, coastlines, snowflakes, trees, leaves, and much more.
Mandelbrot and others have found wide variety of applications for fractals in many
branches of science and engineering. One such area is a fractal electrodynamics [410], in which fractal geometry is combined with electromagnetic theory for
investigating a new class of radiation, propagation, and scattering problems. One of
the most promising areas of fractal-electrodynamics research is in its application to
antenna theory and design.
Traditional antenna design techniques were based on Euclidean geometry. And in
recent years the design of antenna based on the concept of fractal geometry is referred
to as fractal antenna engineering research. There are mainly two areas of research in
fractal antenna engineering. These include: 1) the study of fractal-shaped antenna
elements, and 2) the use of fractals in the design of antenna arrays. However, in the
present work a multiband antenna has been designed using the geometry of 1st
iteration of the Chaucer fractal patch. The method that proposed in the research for
simulation is based on finite element method. Finite element method (FEM) is quite
popular. It is important to select an EM simulation programmed that will provide an
optimal balance between a minimal simulation run time and maximized correlation
between the simulation result and experimental data. HFSS provides E- and H- field,
currents, S parameters, characteristic port impedance, propagation constants and near
and far radiated fields results

2. ANTENNA DESIGN AND SIMULATION RESULTS

A square patch of dimensions 28mm x 28mm has been scaled down using a scaling
factor of 1/3 to obtain a Chaucer shaped patch antenna which has been taken as 1 st
iteration or the base geometry of the Chaucer fractal patch antenna. Each side of the
patch is about 9.33 mm. And the antenna has been designed on a FR-4 substrate with
relative permittivity (r) 4.4 and substrate thickness of 1.6 mm using the procedure
given in Microstrip and printed antenna handbook by Randy Bancroft [20]. The 1 st
iteration of this Chaucer fractal patch is shown in the Fig 1 and the return loss of the
same have been shown in the Fig 2 at the resonant frequency. The radiation pattern of
the 1st iteration of the Chaucer fractal patch has been shown in the Fig 3.

Figure 1 Base geometry or 1st iteration of chaucer fractal patch

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Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell
0
-2

S11 (dB)

-4
-6
-8

-10

-12
1

3
Freq(GHz)

Figure 2 Return loss of 1st iteration of chaucer fractal patch

Figure 3 Radiation pattern of 1st iteration of chaucer fractal patch

120

Z11()

100
80
60
40
20

0
0

Freq(GHz)

Figure 4 Magnitude plot of 1st iteration of chaucer fractal patch

10
8

VSWR

6
4
2
0
1

3
Freq(GHz)

Figure 5 VSWR plot of 1st iteration of chaucer fractal patch

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Table 1 Parameters of 1st iteration
Resonant frequency (GHz)
Peak Gain (dB)
Peak Directivity
Radiated Power (mW)
Radiation Efficiency
Return loss
Bandwidth (MHz)
VSWR

2.80
3.55
0.81
1.39
0.10
0.58
-11.40
-10.06
70
20
1.72
1.89

From this radiation pattern we can find the maximum achieved gain. The various
antenna parameters of 1st iteration are listed in the table 1. To obtain satisfactory value
of return loss and bandwidth in the multi band behavior, the 2nd iteration of this fractal
patch has been designed using the scaling factor of 1/3 without changing the original
structure of the patch and is as shown in the Fig 6. Each side of the patch of 2nd
iteration is about 3.24 mm. The geometry is simulated using the simulator and the
return loss characteristics obtained has been shown in the Fig 7.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6 (a) simulated second iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna (b)fabricated second
iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna

From the return loss characteristics one may find the presence of multiple bands
which satisfy our requirement of multi banding behavior of antenna. The radiation
pattern of 2nd iteration of Chaucer fractal patch antenna at resonant frequency has
been shown in the Fig 8. From the radiation pattern we can find the maximum
achieved gain.

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Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell

S11 (dB)

0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
3

Freq(GHz)

12

Figure 7 Return loss of 2nd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna

Z11

Figure 8 Radiation pattern of 2nd iteration of chaucer fractal patch

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Freq(GHz)

12

Figure 9 Magnitude plot of 2nd iteration of chaucer fractal patch

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Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav

10

VSWR

8
6
4
2
0
3

12

Freq(GHz)

Figure 10 VSWR plot of 2nd iteration of chaucer fractal patch

The various antenna parameters of 2nd iteration are listed in the table 2:
Table 2 Parameters of 2nd iteration
Resonant frequency (GHz)
Peak Gain (dB)
Peak Directivity
Radiated Power (mW)
Radiation Efficiency
Return loss
Bandwidth (MHz)
VSWR

5.43
0.36
0.72
0.0010
0.506
-16.46
100
1.40

The complete geometry of 3rd iteration of Chaucer fractal patch is loaded with
dumbbell shaped structure as shown in the fig 11 has been designed using
optimization engine HFSS and various results and parameters are shown in the table 3
and table 4.

(a)

(b)

Figure 11. (a) Simulated design for 3rd iterated fractal antenna (b) Prototype of 3rd iterated
fractal antenna

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Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell

-5

-5
-15

-10

-20

-15

-25

-20

dB

S11

-10

12

Freq(GHz)

Measured S11
0.0

10000000000.0
Freq(GHz)

Figure 12 Return loss of the 3rd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded dumbbell
structure

Figure 13 Radiation pattern of the 3rd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with
Dumbbell structure
500
400
Z11

300
200
100
0
3

6 Freq(GHz) 9

12

Figure 14 Magnitude plot of 3rd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with
dumbbell structure
10
8
VSWR

6
4
2
0

Freq(GHz) 8

Figure 15 VSWR plot of 3rd iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with dumbbell
structure

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Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav

Table 3: Parameters of 3rd iteration
Resonant frequency
(GHz)
Peak Gain (dB)
Peak Directivity
Radiated Power (mW)
Radiation Efficiency
Return loss
Bandwidth (MHz)
VSWR

5.34
7.15
0.1012
0.32
0.019
0.31
-12.56
-21.71
10
200
1.64
1.18

Table 4 Parameters of Various Proposed Fractal Antennas

Types

Resonant
frequency
(GHz)

Peak
Gain
(dB)

Return
loss

Band
width
(MHz)

VSWR

Simple square
antenna
1st Iterated fractal
antenna

2.22

0.94

-37.25

80

1.44

2.80

0.81

-11.40

70

1.72

-10.06

20

1.89

2nd Iterated fractal

antenna

5.43

0.36

-16.46

100

1.40

3rd Iterated
fractal antenna

5.34

0.11

-12.56

10

1.64

-21.71

200

1.18

3.55

7.15

3. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

From the above study, it is concluded that a multiband patch antenna using 1 st
iteration of Chaucer fractal patch is designed. The antenna resonates at 2.4GHz. There
is an increase in the bandwidth and resonant frequency bands of 2 nd iteration of
Chaucer fractal patch after loading dumbbell structure. Simulation results indicate that
there is a fair value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at both resonant
frequencies. This project designs a multiband patch antenna using 1 st iteration of
Chaucer fractal patch loaded with dumbbell structures in the center of the patch. The
antenna resonates at two different frequencies of 5.34 GHz and 7.15 GHz. There is an
increase in the bandwidth and resonant frequency bands of 1 st iteration of Chaucer
fractal patch after loading dumbbell structure. Measured result of our practical design
shows that our antenna resonates at 2.76 GHz and 7.38 GHZ with a return loss of 6.3031 dB and -18.861 dB respectively. Simulation results indicate that there is a fair
value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at both resonant frequencies.
For future work mathematical analysis of this geometry may be done which will

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Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell

further increase the practical utilization of combined concept of multiband fractal

antennas loaded with structures.

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