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ANSYS Confidential
ANSYS Confidential
ANSYS Confidential
ANSYS Confidential
ANSYS Confidential
ANSYS Confidential
ANSYS Confidential
Contact Search/Select
RMB Go To options to find Connections
acting on a Geometric Selection
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Body Views
A quick way to spatially identify contact regions especially when
contact occurs interior to model
Activated via Button on Contact Toolbar
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Desired Normals
Use the Shell Face properties
to flip the normal directions
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Mesh Quality
Poor mesh quality in solid elements
Poor
Mesh
Quality
on
Contact
Surface
Better
Mesh
Quality
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Mesh Sizing
On curved surfaces, or surfaces
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applications
When convergence is difficult switching to MPC is
an attractive alternative to changing the contact
stiffness.
MPC contact prevents artificial stiffness when gaps
exist between curved surfaces. (Another
alternative is to use joints)
Ideal for shell-solid, shell-shell, and beam-shell
contacts
A caveat is that MPC is the most sensitive contact
type to overconstraint, so avoid it when there are
other contacts or boundary conditions with shared
topology!
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Contact Stiffness
High stiffness leads to reduced penetration and increasing accuracy.
But higher contact stiffness can also lead to ill-conditioning and divergence.
Poor Convergence; many
bisections, 122 iterations
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of 1.
For bending (thin structures) problems, start with
0.01 0.1.
For contacts with difficulty converging, lower the
stiffness
For pretension problems, use a stiffness factor
greater than one, because penetration can strongly
influence the pretension forces.
Set Update Stiffness to a frequency of
Each Iteration (Default in WB Mechanical)
When there is difficulty converging due to high
penetration, increase the stiffness.
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Failed Partial
Solution
Converged Steps
able to be postprocessed
The contact status is a useful sanity check for understanding the
global behavior and finding problem areas.
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Ways to reduce
penetration:
Increase the stiffness
Reduce the penetration
tolerance
Try the Pure Lagrange
formulation.
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Contact tracking
Contact results (e.g. status, penetration)
Force convergence plots
NR residuals
Once identified, possible remedies:
Check Mesh Quality.
Make sure model units are on an appropriate scale
Adjust the Contact Stiffness
Check for proper initial conditions/pinball.
Change to nodal detection if the problem is at a corner.
Reduce the time step size before and during the onset of the divergence.
If large friction coefficient is defined(>.25) consider using unsymmetric
solver
If immediately diverges based on poor initial contact conditions(not well
engaged or rigid body motion) try using aggressive contact stiffness
update
Last resort: Add stabilization(contact or global)
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Virtual Thread
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Supports Restarts
If a solution restart is performed from a substep of a load step including an
Increment, the increment value gets added to the solved deformation
value at the beginning of the selected restart sub-step.
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where:
= wear coefficient
= material hardness
= pressure exponent
= velocity exponent
= contact pressure
Contact nodes are moved to new positions. Contact variables (for example, contact
pressure) change. The underlying continuum elements also experience a loss in
material (and volume), thus simulating the wear.
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Archard Wear
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- Contact modeling
- Tips on contact setup
- Dealing With Non Convergence
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1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
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Contact Formulations
Penalty Method
Lagrange Method
Augmented Lagrange
MPC bonded contacts only
Detection Method
Integration points
Nodes
Projection Based
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FPenalty = K Penalty
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Penetration d=0,26e-3,P=43642
0.26e 3
d =
= 60
0.45e 5
Penetration d=0,45e-5,P=43927
43927
p =
= 1.007
43642
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=0
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contact
constraint
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Advantages:
G u
G
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Pair-1
Target
Single pair
Pair-2
Contact
Contact
Contact
Target
Target
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Target
FPenalty + p
traction = K Penalty + p
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User still has the option to scale and update the penalty stiffness
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Tough contact conditions: pairs overlap, non smoothing interfaces, multiple thin
layers, model with potential over-constraints
A contact pair used to apply fluid penetration pressure overlaps with other pairs
You want to get fast solution and are not interested in local contact results
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T
=
uT | ureduced
uconstrained |
F
K rr K rc ur
K K . _ = 0
cr cc uc
To connect dissimilar mesh regions
To connect the different element types
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Target Normal, Couple U to ROT (default in WBMechanical) is sufficient for most applications
Shell elements
Shell elements
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Nodal based detection methods are default for MPC and Normal Lagrange
method.
For contacts at corners (such as interference fit problems, threaded connector
models), best results are obtained when either Nodal Normal to Target (or)
Normal for Contact.
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Normal to target
Gauss detection
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FPenalty
FPenalty
Target
Contact
In Symmetric contacts, an
addition step in each equilibrium
iteration is used to compute the
penalty tractions on the
formerly target surface
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Target
Contact
Contact
Target
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Contact Pinball
ANSYS solver internally categorizes
the state of contact as: Far field,
Near field, Touching
Category is based on if the distance
between contact and target surface
is lesser (or) greater than pinball
radius
For interference problems, ensure
that the pinball radius is greater
than the maximum interference
In bonded contact and noseparation contacts, any region
between the surfaces which
touches or lies within pinball radius
will be assumed to be in contact
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FE model
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Contact status
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Deformation
gap
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Ft
Contact
Pd1,d2
Target
Pdn
Where:
Pdn = d n un
Pd 1 = d t u1
Pd 2 = d t u2
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Example: Consider a fixed pin interfacing with a hole in plate with initial radial
clearance and under a force based load
Stabilization captures localized stress distribution more accurately then Adjust to Touch
Conventional Adjust to Touch
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2) Large Deflection
3) Stabilization
Required for unstable problems
Perform stringent checks on the results
when stabilization is used
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Oftentimes, it may be better to start simple and add complexity as you go,
so that sources of problems can be isolated more readily. Adding lots of
complexity to the first analysis can result in wasted time down the road.
Do not randomly change settings. Use the program control settings first,
then change contact or solver settings only if there is clear reason to do so,
as illustrated in the Solver Output, Results Tracker, or Newton-Raphson
Residuals.
When your FE model is large, you do not have means to try error and trial
many times. You should always use initial contact tools and your expertise to
setup and query the model before starting.
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Poor
Mesh
Quality
on
Contact
Surface
Better
Mesh
Quality
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Verify contact and target surfaces assignment. Flip contact and target
surface if necessary.
Ensure that the target and contact surface definitions extend far enough to
cover the full expected range of motion for the analysis.
Use similar mesh sizes for contact and target surfaces to gain the best
accuracy and convergence.
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Always verify all Contact/Target surfaces and contact settings to ensure that Contact
Regions are defined as expected. Review the detailed initial contact results in the
contact tool to verify the initial contact status of Contact Regions and what value of
the penetration or gap is, if present.
Ensure that the appropriate surface pairs are initially in contact via the contact tool.
If the initial penetration is too large, use Ramped option. You can solve initial
interference over several sub-steps.
Verify pinball. If the resulting penetration/gap is large, use a larger pinball. If the
resulting penetration is unreal, use smaller pinball to prevent spurious contact.
If necessary use just in touch to close small gap or apply contact damping to
prevent rigid body motions.
Use MPC option for bonded and no-separation contact pair if possible.
Identify potential overconstraints . Modify model to manually remove
overconstraints.
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Plasticity is present
Plasticity also has path dependent nature, you should use multiple substep
say (e.g.5) to run the analysis.
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separation option may cause an accuracy issue. You may use the
CNCHECK,ADJUST command to move the contact nodes towards the target
surface.
Warning: The closed gap/penetration may be too large. Increase pinball if
it is a true closed gap/penetration. Decrease pinball if it is a false one.
Warning: Convergence has been achieved in spite of large penetration. If
this message is repeated frequently, we recommend either increasing
penalty stiffness(FKN), or enlarge penetration tolerance(FTOLN).
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Debug strategies
Failure to achieve force equilibrium
Friction in the model
Unconstrained rigid body motion indicated by the presence of
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Debug strategies
Friction in the model
Use frictionless contact or rough contact to see
any help
If the difficulty is indeed due to friction, then consider the
following:
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F
<F
a
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U
Real problem
FE model
Without friction
FE Model
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F
FE Model
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Static
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Contact status
In these regions Parts are
not correctly connected
2 elements in sweep direction
Contact status
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General Contact
Robustness improvement for contact modeling
Wear modeling with automatic adaptivity
CZM unification
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