Exposicion Sobre Eurocode 9 - Design of Aluminium Structures (En 1999)

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training workshop
18-20 February 2008
Brussels
EN 1999
Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
Organised by
European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre
with the support of
CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States
Wednesday, February 20 Palais des Acadmies

EN 1999 - Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
Marie-Thrse room
9:00-9:15
General information on EN 1999
F. Mazzolani
University of Naples "Federico II"
9:15-10:00
Design criteria
F. Mazzolani
10:00-10:30
Fields of application
F. Mazzolani
10:30-11:00
Coffee
11:00-11:45
Selection of structural alloys
R. Gitter
GDA/AluConsult
11:45-13.00
Strength and stability (Part 1.1)
T. Hglund
Torsten Hglund HB
13:00-14:00
Lunch
14:00-14:45
Connections(Part 1.1)
F. Soetens
TNO
14:45-15:30
Fatigue (Part 1.3)
D. Kosteas
Technische Universitt Mnchen
15:30-16:00
Coffee
16:00-16:45
Cold-formed structures (Part 1.4)
R. Landolfo
16:45-17:30
Shell structures (Part 1.5)
A. Mandara
17:30-18:00
Discussion and close
All workshop material will be available at

http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu
GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

F. Mazzolani
EUROCODES

(Federico Mazzolani)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
EUROCODES

ENVENV-EUROCODE 9 (1998)
ALUMINIUM STRUCTURAL DESIGN
DESIGN
GENERAL INFORMATION
ON EN 1999
Part 1.1 General rules

rules
Part 1.2 Fire design
design
Federico M. Mazzolani
(Chairman of TC 250250-SC9)
Part 1.3 Structures susceptible to fatigue

fatigue
Department of Structural Analysis and Design

Faculty of Engineering
University of Naples Federico II
II
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
ENEN-EUROCODE 9 (2006)
ALUMINIUM STRUCTURAL DESIGN
DESIGN

EUROCODE 9 Part 1-1: General structural rules

CONTENTS of Part 11-1
1) EN 19991999-1-1 GENERAL STRUCTURAL RULES
1) General
2) EN 19991999-1-2 STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
2) Basis design
3) EN 19991999-1-3 ADDITIONAL RULES FOR STRUCTURES
3) Materials
SUSCEPTIBLE TO FATIGUE
4) Durability, corrosion and execution
4) EN 19991999-1-4 SUPPLIMENTARY RULES FOR COLDCOLD-
5) Structural analysis
FORMED SHEETING
6) Ultimate limit states for members
5) EN 19991999-1-5 SUPPLIMENTARY RULES FOR SHELL
7) Serviceability limit states
STRUCTURES
8) Ultimate limit states for connections
EUROCODES

ANNEXES
to Part 11-1
EUROCODES
A) Execution classes

EUROCODE 9 Part 1-2: Structural fire design
B) Equivalent T-stub in tension

C) Materials selection
D) Corrosion and surface protection
E) Analytical models for stressstress-strain relationship
F) Behaviour of crosscross-sections beyond elastic limit
G) Rotation capacity
H) Plastic hinge method for continuous beams
I ) Lateral torsional buckling of beams and torsional or
torsionaltorsional-flexural buckling of compressed members

1) General
2) Basis design
3) Material properties
4) Structural fire design
J ) Properties of crosscross-sections
K ) Shear lag effects in member design
Annex A : Properties of aluminium alloys not listed in EN 19991999-1-1
L ) Classification of joints
Annex B : Heat transfer to external structural aluminium members
M ) Adhesive bonded connections
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
EUROCODE 9 Part 1-3 :

Additional rules for structures susceptible to fatigue

ANNEXES
to Part 11-3
A) Bases of design
B) Guidance on assessment by fracture mechanics
C) Testing for fatigue design
1) General
D) Stress analysis
2) Basis design
E) Adhesive bonds
3) Materials,constituent products and connecting devices

4) Durability
F) Low cycle fatigue range
G) Influence of RR-ratio
6) Ultimate limit states of fatigue
H) Fatigue strength improvement of welds
7) Quality requirements
I ) Castings
8) Ultimate limit states for connections

J ) Alternative tables for structural details
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EUROCODE 9 Part 11-4 : Supplementary rules for coldcold-formed sheeting

1) General
2) Basis design

3) Materials
1) General
4) Durability
2) Basis design
3) Materials and geometry
6) Ultimate limit states
4) Ultimate limit states
7) Serviceability limit states
5) Modelling for analysis
8) Connection with mechanical fasteners
6) Plastic limit state (LS 1)
9) Design assisted by testing
7) Cyclic plasticity limit state (LS 2)
Annex A : Testing procedures
8) Bucking limit state (LS 3)
Annex B : Durability of fasteners
Annex A : Expressions for bucking design
Annax C : Bibliography
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11
EN 1090 : Execution of steel and aluminium structures

Part 3 : Technical rules for execution of aluminium structures

12
Annexes to EN 1090 3 ; Part 3 :

Technical rules for execution of aluminium structures
A) Welding procedure test for fillet welds
1.
Scope
2.
Normative references
3.
Terms and definitions
4.
Specifications and documentation
C) Project specification list

D) Final inspection of fabricated aluminium components
B) Requirements on geometical tolerances which are not normally critical for

the integrity of the structure
5.
Constituent materials and products
6.
Fabrication
7.
Welding
8.
Mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding
F) Proposed frame fpr quality plan
9.
Erection
G) Requirements for execution classes
10. Protective treatment
10
EUROCODE 9 Part 11-5 : Supplementary rules for shell structures
E) Procedure test for determination of slip factor
H) Fastening of cold formed members and sheeting
11. Geometric tolerances

12. Inspection , testing and corrections
I ) Guidance for the determination of execution classes and structural classes
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13

14
INNOVATIVE ISSUES in EC 9 part 1.1
1. Classification of crosscross-sections
2. Extent of heat affected zones (HAZ)
3. Generalized formulation for ULS for axially loaded members
4. Generalized formulation for ULS for members in bending
5. Bucking curves approach for columns
6. Local bucking approach
7. Evaluation of rotation capacity
8. Plastic design approach
9. Classification of connections
10. T-stub model for end plate bolted connections
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15
Background of EC 9
AUTHORS OF CHAPTERS :
Federico M.MAZZOLANI
Gunther VALTINAT
Frans SOETENS
Torsten HOGLUND
Bruno ATZORI
Magnus LANGSETH
The ECCS Recommendations

(1978)

16
DESIGN CRITERIA
F. Mazzolani
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR

ALUMINIUM ALLOY
STRUCTURES
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ALUMINIUM

STRUCTURES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
How can aluminium and its alloy satisfy
the requirements of civil engineering

structures?
In which applications can they compete
with other structural materials, like

steel?

II
FIRST APPLICATIONS
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Birth of aluminium :
1807 isolation of AL element

(Sir Humphry Davy U.K.)
1827 first aluminium nugget
(Whoeler Germany)
1854 first electrolytic reduction
(Henry Sainte Claire France)
1886 industrial electrolytic process
(Paul Luis Touissant Hroult France and
Charles Martin Hall USA)
Dirigible structures
(details)
Eagles of the Napoleon III

IIIs insigna
(1851(1851-1870)
Dirigible structures:
Schwartz (1897)
Zeppeling (1900)
Armaments and equipment for the First

World War (1915(1915-1918)
Dirigible structures (details)
Navy structures
Presence of aluminium in different surroundings
Aircraft structures
Railway structures
Railway structures
Railway structures
Reservoirs for Railway
Reservoirs for Railway
Cladding
Windows
The Empire State Building

in New York was the first
building using anodised
aluminium for windows
Aluminium sheets
installed more than a century ago for cladding
the dome of the San Gioacchino church in Rome
Decoration
The Atomium was built for the Universal Exhibition of Brussels in 1958,
nevertheless aged over the years.
The Atomium is a structure that is half way between sculpture and architecture,
symbolising a crystal molecule of steel by the scale of its atoms,
magnified 165 billion times.
The aluminium cladding - initially conceived to last six months
has served its purpose for almost 50 years and is ready for a new life.
Now the Atomium is undergoing renovation:
the original aluminium skin will serve for new purposes.
A thousand aluminium triangular
panels are available for sale
with a certificate of
authenticity for collectors
and Atomium fans.
The remaining 30 tonnes
of aluminium will be recycled.
The statue of Eros in Piccadilly Circus London

(only recently cleaned and renovated)
Symbolic works
Markets for Extrusions
Markets for Roller roducts
Housing structures
Foilstock
13%
5%
22%
12%
15%
Stockists
Packaging (rigid)
Building
18%
Building
11%
18%
51%
Engineering
Transport
Consumer durables
19%
Transport
Engineering
Others
16%
Per-capita use by world areas (in kg)
Markets for Ricycled Aluminium
40
35
30
13%
7%
Building
6%
Transport
Engineering
Others
1980
25
1990
20
2000
15
10
74%
5
0
Europe
USA
Japan
Different markets for aluminium products
BASIC PREREQUISITES OF ALUALU-ALLOYS
[t]
1.60E+06
1.40E+06
1.20E+06
1.00E+06
8.00E+05
6.00E+05
4.00E+05
2.00E+05
THE GROWTH OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS IN BUILDINGS
0.00E+00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Wide family of constructional materials,covering the range of mechanical

properties of mild steels
Corrosion resistance makes normally not necessary to provide protection
protection
coating
Weigth reduction (respect to steel is 1 to 3) gives many advantages in
transportation and erection
Low elastic modulus increases the sensitivity to
deformability and instability problems
The material itself is not prone to brittle fracture
Fabrication process by extrusion allows individually tailored shapes
shapes to be
designed
Either bolting,riveting and welding techniques are available as connection
solution
BASIC CONDITIONS
FOR COMPETITION WITH STEEL
First pre-requisite:
First pre-requisite:
Corrosion resistance
Corrosion resistance ( C )
Second pre-requisite:
Lightness ( L )
Third pre-requisite:
Functionality of sections
due to extrusion ( F )
Details of steel bolted

connections
Steel detail
Second pre-requisite:
Second prepre-requisite:
Ligthness
Ligthness
Ligthness
Ligthness
Aluminium detail
steel hot rolled sections
aluminium extruded sections
extrusion process
1.Billets in parking
2. Heating (480
(480C)
4. Transfer to extrusion
5. Extrusion
3. Cutting
6. Termal treatment
Phases of the extrusion process
Third prepre-requisite:
Functionality of sections due to extrusion
The geometrical properties of crosscross-section are improved

by designing a shape which simultaneously gives the
minimum weight and the highest structural efficiency
efficiency
Sections for electrical towers
The connecting systems among different

component are simplified,thus improving joint details
details
3
1
1
Sections for crane structures
Sections used in the building for agriculture
Building for agriculture
Industrial building
Section of the upper chord
Section for innovative floor structure
Welded connections
FIELDS OF STRUCTURAL
APPLICATIONS
Bolted connections
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
C
S to r a g e v e sse ls
L a m p c o lu m n s
P r o file d r o o f a n d w a ll
c la d d in g
S u p p o r t fo r r a ilw a y
o v e r h e a d e le c tr ific a tio n
E n c lo s u r e s tr u c tu r e s fo r
sew ag e w ork s
S o u n d b a r rie rs
V e h ic le r e str a in t
syste m s
S e w a g e p la n t b r id g e s*
S ilo s*
T r a ffic s ig n a l g a n tr ie s *
T r a ffic s ig n a l p o le s *
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
C +F
D om es over sew ag e
ta n k s*
M a r in a la n d in g sta g e s
R o o f a c c e ss sta g in g
D a m lo g s
C u r ta in w a llin g
O v e r c la d d in g su p p o r t
syste m s
P e d e str ia n p a r a p e ts
C h ic k e n h o u se
str u c tu r e s
W o o d d ryin g k iln s
S p a c e stru c tu re s
(d o m e s, e tc .)*
E x h ib itio n sta n d s*
S w im m in g p o o l r o o fs *
C a n o p ie s
B u s sh e lte r s
G r e e n h o u se s/G la ss
h ou ses*
C +L
L ig h tin g c o n tr o l
to w e r s
F la g p o le s
A ir c r a ft a c c e s s
b r id g e s
T r a n sm issio n
to w e r s
B r id g e in sp e c tio n
g a n trie s
O ffs h o r e s tr u c tu r e s
(liv in g q u a r te r s,
b r id g e s)*
T a n k flo ta tio n
covers
C +F+L
G r a tin g p la n k s
H e lid e c k s*
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
F
P r e fa b r ic a te d
b a lc o n ie s*
C o n v e yo r b e lt
str u c tu r e s
M o n o r a ils
R obot su p p ort
str u c tu r e s
S h u tte r in g fo r m
w ork
T u n n e l sh u tte r in g
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
L
C ran e boom s
L o r r y m o u n te d c r a n e s
P it p r o p s
B r id g e s*
M o b ile b r id g e
in sp e c tio n g a n trie s
S c a ffo ld in g s y s te m s
L adders
C h e r r y p ic k e rs
T e le s c o p ic p la tfo r m s
M a s ts fo r te n ts
F+L
A ccess ram p s
S u p p o r t fo r s h u tte r in g
T r a c k w a ys (te m p o r a r y)
E le v a to r s fo r b u ild in g
m a te r ia ls
S c a ffo ld p la n k s
T re n c h su p p o rts
G r a v e d ig g in g
su p p o rts
L o a d in g r a m p s
L a n d in g m a ts fo r
a ir c r a ft
A ccess g an g w ays
S h u tte r in g su p p o r t
beam s
M ilita r y b r id g e s*
R a d io m a sts
S h u tte r in g
T e le sc o p ic c o n v e yo r
b e lt str u c tu r e s
G r a n d sta n d str u c tu r e s
(tem p o ra ry)
B u ild in g m a in te n a n c e
g a n tr ie s
F a b ric str u c tu r e
fr a m e s
T a b le 1 .1 : T h e m a in s tr u c tu r a l a p p lic a tio n s o f a lu m in iu m a llo y s in s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g
Technical references
FIELDS OF APPLICATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Long span roof systems (reticular
(reticular schemes of plane and space
structures)
structures) , where live load is small compared to dead load
Structures located in corrosive or humid environments
(swimming pool roofs,river bridges,hydraulic plants,offplants,off-shore
superstructures)
superstructures)
Structures with moving parts,so that the lightness means
economy during service (moving
(moving bridges on rivers or
channels,rotating crane bridges on circular pools in sewage
plants)
plants)
Special purpose structures for which maintenance operations
are particularly difficult (masts,lighting
(masts,lighting towers,motorway sign
portals)
portals)
Structures situated in inaccessible places far from the
fabrication shop,so the transport economy and ease erection are
extremelly important (electrical
(electrical transmission towers,stair
cases,provisional bridges)
bridges)
Competition between steel and aluminium
Reference from literature
Charles Dickens (1812(1812-1870) wrote :

Within the course of the last two years a treasure has been divined,
unearthed and brought to light ... what do you think of a metal as white as
silver, as unalterable as gold, as easily melted as copper, as tough as iron,
which is malleable, ductile, and with the singular quality of being lighter
that glass? Such a metal does exist and that in considerable quantities on the
surface of the globe. The advantages to be derived from a metal endowed
with such qualities are easy to be understood. Its future place as a raw
material in all sorts of industrial applications is undoubted, and we may
expect soon to see it, in some shape or other, in the hands of the civilised
world at large.
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH FOR
YOUR KIND
ATTENTION
Reference from literature
Jules Verne (1844(1844-1896),the father of modern science

fiction, wrote From Earth to the Moon
Moon:
This valuable metal possesses the whiteness of silver, the
indestructibility of gold, the tenacity of iron, the fusibility of
copper, the lightness of glass. It is easily wrought, is very
widely distributed, forming the base of most of the rocks, is
three times lighter than iron, and seems to have been created
for the express purpose of furnishing us with the material for
our projectile.
FIELDS OF APPLICATION
F. Mazzolani
ALUMINIUM STRUCTURES IN THE

FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING :
ALUMINIUM ALLOY STRUCTURES:

FIELDS OF APPLICATION
BUILDINGS
SPECIAL STRUCTURES
BRIDGES
REFURBISHMENT
ENVELOPS ( FACADES )

II
ALUMINIUM PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES

BUILDINGS :
-prefabricated structures
-plane structures
-reticular space structures
-domes
Trelement
Trelement building system
(Germany)
50
Prefabricated clubclub-house
(France)
France)
Prefabricated rural building

(Italy)
Prefabricated - aluminium house (Tokyo, 2000)
Provisional Exhibition Hall (Udine, Italy,2002)

Italy,2002)
ALUMINIUM PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES (EDENBLUE SYSTEM)
Provisional Exhibition Hall

(London, England,
England, 2002)
ALUMINIUM PLANE STRUCTURES
ALUMINIUMALUMINIUM-TIMBER STRUCTURE FOR INTERNAL MEZANINE
Rolling mill roof

(Krenzlingen,
Krenzlingen, CH )
Hangar
(Hatfield, England)
Sporthall
(Gand, Belgium)
Warehouse
(Antwerp, Belgium)
Melsbroek airport
(Brussels, Belgium)
Lecheria la Gran Via inSincelejo City (Colombia)
Roof of the tribune of the football stadium in Guayaquil (Equador)

(Equador)
Urban Ricreation Center

CenterCompensar
Compensar (CUR)
in Bogot
Bogot (Colombia)
SwimmingSwimming-pool roof in Bogot

Bogot (Colombia)
Aluminium Center in Utrecht(Holland)
Universidad del Norte

in Barranquilla
(Colombia)
The Aluminium Forest

Forest:
368 tubolar columns
Aluminium Center
Micha de Haas
in Utrecht(Holland)
2.36 m
Number of nodes 13 724

Number of bolts 550 000
Number of bars 56 820 (total length 300 km)
ALUMINIUM RETICULAR SPACE STRUCTURES
14 m
Weigth 16 kg/mq
Erection phases of the Interamerican Exhibition Center

of San Paulo (Brazil
,1969)
(Brazil,1969)
Mash 60x60 ;erection

;erection time 27 hours
Covered area 67 600 mq
THE INTERAMERICAN EXHIBITION CENTRE ( SAN PAOLO, BRASIL)
THE INTERAMERICAN EXHIBITION CENTRE OF

SAN PAOLO (BRASIL)
The International Congress center of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
THE INTERAMERICAN EXHIBITION CENTRE OF

SAN PAOLO (BRASIL)
Industrial buildings (Brazil)
Guaymaral Country Club

Bogot
Bogot (Colombia)
Library Luis Angelo Arango

Arango
Bogot
Bogot (Colombia)
Hatogrande Country Club

Bogot
Bogot (Colombia)
Mall in Bogot
Bogot
(Colombia)
Traffic Office
in Zapaquir
Zapaquir
(Colombia)
Swimming pool
in Zerrezuela
(Colombia)
Colegio Agustiniano
in Bogot
Bogot (Colombia)
Centro Comercial Salitre Plaza
Plazain Bogot
Bogot
Empresas Publicas de Medellin
Building in Cali (Colombia)
THE PALASPORT OF QUITO (EQUADOR)
The Memorial Pyramid

in La Baie (Quebec, Canada)
Shanghai Pudong Natatorium
THE MEMORIAL OF
LA BAY (QUEBEC)
A 42,000 sq. ft. double layer grid vault roof
Shanghai Opera House

IN ITALY
Conference Centre, Glasgow
Incenerator,
Incenerator, London
Lords cricket ground, London Millenion Stadium, Walles
The structure of the Congress Center of Alghero
A proposal for the roof of the Olimpic Stadium in Rome (1990)
THE GEOGEO-SYSTEM (ITALY)
FULL SCALE TEST
MERCATI TRAIANEI
TRAIANEI MUSEUM (ROME)
MERCATI TRAIANEI
Before restoration
After restoration
MERCATI TRAIANEI
MERCATI TRAIANEI
Plane reticular space structure
MERCATI TRAIANEI
Reticular geodetic dome
Reticular cylindrical vaults
MERCATI TRAIANEI
Reticular geodetic dome
MERCATI TRAIANEI
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ThreeThree-directional
reticulated arches
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ALUMINIUM DOMES
Diameter 61 m
Diameter 110 m
Weigth 24 kg/mq
kg/mq
Dome of Discovery built in

London for the Festival of
Britain (1951)
ALUMINIUM DOMES
The geodetic dome of Guayaquil (Equador)
The Palasport of Paris (1959)
ALUMINIUM DOMES
Scientific Station at the South Pole
ALUMINIUM DOMES
ALUMINIUM DOMES
Industrial plants
The Conservatex system (USA):

erection phases
ALUMINIUM DOMES
Epcot Center (Florida)
The TEMTEM-COR system (USA)
ALUMINIUM DOMES
Baylor University Ferrell Events Center (Waco, Texas)
The Conservatex system

(USA): applications
housing
ALUMINIUM DOMES
Bell County Arena (Temple, Texas)
ALUMINIUM DOMES
University of Connecticut
ALUMINIUM DOMES
Spruce Goose Dome:

Dome: erection phases
The Spruce Goose

Goose is the world
worlds largest clearclear-span aluminium
dome 415 feet in diameter (Long Beach, California)
ALUMINIUM GEODETIC DOMES FOR COAL STORAGE
The Spruce Goose Dome

Dome (Long Beach,California)
The TEMTEM-COR
COR dome in Taiwan
ENEL - CIVITAVECCHIA
The collapse of the Geometrica dome in Taiwan
The Geometrica
Geometrica dome in Taiwan
ALUMINIUM SPECIAL STRUCTURES
Motorway signs
Electrical towers
Lighting towers
Antenna towers
Hydraulic struct.
Off-shore struct.
Helydecks
Electrical transmission towers and typical extruded crosscross-sections
Motorway sign supports
Lighting towers
Aluminium towers in Naples (Italy)

Italy)
100 years aluminium price

THE TOWER FOR
PARABOLIC ANTENNAS
OF THE ELECTRICAL
DEPARTMENT IN NAPLES
The Enel Tower:

fabrication phases
The Enel Tower: fabrication phases
The Enel Tower:

Tower:
fabrication phases
ENEL aluminium tower in Naples : erection phases
INFORMATION TOWER
TIME EVULUTION
EVULUTION TOWER
MEMORY
MEMORY TOWER
The Enel Tower : details
THE TOWERS OF TECCHIO

TECCHIOs SQUARE IN NAPLES
ALUMINIUM HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
Reservoir: erection phases
Pipeline
The Information
Information Tower (Naples)
Sewage plant (Po Sangone,

Sangone, Turin)
Turin)
ALUMINIUM OFFOFF-SHORE STRUCTURES
bridges
ALUMINIUM OFFOFF-SHORE STRUCTURES
Helideck
Phases of fabrication
Helidecks
Helidecks
ALUMINIUM MOTORWAY BRIDGES
Motorway bridges
Composite bridges
Moving bridges
Foot bridges
Military bridges
Marina bridges
Floating bridges
Bridge refurbishment
Structural restoration
ALUMINIUM BRIDGES
Arvida bridge in Quebe (Canada , 1950 L = 150 m)
Motorway bridge (France)
Motorway bridge (The Netherlands)
Moving Bridge at the Aberdeen Harbour
Motorway bridges
Composite aluminium concrete bridges : sections, test and theory
Moving bridges over the Gta channel (Sweden)
Bascule bridge (1967):

the first road bridge in aluminium
; 4m wide and 8,1 m span.
HandHand-pushed bridge
Continuous bridge with swing span
Moving foot bridges
Foot bridges
Moving foot bridge in Oldersum (Germany)
Foot bridge in HemHem-Lenglet (France)
Foot bridges
Amsterdam (NL)
Villepinte (F)
The Gold Creek Footbridge -Valdez, Alaska (USA)
Foot bridges
Foot bridge in Jonqui

Jonquire (Quebec, Canada)
A cablecable-stayed foot bridge,

designed for the City of Science
in Naples (Italy)
Foot bridges
ALUMINIUM BRIDGES
Military bridges
A cablecable-stayed foot bridge,

designed for the City of Science in Naples (Italy)
U.K. bridges
Swedish military bridge Kb 71
German military bridge (Dornier): erection phases
old cross-section
Joint
new cross-section
FSW
Friction Stir
Welding, FSW
FSW
Backing
bar
MIG
FSW
MIG
FSW
MIG
FSW
Tool
shoulder
Welding pin with
special profile
friction stir weld
Weld
Length 20 m with a theoretical span of 19 m

Bridge depth is 0,71 m
Marina applications
Marina applications
Marina
applications
Marina applications
Floating road in Holland (2003)
Floating bridge with aluminium deck

Sweden ( 1989 )
The new Waterway
DECK REPARATION
Paving
250 mm
6 mm Acrydur,
Acrydur, or
Weight
Grooves and tongues (no welds)
50 mm
40 mm poured asphalt
Aluminium deck : 50 - 70 kg/m2
Span 1,0 m
: 600 - 700 kg/m2
Concrete deck
Large deck profiles

100 mm
300 mm
Span 2,8 m
Extruded decks
DECK REPARATION
Old bridge cut in parts

and lifted away
100 kN
0
?
-1
Deflection [mm]
-2
?
?
-3
Test
-4
?
-5
?
?
-7
Theory
-6
c
Test on extruded decks
Deck
Modell
New bridge with aluminium deck
Deck reparation
STRUCTURAL RESTORATION OF
SUSPENSION BRIDGES BY MEANS OF
ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
before
Substitution of r.c. deck

with aluminium deck
after
THE MONTEMERLE BRIDGE
L= 80 + 80 m
THE MONTEMERLE BRIDGE ON THE SOANE
RIVER (FRANCE)
ON THE SOANE RIVER

(FRANCE)
THE TREVOUX BRIDGE ON THE SAONE RIVER

(FRANCE)
THE MONTEMERLE BRIDGE ON THE SOANE RIVER

(FRANCE)
THE TREVOUX BRIDGE ON THE SAONE

RIVER (FRANCE)
L= 80 + 80 m
L= 80 + 80 m

RIVER (FRANCE)
THE GROSL
GROSLE BRIDGE ON THE RNE
RIVER (FRANCE)

RIVER (FRANCE)
L= 175 m
THE GROSL
GROSLE BRIDGE ON THE
RNE RIVER (FRANCE)
THE GROSL
RIVER (FRANCE)
THE GROSL
RIVER (FRANCE)
STRUCTURAL RESTORATION OF THE

REAL FERDINANDO
FERDINANDO BRIDGE :
the first iron suspension bridge in Italy
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
ON THE GARIGLIANO RIVER (ITALY)
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
Designer : Luigi Giura
Design data (geometry

(geometry))
The Maria Cristina
Cristina Bridge
on the Calore river (1835)
The Real Ferdinando Bridge

on the Garigliano river (1832)
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
Design data (loads

(loads and stresses)
stresses)
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
Erection data (1828 1832)
Dead load : 260 kg/mq

Live load : 240 kg/mq
Maximum axial force in chains : 500 t
Maximum stress in iron chains : 15 kg/mmq
kg/mmq
Strength of stone : 600 kg/cmq
kg/cmq
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
L = 85 m
Distance between suspension chains 5,83 m
Vertical ties every 1.37 m
Two longitudinal iron beams with rectangular crosscrosssection
Transversal wooden beams every 1,73 m
Two couples of piers made of calcar stone
Chain ancorage at 24 m from piers and 6 m depth
Chains made of pinned iron plated elements
Work period : four years

Iron : 70 000 kg
Cost : 75 000 ducats
Loading test : 2 groups of lancers
16 artillery carriages
Proof engineer : king Ferdinand II (!)
Before 1944
Special device
for connecting
the chains to the piers
THE
THEREAL FERDINANDO
FERDINANDO BRIDGE
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
The piers
1944 - 1990
The top of
the pier
The chain
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
The design
of restoration
The sphinx
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
THE REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
Basis criteria for the structural restoration design
Results of the numerical analysis
The structural scheme gives a good performance under

uniformelly distributed vertical loads only
Due to the mechanism
mechanism feature of the structural
scheme , it is too flexible under non symmetrical
loading conditions
The lack of bracing systems makes it unable to resist
horizontal actions (wind , earthquake)
earthquake) without large
deflections
The design live load (240 kg/mq) is too low even for
pedestrian use
Conservation of the original shape :

consolidation of piers ;
keep the same shape of chains (two groups per sides)
sides) ;
keep the same spanning among the vertical ties ,
corresponding to the mash of the rails ;
keep the same structural scheme of the deck.
Increase the flexural stiffness both vertical and horizontal:

horizontal:
main longitudinal Vierendeel beams , whose mash corresponds

to the vertical ties ;
rigid transversal beams ;
horizontal cross bracings with a mash of 5.83x(3x1,37) m.
Use of modern technologies and materials :
high strength steel for cables ;

use of aluminium alloys instead of steel for deck.
THE NEW REAL FERDINANDO

FERDINANDO BRIDGE

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
The structures of the deck

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
Lateral supports
and horizontal bracings

FERDINANDO BRIDGE
NON STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS:

FACADES AND ENVELOPS
1998 : the first aluminium bridge in Italy
ARCHITECTURAL
COMPETITION
Sustainable Mediterranean
architecture
with aluminium facades
SELFRIDGES MALL IN BIRMINGHAM (Jan Kaplicky)

Kaplicky) :
Envelop made of 15 000 aluminium disquettes
ARCHITECTURAL
ARCHITECTURAL
COMPETITION
COMPETITION
before
after
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH FOR
YOUR KIND
ATTENTION
The winner
The Touring Hotel
( Italy )
STRENGTH AND STABILITY (PART 1.1)

T. Hglund
Torsten Hglund HB
EUROCODES
Design values of loads and resistances
EUROCODES
Design of aluminium members
Design values of loads are given in Eurocode 0 and 1.

Eurodode 9 gives the design values of resistance at the ultimate limit state, e.g.
M Rd =
Design of aluminium members

according to EN 1999-1-1
Torsten Hglund
Royal Institute of Technology
Stockholm
M Rk
Wel f o
(class 3 cross section)
M1
M Rd
design value of bending moment resistance
M Rk
characteristic value of bending moment resistance
f o = Rp0.2
M1 = 1,1
characteristic value of 0,2 % proof strength
Wel
section modulus
partial factor for general yielding
For class 4 cross sections (slender sections, sections with large width/thickness
ratio) Wel is replaced by Weff for the effective cross section. However, if the
deflection at the serviceability limit state is decisive then a simplified method may
be used; see page 17.
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Design values of loads and resistances
Material properties
In a section with reduced strength due to welding (heat affected zone, HAZ)
M Rd =
Wel u,haz f u
(in a section with HAZ across the section)
M2
M Rd
design value of bending moment resistance
fu
characteristic value of ultimate strength
M2 = 1,25 partial factor for failure

u, haz
reduction factor for the ultimate strength in HAZ
Part of Table 3.2 b.
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Design of aluminium profiles
Cross section class 3, 2 and 1
If for the most slender part of the cross section

is < 3 and > 2 where 2 is roughly 4,5 (16),
then the cross section belong to class 3, non
slender section. Then buckling will occur for a
stress equal to or somewhat larger than fo and
some part of the cross section closer to the
neutral axis (webs) may be larger than
according to the theory of elasticity (linear stress
distribution).
Local buckling behaviour / cross section class 4

Except for massive sections and very stocky sections local
buckling will occure in compressed parts at failure. However,
the behaviour is different depending on the slenderness = b/t
where b is the width and t is the thickness of the cross section
part.
If > 3 where 3 is roughly 6 for an outstand part and 22 for
an internal part, then local buckling will occure before the
compressive stress reach the 0,2 % proof stress fo. Such a
section part is called slender and the cross section is
referred to as Class 4 cross section.
f0,2
Collapse load
(4)
>
<
<
<
<
If for the most slender part is less than 2

then also parts of the cross section close to
the neutral axis will reach fo (class 2).
(2)
Buckling load
For very slender sections there is a

post-buckling strength allowed for
by using an effective cross section.
(3)
f0,2
If max < 1 = 3 (11) then rotation capacity is

large enough for redistribution of bending
moment using plastic global analysis (class 1).
(1)
f0,2
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Local buckling - slenderness limits
The above given limits 3 , 2 and 1 are valid for material

buckling class A and fo = 250 N/mm2. For buckling class
B and welded sections the limits are smaller.
Buckling
class
A, without weld
A, with weld
B, without weld
B, med weld
3/
Outstand part
1/
2/
3/
11
9
13
10
22
18
18
15
3
2,5
3,5
3
6
5
5
4
16
13
16,5
13,5
(Buckling class is
defined later)
Internal part
2/
1/
= 250/f o
Internal / outstand cross section part
4,5
4
4,5
3,5
For outstand cross section parts, b is the width of the flat part outside the fillet. For internal parts b is the flat part between the fillets,
except for cold-formed sections and rounded outside corners.
For the web of a beam in bending = 0,4bw/tw

bf
outstand
internal
bw
tf
Example 1: Give cross section class
tw
mm
bf = 70
tf = 14
bw = 90
tw = 4
EUROCODES
Cross section class
Loading
Axial compression
web
Bending
flange
flange
web
EUROCODES
Stress gradient
N Rd = Af o / M1
For class 4 cross section the cross section resistance is
N Rd = Aeff f o / M1 where Aeff = area of effective cross section
= (250 /f o ) ( z1 / z 2 )
This effective cross section is build up of section with effective

thickness teff for the cross section parts that belong to class 4.
teff = c t
bw
tf
Example 2: Give cross section class
EUROCODES
Loading
Bending
Axial compression
Internal part
C1
C2
Outstand part
C1
C2
A, without weld
A, with weld
B, without weld
B, with weld
32
29
29
25
10
9
9
8
where Wpl = plastic section modulus Wpl = A z
12
The effective cross section is different for axial force and bending moment.
No effective cross section is needed for the combined loading axial force and
bending moment. The combination is solved using interaction formulae.
bf
tf
For class 3 cross section the resistance is somewhere between

Mpl and Mel where
t e,f
tw
Wel = I / e
The actual resistance if found by interpolation
3
3 2
However, in most cases Mel could be used as a conservative approximation

For class 4 cross section the resistance is
where W eff = section modulus for effective cross section
24
20
20
16
For class 1 cross section the resistance may be somewhat larger

but Mpl is a good approximation.
M Rd,4 = Weff f o / M1
220
198
198
150
Effective cross section
11
For bending moment the formulae for the resistance is depending on

cross section class. For class 2 cross section the resistance is given by
M Rd,3 = M el + ( M pl M el )
C1
C2
( / ) ( / ) 2
Buckling
class
EUROCODES
Bending moment resistance
M el = Wel f o / M1 with W el = elastic section modulus
where c = reduction factor for local buckling c =
Cross section class
M Rd,2 = M pl = Wpl f o / M1
where M1 = 1,1 = partial factor for material
z2
If the part is less highly stressed than the most severely stressed
fibres in the section, a modified expression may be used for
mm
bf = 140
tf = 10
bw = 180
tw = 6
10
For axial compression the cross section resistance (no flexural

buckling) is the same for cross section class 1, 2 and 3
For cross section parts with stress gradient ( = 2/1) then

= bw/tw where
= 0,70 + 0,30
if 1 > > -1
= 0,80/(1- )
if < -1
internal
Axial force cross section resistance
bw
t e,f
bc
y
t e,w
te,f
te,w
y
tw
tw
t e,f
tf
Effective section
for axial compression
Effective section
for y- axis bending
Effective section
for z- axis bending
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Effective cross section for axial force
13
Local buckling may only occur on the compression side. For a member in
bending, even if the cross section is symmetric, the effective section is
asymmetric
If the cross section is symmetric, then the

effective cross section is also symmetric.
The neutral axis of the effective cross section is shifted closer to the tension side
and the compressed part of the cross section is increased
If the cross section is asymmetric, then

there might be a shift in the neutral axis.
For axially compressed extruded profiles
this shift is ignored i.e. the axial force is
taken as acting in the centre of the
effective cross section. For cold-formed
sections the shift should be allowed for by
adding a bending moment MEd = NEdeN
where eN is the shift in neutral axis for
gross and effective cross section.
In principle an iteration procedure should be used, however, only two steps are
necessary
In principle only the flat parts
between fillets need to be reduced,
however, for simplicity, the whole
flange or web may be reduced.
E.g. for an I-section the first step is

to calculate the effective thickness of
the compression flange and calculate
the neutral axis for that section. The
second step is to calculate the
effective thickness of the web based
on this neutral axis. This is then the
effective cross section.
EUROCODES
Effective cross section for bending moment
14
To find the effective cross section for bending moment is sometimes a tricky task
and is not presented here in detail. Just a few comments:
The effective cross section is based on

the effective thickness of the cross
section parts.
EUROCODES
Effective cross section for bending moment
15
Summary for members in bending
16
bw
tf
From above we know the cross section class

mm
bf = 70
tf = 14
bw = 90
tw = 4
Compression, web c =
c =
Bending
C1
C2
( / ) ( / ) 2
web
C1 = 32,
32
220
= 0,988
22,5 22,52
flange
web
flange
C 2 = 220 = 90 / 4 = 22,5
= 1, 3 = 22
c is very close to one.

Use gross cross section
3 = 6, 2 = 4,5
M Rd,2 = Wpl f o / M1
M Rd,3 = M el + ( M pl M el )
M Rd,4 = Weff f o / M1
EUROCODES
Axial compression
Compression and
= 70 / 14 = 5
bending, flange
Which formula
to be used?
Cross section class
Loading
Web slenderness
3
3 2
EUROCODES
Serviceability limit state
17
Buckling class
The relatively low elastic modulus of aluminium (compared to steel) means

that the deflection at the serviceability limit state is often decisive. Then
conservative design at the ultimate limit state can often be accepted.
Small residual stresses in extruded profiles mean that the buckling

curves are not depending on the shape of the cross section (as for steel)
For class 1, 2 and 3 cross section the resistance according to the theory of
elasticity could be used e.g.
Material buckling class A or B depends on the - diagram for small

strains (proportional limit - 0,2-proof stress ratio, fp/fo)
M Rd =
Wel fo
M1
corresponding to the horisontal line marked steel on the previous slide. For
class 4 cross section the resistance could be given by
W f
M Rd = c el o
M1
where c is the reduction factor for local buckling for the cross section part
with the largest value of / 3. This might be rather conservative but no
effective cross section need to be found.
Buckling curve depends on material and longitudinal welding
Buckling class is given in Table 3.2 a and b
18
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Effective width - effective thickness
Why effective thickness?
19
20
You only need to reduce the thickness, not

to define start and stop of effective widths.
Simple calculations
Easier to allow for
combination of local
buckling and HAZ
Within the HAZs the lesser of the reduction

for local buckling and HAZ softening is used.
Easy to combine with shear

lag where effective width
is used
beff
beff
CL
The effects of plate buckling on shear lag

may be taken into account by first reducing
the flange width to an effective width, then
reducing the thickness to an effective
thickness for local buckling basing the
slenderness on the effective width for
shear lag. (National choice)
3
EUROCODES
b0
EUROCODES
Heat Affected Zone, HAZ
b0
Width of heat affected zone
21
22
bhaz mm
T1 < 60oC
Reduction factor
40
o,haz for 0,2 % proof strength and

o,haz for ultimate strength
TIG, t<6
30
Alloy
6082
7020
Sheet, strip and plate, t < 5
Temper
0,2 % p.
strength
Ultimate
strength
T4
0,91
0,78
T5
0,54
0,69
T6
0,50
0,64
5754
T6
0,71
0,80
6082
o,haz
bhaz
20
Example: Extruded profile, t < 5
Alloy
u,haz
3005
Temper
0,2 % p.
strength
Ultimate
strength
H14
0,37
0,64
H16
0,30
0,56
H14
0,53
0,63
T6
0,48
0,60
o,haz
MIG
10
0
u,haz
10
15
20
25
t mm
When 60 oC < T1 < 120oC
multiply with
1 + (T1 - 60) / 120
1 + (T1 - 60) / 80
6xxx alloy
7xxx alloy
T1 = interpass cooling temperature when multipass

welds are laid
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Longitudinally welded section
23
2z + t w
b
b haz
o,haztf
tf
For a longitudinally welded section the loss of strength

in the heat affected zone HAZ should be allowed for.
The cross section classification is made as for extruded
sections, except that the limits 1, 2 and 3 are
somewhat smaller.
t haz = o,haz t
where o,haz is the reduction factor for the 0,2 %

proof stress.
If the cross section belong to class 4 the effective
thickness is the lesser of c t and o,haz t within bhaz and
c t besides HAZ.
Question 1: If a welded section is symmetric and
belong to class 3 is then the reduced cross section
due to HAZ asymmetric?
Question 2: If a welded section is symmetric and belong
to class 4 is then the reduced cross section usually
asymmetric?
t eff = c tf
b haz
min(o,haztw; ctw)
min(o,haztf; ctf)
bc
For the resistance a reduced thickness is used

within the widths bhaz of the HAZs
c tw
tw
Bending moment
Qu.
yes
1
2
no
Member with transverse welds or welded attachments
For a member with a transverse cross weld the

resistance is the lesser of
a) The strength in the sections beside the weld and
the HAZ
b) The strength in the HAZ
c) The strength of the weld
The strength of the sections besides the welds
and the HAZs is based on the 0,2 % proof strength
fo whereas the strength in the HAZs is the ultimate
strength u,hazfu and in the weld fw, but with larger
partial factors M2 = Mw = 1,25.
So ,for a member in tension the resistance is
the lesser of
a)
N o,Rd = f o A / M1
b)
N u,Rd = u,haz f u A / M2
c)
N w,Rd = f w Aw / Mw
24
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Member with transverse welds or welded attachments
Member with holes
25
Question 1: Which is the lesser of the strength in

HAZ and the weld for a tension member in EN-AW
6082-T6 with a but weld with Aw = A made of filler
metal 5356 (M2 = Mw)
b)
c)
EUROCODES
b)
Flexural, torsion-flexural and lateral-torsional buckling

27
(Flexural) buckling
Axial force
Torsional buckling
S
G N
Bending moment
N u,Rd = 0,9 f u Anet / M2
Note 0,9
EUROCODES
Flexural buckling
28
N cr =
1. Critical load according to classic theory
The net area Anet shall be taken as the gross area less
appropriate deductions for holes, see figure.
Formula c) is not applicable
s1
For a member in tension the resistance is the lesser of

a) N o,Rd = f o A / M1
N o,Rd = f o A / M1
N u,Rd = u,haz f u A / M2
N w,Rd = f w Aw / Mw
b1
b
3
Question 2: What is the difference for a member

with an attachment?
a)
Anet = min:
line 1
t (b - 2d)
line 2
t (b - 4d + 2s2/(4p))
t (b1 + 20,65s1 4d + 2s2/(4p)) line 3
u,haz f u = f u,haz = 185 N / mm 2
Table 3.2b
f w = 210 N / mm 2
Table 8.8
26
For a member with (bolt) holes the resistance is the lesser of

a) The strength in the sections beside the holes
b) The strength in the section with the holes
Torsional-flexural buckling
My
2. Yield load
Ny =
3. Slenderness parameter
4. Buckling class and reduction factor

from formulae or diagram
Mz
Flexural buckling
0,9
1Class
2
A
Class B
0,8
Axial force and

bending
moment
0,7
Mz
My N
Ny
N cr
N b,Rd = N y / M1
6. Resistance
My
2
lcr
Aeff f o
= 1 for members without welds
5. Factor to allow for longitudinally or

transverse welds
Lateral-torsional buckling
2 EI
0,6
My
0,5
0,4
0,3
S
G
0,2
N
My
0,1
0
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Flexural buckling, members with longitudinal welds
29
For members with longitudinal welds
0,5
= 1 1 A1 10 0,05 + 0,1 A1 1,3(1 )

A
A
where A1 = A Ahaz (1 o,haz )
Buckling class B
= 1 + 0,04(4 )
( 0, 5 )
1, 4(1 )
0,22
if
0,2
if
> 0,2
2,0
Members with transverse welds at the ends
If the welds are at the ends then = 1 in the

formula for flexural buckling (1). However, then
a check is also needed of the section
resistance at the ends where = o.(2)
Ahaz = area of HAZ
1,5
For members with cross welds the factor is

depending on where the weld is placed along
the member.
Buckling class A
=1
1,0
Utilization grade
30
N b,Rd is the lesser of 1 and 2

(1) N b,Rd = N y / M1 and
(2) N Rd = o N y / M1 where
o =
u,haz f u / M2
f o / M1
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Transverse welds at any section
31
N b,Rd is the lesser of 1 and 3
If the weld is at a distance xs from one end

then the resistance at that section is found
for = x (3). Furthermore the resistance for
the member without weld should also be
checked. (1)
(1) N b,Rd = N y / M1 and

(3) N b,Rd = x N y / M1
If the weld is at the centre of the member

then x = o.
x =
Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling
+ (1 ) sin(xs / lcr )
2) For sections such as angles, tees and cruciforms, composed entirely

of radiating outstands, local and torsional buckling are closely related.
When determining Aeff allowance should be made, where appropriate,
for the presence of HAZ material but no reduction should be made for
local buckling i.e. c = 1.
1
Formulae for critical load
Ncr are given in Annex I
of Eurocode 9 part 1-1.
Utilization grade
32
(1) For sections containing reinforced outstands such that mode 1 would
be critical in terms of local buckling, the member should be regarded as
"general" and Aeff determined allowing for either
or both local buckling and HAZ material.
0,9
1
2
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
Note that at the weld haz is based on
EUROCODES
haz = o
(6.68a)
0,2
0,1
0
33
The buckling length should be taken as lcr = kL. The figure gives guidance for k.
1,5
1,0
2,0
Lateral-torsional buckling of beams
0,5
T
1 Cross section composed of radiating outstands,
2 General cross section
EUROCODES
Buckling length factor k
Aeff f o
N cr
34
Critical moment
M cr =
My
Fz
2 EK w
EI y GK v +
L
L2
My
Slenderness parameter
LT =
a) Bending takes place about the minor principal axis

b) Hollow sections with h/b < 2
c) Rotation is prevented
d) The compression flange is fully restrained against lateral
movement throughout its length
e) The slenderness parameter LT between points of effective
lateral restraint is less than 0,4.
0,9
0,7
0,6
0,4
0,3
M b,LT = LTWel,y f o / M 1
0,2
0,1
0
EUROCODES
a)
h/b<2
b)
c)
d)
e)
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
LT
Bending and axial compression
36
1 Classification of cross-sections for members with combined bending and axial

forces is made for the loading components separately. No classification is made
for the combined state of stress.
2 A cross-section can belong to different classes for axial force, major axis bending
and minor axis bending. The combined state of stress is accounted for in the
interaction expressions. These interaction expressions can be used for all classes
of cross-section. The influence of local buckling and yielding on the resistance for
combined loading is accounted for by the resistances in the denominators and the
exponents, which are functions of the slenderness of the cross-section.
3 Section check is included in the check of flexural and lateral-torsional buckling
major axis (y-axis) bending:
LT < 0,4
1 Class 1 and 2 cross sections

2 Class 3 and 4 cross sections
b
h
1
2
0,8
0,5
35
Lateral-torsional buckling need not be checked in any of the following

circumstances
LT
Resistance
Lateral-torsional buckling need not be checked
M cr
Reduction factor LT
End conditions
1. Held in position and restrained in rotation at both ends
2. Held in position at both ends and restrained in rotation at one end
3. Held in position at both ends, but not restrained in rotation
4. Held in position at one end, and restrained in rotation at both ends
5. Held in position and restrained in rotation at one end, and partially
restrained in rotation but not held in position at the other end
6. Held in position and restrained in rotation at one end, but not held in
position or restrained at the other end
EUROCODES
Wel,y f o
N Ed
x N Rd
y
yc
M y,Ed
0 M y,Rd
minor axis (z-axis) bending:
1,00
c M z,Ed
N Ed
0 M z,Rd
z x N Rd
zc
1,00
All exponents may conservatively be given the value 0,8. Alternative expressions
depend on shape factors y or z and reduction factors y or z.
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Comparison with Eurocode 3 for steel
37
1,0
38
1,0
y = 0
N Ed
N Rd
y = 0
NEd
NRd
Ec 3
Ec 9
y =1,0
y = 0,62
0,5
Ec 3
Ec 9
y =1,0
y = 0,62
Klass 3
Klass 2
0,5
y = 1,23
Design section
y = 1,23
0,5
M y,Ed
M y,Rd
N.v = second order

bending moment
1,0
Cross section class 3
0,5
1,0
M y,Ed
M y,Rd
Cross section class 2

Basic case
Major axis bending, constant bending moment
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Different end moments or transverse loads
N Ed
x N Rd
y
yc
M y,Ed
0 M y,Rd
39
M1,Ed
My,Rd
is found for
yc
NEd
M2,Ed
My,Rd
NEd
NRd
M y ,Ed
0 M y,Rd
but x 0
Ny
N cr
N Ed
x N Rd
yc
M y,Ed
+
1,00
0 M y,Rd
0 = 1
x =
+ (1 ) sin
x
lcr
x.haz =
haz
wy =
Wpl, y
Wel, y
N Ed
N cr,y
1,5
o
for = haz
+ (1 ) sin(xs / lcr )
f /
o = u,haz u M2
f o / M1
Cmy = 0, 79 + 0, 21 + 0, 36( 0, 33)
42
Check for flexural buckling and
2. Check in the section with the weld
haz = o
C my
1 y N Ed C yy
N cr, y
Cross section class 1 and 2
M1
EUROCODES
41
k yy =
1,6 2
C yy = 1 + wy 1 2
Cmy y 1 + y
wy
For members with transverse (local) weld two checks should be made
1. As if there were no weld
C my
N
1 y Ed
N cr, y
For example for M1
M y, Ed
M y,Rk / M1
Cross section class 3 and 4
Member with transverse weld
k yy =
+ k yy
x ( M Ed,1 M Ed,2 ) N Rd
1
cos
=
M Rd
N Ed (1/ 1)
lc
EUROCODES
N Ed
NRd
In principal all sections along the member

need to be checked. However
40
y N Rk / M1
NEd
M
max
+ Ed
xNRd My,Rd
interaction formula
N Ed
max
y x N Rd
NEd
NRd
In Eurocode 3 (steel) the method with equivalent constant bending moment is

used. Then for different bending moment distribution different coefficient are
needed. One example is given below.
1,00
1
K
+
B
0 = 1
1
x =
x
+ (1 ) sin
lcr
1
varies according to a sine curve
x and so also the first term K in the
Equivalent moment
Max(e + v) occur at the

end if M1 is large and/or
the slenderness of the
member is small
Max(e + v) occur in the

span if N is large and/or
the slenderness of the
member is large
M2 < M1
N Ed
z x N Rd
c M z,Ed zc
c
M y,Ed
+
+
1,00
M
M
0 z,Rd
LT xLT y,Rd
As for flexural buckling all exponents may conservatively be given the value
0,8. Alternative expressions depend on shape factors y or z and reduction
factors y or z.
The shape factors are:
For class (1 and) 2 cross sections
= Wpl/Wel
For class 3 cross sections
= between Wpl/Wel and 1
For class 4 cross sections
= Weff/Wel
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EUROCODES
Design of frames
43
If there are no lateral bending moment Mz,Ed = 0 then
44
Three methods are possible:
My
c = 0 where
0 = 1 or z2 but 1 0 1,56
x,LT =
x
lcr
EUROCODES
lcr
(b)
(c)
o
LT + (1 LT ) sin
MII
MII
b) Equivalent sway
imperfection method
(d)
My
+
(e)
A-A
(g)
(f)
c) Alternative method
x
lcr
=
N Rk
EUROCODES
The equivalent column method
member and/or of the moment distribution along the member. If

there are no cross welds and constant moment then both are = 1
else
(a)
x and x,LT are coefficients which allow for HAZ across the
z + (1 z ) sin
Lcr
0 = 1 or z2 y2 but 1 0 2
MI
HEd
I0
c = 0,8 or 0 z where
x =
qEd
a) Equivalent buckling
length method
Lcr
M y , Ed
+
LT x, LT M y,Rd
N Ed
z x N Rd
45
N Rk
The equivalent sway method
N Rk
N cr
46
A
MII
MI
HEd
Lcr
(d)
(e)
A-A
(g)
(f)
I0
I
lcr
qEd
L cr
MII
(d) System, load and initial sway imperfection

(a)
(b)
(c)
(a) System and load

(b) Equivalent column length
(c) First order bending moment
EUROCODES
(e) Initial local bow imperfection and buckling length for flexural buckling
The second order bending moment is

allowed for by the critical buckling length.
(g) Initial local bow and buckling length for lateral-torsional buckling
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Equivalent horizontal forces
(f) Second order moment including moment from sway imperfection
47
Initial sway
The effect of initial sway imperfection and bow imperfection may be replaced
by systems of equivalent horizontal forces introduced for each columns.
0 =
NEd
NEd
NEd
Initial sway imperfection
NEd
NEd
4NEde0d
L
1
200
48
= 0 h m
h =
2
h
but
2
h 1,0
3
m = 0,51 +
h = height in m meters
m = number of column in a row including only those columns which carry a vertical
load NEd > 50 % of the average value for the columns
8NEde0d
L2
e0,d
F1
NEd
F3
4NEde0d
L
NEd
NEd
NEd
F4
NEd
F5
Initial bow imperfection
Initial sway imperfection
qeqv L
8
= N Ed e0,d gives qeqv =
F2
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
8 N Ed e0, d
L2
Equivalent horizontal forces
EUROCODES
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Alternative method
Elastic or plastic global analysis
49
50
Elastic global analysis may be used in all cases.

Plastic global analysis
1. Plastic global analysis may be used only where the structure has sufficient
rotation capacity at the actual location of the plastic hinge, whether this is in the
members or in the joints. Where a plastic hinge occurs in a member, the member
cross sections should be double symmetric or single symmetric with a plane of
symmetry in the same plane as the rotation of the plastic hinge and it should
satisfy the requirements for cross section class 1.
N Rk
N cr
In principle
N Rk
N cr
2. Where a plastic hinge occurs in a joint the joint should either have sufficient
strength to ensure the hinge remains in the member or should be able to sustain
the plastic resistance for a sufficient rotation.
e0,d
3. Only certain alloys have the required ductility to allow sufficient rotation capacity.
4. Plastic global analysis should not be used for beams with transverse welds on
the tension side of the member at the plastic hinge locations.
5. For plastic global analysis of beams recommendations are given in Annex H.
6. Plastic global analysis should only be used where the stability of members can
be assured.
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Torsion
How to avoid torsion?
51
52
Aluminium profiles are often asymmetric resulting in torsion. Example:

Shear centre
S.C
.
Cv =
1000
The beam is twisted around

the shear centre
The deflection due to twisting
may be larger than the
deflection due to bending
1. Divide the load in the direction of

the principal axes
2. Calculate the deflection in those
directions
3. Calculate the vertical deflection
c.
Fz
a. Add stiffeners
b. Change cross section so that the load
acts through the shear centre
EUROCODES
St Venants torsion resistance
Cv = torsion
stiffness (relative)
c. Use hollow sections
The load also deflects laterally, in this case to the left because the
lateral deflection due to twist is larger than due to bending.
EUROCODES
Cv =
3.5
Warping torsion resistance
53
For members subjected to torsion for which distortional deformations and warping
torsion may be disregarded (St Venants torsion) the design value of the torsional
moment at each cross-section shall satisfy
TEd TRd where TRd = WT,pl f o /( 3 M1 )
54
For members subjected to torsion for which distortional deformations may be

disregarded but not warping torsion (Vlasov torsion) the total torsional moment at
any cross-section should be considered as the sum of two internal effects:
The following stresses due to torsion should be taken into account:
- the shear stresses t,Ed due to St. Venant torsion moment Tt,Ed
- the direct stresses w,Ed due to the bimoment BEd and shear stresses w,Ed due
to warping torsion moment Tw,Ed.
V
b1
t1
Check the von Mises yield criterion
t2
t2
b2
V
St Venants torsion
Fillets increase torsion

stiffness and strength
considerably; see Annex J
Warping torsion
x,Ed

Ed
+ z,Ed x,Ed z,Ed + 3

C
f /
f /
f /

o M1
o M1
o M1 f o / M1 f o / M1
where C = 1,2
If the resultant force is acting through the shear centre there is no torsional moment
due to that loading.
Formulae for the shear centre for some frequent cross-sections. see Annex J
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Other structures covered in part 1-1
Plate girders
55
56
Bending
tf,ef
References
bc
bc = bw /2
h0
BS 8118 [4]
Hglund [2, 8]
L/2
hw
bw
h0
NEd
hf
tf
a
E
L/2
e0
Shear
NEd
Ach
Ach
(a)
Vw
Built-up columns with lacings and

battening [Eurocode 3]
57
[1] Eurocode 9, EN 1999-1-1. Eurocode 9: Design of Aluminium Structures Part

1-1: General rules. CEN (European Committee for Standardization) 2007.
[2] Hglund, T., Design of members. TALAT CD-ROM lecture 2301, (Training in
Aluminium Application Technologies), European Aluminium Association.
http://www.eaa.net/eaa/education/TALAT/general/cdrom.htm
Others [6]
(c)
Hglund [5]
Benson [6a]
Ullman [12]
Corrugated web
EUROCODES
Main references
Vf
+ tension field
Lagerkvist [6j]
Tryland [6l]
Patch loading
Un-stiffened and stiffened plates

under in-plane loadings [2]
EUROCODES
Vf
(b)
Rotated stress field
Hglund [5]
tw
Vw
Ach
bf t
f
MEd
Sd
z
Ach
[6] References on Shear Buckling and Patch Loading
58
[a] Benson, P.G.(1992). Shear buckling and overall web buckling of welded aluminium girders. Royal Institute of
Technology, Division of Steel Structures, Stockholm, PhD thesis
[b] Brown, K.E.P.(1990). The post-buckling and collapse behaviour of aluminium girders. University of Wales
College of Cardiff, PhD thesis.
[c] Burt, C.A.(1987). The ultimate strength of aluminium plate girders. University of Wales College of Cardiff, PhD.
[d] Edlund, S., Jansson, R. and Hglund, T.(2001). Shear buckling of Welded Aluminium Girders. 9th Nordic Steel
Construction Conference, Helsinki.
[3] Mazzolani (ed), Valtinat, Hglund, Soetens, Atzori, Langseth, Aluminium

Structural Design. CISM Courses and Lectures No. 443,
SpringerWienNewYork 2003
[e] Evans, H.R. and Lee, A.Y.N.(1984). An appraisal, by comparison with experimental data, of new design
procedures for aluminium plate girders. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Structures & Buildings, Feb. 1984.
[4] BS 8118 Structural use of aluminium, Part 1. Code of practice for design
Part 2. Specification for material, workmanship and protection 1991
[g] Evans, H.R. and Burt, C.(1990). Ultimate load determination for welded aluminium plate girders. Aluminium
Structures: advances, design and construction. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York.
[f] Evans, H.R. and Hamoodi, M.J. (1987). The collapse of welded aluminium plate girders - an experimental study.
Thin-Walled Structures 5.
[5] Hglund, T., Shear Buckling resistance of Steel and Aluminium Plate Girders.
Thin-Walled Structures Vol. 29, Nos. 1-4, pp. 13-30, 1997
[h] Hglund, T.(1972). Design of thin plate I girders in shear and bending with special reference to web buckling.
Royal Inst of Technology, Dept. of Building Statics and Structural Engineering, Stockholm.
[i] Hglund, T.(1995). Shear buckling of Steel and Aluminium Plate Girders. Royal Inst of Technology, Dept. of
Structural Engineering, Technical Report 1995:4, Stockholm
[j] Lagerqvist, O. (1994). Patch loading. Resistance of Steel Girders Subjected to Concentrated Forces. Ph.D. thesis,
Lule University of Technology, Division of Steel Structures, Lule, Sweden.
[k] Rockey, K.C. and Evans, H.R.(1970). An experimental study of the ultimate load capacity of welded aluminium
plate girders loaded in shear. Research Report, University of Wales College of Cardiff.
[l] Tryland, T. (1999). Aluminium and Steel Beams under Concentrated Loading. Dr.Ing. Thesis. Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
References on beam columns
59
[7] Hglund, T., Approximativ metod fr dimensionering av bjd och tryckt stng.
Royal Inst. of Technology, Division of Building Statics and Structural
Engineering, Bulletin 77, Stockholm 1968
[8] Hglund, T., Dimensionering av stlkonstruktioner. Extract from the handbook
Bygg, Chapter K18. The Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, Stockholm
1994
English Translation in: Hglund, T., Steel structures, Design according to the
Swedish Regulations for Steel Structures, BSK. Dept. of Steel Structures,
Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm 1988
[9] Edlund, S., Buckling of T-section Beam-Columns in Aluminium with or without
Transverse Welds. Royal Inst. of Technology, Department of Structural
Engineering, Stockholm 2000
References on local and overall buckling
[10] Langseth, M. and Hopperstad, O.S., Local buckling of square thin-walled

aluminium extrusions. Thin-walled Structures, 27, pp. 117-126, 1996
[11] Hopperstad, O.S., Langseth, M. and Tryland, T., Ultimate strength of
aluminium alloy outstands in compression: experiments and simplified
analysis. Thin-walled Structures, 34, pp. 279-294, 1999
[12] Ullman, R., Shear Buckling of Aluminium Girders with Corrugated webs.
Royal Inst. of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, ISRN
KTH/BKN/B-67-SE, Stockholm 2002
60
EUROCODES
Eurocode 9, strength and stability
Thank you for your attention !
61
CONNECTIONS(PART 1.1)
F. Soetens
TNO
EUROCODES
Connections (Part 1.1)
EUROCODES
Contents
Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
1. Introduction
2. Joining Technology
3.
Design of Joints
Prof.ir.F.Soetens
4.
Welds
Bolts, rivets
Adhesives
Hybrid connections
Final remarks
Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven,

TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Delft,
The Netherlands
EUROCODES
Introduction
EUROCODES
Importance of Joining
Technology
Primary structures
Available joining techniques

Design of connections
Joining is a key technology in aluminium structural engineering
Introduction
Solid state welding

Joints with cast parts
Snap joints, rolled joints etc.
Joints in Thin-walled Structures
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Riveted connections
Adhesive joints
Special joints
To arrive at optimum performance at low costs.
EUROCODES
Types of joints
Design of aluminium structures requires knowledge of:
Introduction
Thread forming and self-drilling screws

Blind rivets
Cartridge fired pin
Spot welding
EUROCODES
Introduction
Advantage of welded connection
Requirements of joints
Saving work and material

Absence of drilling
Tight joints
No crevice corrosion
Joint preparation by extrusion
Structural requirements
Strength
Stiffness
Deformation capacity
Non-structural requirements
Economic aspects
Durability
Tightness
Aesthetics
EUROCODES
Introduction
Principles of design
Strength:
Joining technology
Prevention of brittle fracture

Redistribution of stresses
EUROCODES
Welding
Influence on entire structure

Influence on force distribution
in connections
Distribution of loads
Deformation capacity:
Analytical determination
Determination by tests
Stiffness:
Strength, stiffness and

deformation capacity
EUROCODES
Introduction
EUROCODES
7
Joining technology
10
Principle of TIG welding
Gas welding
Metal arc welding
TIG
MIG
Electric resistance welding
Spot welding
Seam welding
Solid state welding
Ultrasonic welding
Electron beam welding
Friction welding
EUROCODES
Joining technology
Principle of MIG welding
EUROCODES
11
Joining technology
Friction stir welding
12
EUROCODES
Joining technology
Screws, bolts and rivets
Aluminium
Steel
Thread inserts
Joining technology
EUROCODES
13
14
Thread inserts
Ensat
EUROCODES
Joining technology
Heli-coil
Joining technology
EUROCODES
15
Solid Rivets
16
Special joints
Profile to profile joints
Groove and tongue
EUROCODES
Joining technology
Advantages
Fast, automatic
Small distortion
Excellent weld strength
Limitations
Only lap joints
Max. 3.2 mm thickness
Access to both sides required
Expensive equipment
Joining technology
EUROCODES
17
Resistance spot welding
Hooked connection
18
Thread forming and selfdrilling

screws
Thread forming
screw
Self drilling and

thread forming
Self drilling and

thread forming
Joining technology
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
19
Adhesive bonding
Advantages
Microstructure unaffected
Joining of different materials
Joining of very thin parts
High fatigue strength
Good vibration damping
Joining technology
20
Structure of adhesive joint

1. Strength parent material
2. Adhesive strength oxide
Disadvantages
Low strength
Pretreatment of surfaces
Ageing
Tolerance of process parameters
layer
3. Strength oxide layer

4. Adhesive strength between
oxide layer and interface
5. Adhesive strength between

interface and adhesive
6. Cohesion strength of
adhesive
Joining technology
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
21
Failure of adhesive joints
Adhesion failure
Cohesion failure
EUROCODES
Joining technology
22
Properties of adhesives
Adhesive base
Temperature Range C
One-component epoxy
110-130
Two-component epoxy
60-90
Phenolic adhesive
80-120
Methylacrylate
80-100
Polyurethane
80-100
Polyamide
120-140
Silicone
180-190
Mixed failure
Joining technology
Design of adhesive metal joints
EUROCODES
23
Design of joints
Welded connections
Design of welded joints
Design guidance applicable for
Strength of the welds

Strength of the HAZ
Welding process MIG or TIG (up to t = 6 mm)

Approved welder and welding procedure
Prescribed combinations of parent and filler metal
Statically loaded structures
Above conditions not fulfilled
Primary structures testing

Secondary structures or non loaded members Mw = 1,6
24
EUROCODES
Design of joints
25
Heat-treatable alloys
Condition T4 or higher
(6xxx and 7xxx series)
HAZ softening
Non-heat treatable alloys

in work-hardened cond.
(3xxx and 5xxx series)
TIG welding more

severe than MIG
welding
1,0
1,0
T5
0,65
0,60
T6
0,65
0,50
T4
0,90
0,70
T6
0,80
0,60
H22
0,86
0,86
H24
0,80
0,80
H14, H16, H18
0,60
0,60
7xxx
Design of joints
Design of joints
EUROCODES
27
Extent of HAZ (bHAZ)
HAZ (TIG)
Condition
T4
3xxx
HAZ (MIG)
Alloy series
6xxx
5xxx
EUROCODES
26
HAZ softening factor HAZ
Heat-affected zone (HAZ)
Design of joints
EUROCODES
28
Characteristic strength weld

metal (fw)
Lower than parent metal strength

Depending on filler metal used (appropriate 5xxx or 4xxx
series)
Characteristic strength values weld metal fw [N/mm2]

bHAZ (mm)
MIG
TIG
0 < t 6 mm
20
30
6 < t 12 mm
30
12 < t 25 mm
35
t > 25 mm
40
EUROCODES
Parent metal
Design of joints
Filler
metal 3003
H12
5083
O
5454
H24
6060
T5
6005
T6
6061
T6
6082
T6
7020
T6
5356
240
220
160
160
190
210
260
4043
95
150
150
170
190
210
EUROCODES
29
Design of joints
Design of butt welds
Design stresses
Strength members full penetration butt welds
Throat thickness equal to thickness t
Effective length equals total weld length when run-on and runoff plates are used
30
fw
Normal stress, perpendicular

to weld axis
Shear stress
0,6
Normal + shear stress
Mw
fw
Mw
2 + 3 2
fw
Mw
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Design of fillet welds
32
Effective throat thickness
Strength of fillet welds
Design of joints
EUROCODES
31
Throat section
Forces acting on throat section
Throat section
Effective throat thickness a

Effective length
Longitudinal fillet weld
Length > 100 a
Non uniform stresses
Reduction of
weld length
With positive root penetration:
a = 1,2 a or a + 2 mm or a = a + apen (verified by testing)
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Design of joints
EUROCODES
33
Forces acting on a fillet weld
34
Design strength fillet weld
Stresses comparison stress c:
C = 2 + 3( 2 +
Throat section
Design stresses:
fw
Mw
Stresses , and , acting on the throat section of a fillet weld
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Design strength HAZ
Tensile force perpendicular to failure plane
HAZ butt welds
fa,HAZ
Mw
fa,HAZ t e
Mw t
(Partial penetration butt welds)
te = effective throat thickness

fa,HAZ = Characteristic strength HAZ
36
HAZ fillet welds
(Full penetration butt welds)
Design of joints
EUROCODES
35
fa,HAZ
Mw
fa,HAZ te g1
Mw t t
(Toe of the weld, full cross-section)

(At the fusion boundary)
g1
For shear forces and combined tensile / shear forces similar rules
apply
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Design of joints
EUROCODES
37
Design of connections with

combined welds
38
Bolted and riveted connections

Positioning of holes
Two approaches
Direction of
load transfer
1. Welds designed for stresses in parent metal of the different

parts of the joint Linear Elastic Approach
2.
Loads acting on joint are distributed to the welds that are most
suited to carry them Plastic Approach
End distance e1: min. 1,2 d

Edge distance e2: max. 4 t + 40 mm corrosion environment
12 t + 150 mm no corrosion
Spacing p1: min. 2,2 d
Spacing p2: min. 2,4 d
Design of joints
EUROCODES
max. 14 t or 200 mm
Design of joints
EUROCODES
39
40
Categories of bolted connections
Design resistance of bolts
Shear connections
Category A: Bearing type
Fv ,Rd =
Shear resistance
Bearing resistance
Category B: Slip-resistant at serviceability limit state
Fv ,Rd =
Add. check at ult. limit state: shear and bearing
Category C: Slip-resistant at ultimate limit state
Add. check: shear and bearing
Tension resistance
Category E: Preloaded high strength bolts
Design of joints
EUROCODES
Distribution of forces between

fasteners
Mb
0,5fub A
Mb
Strength grades lower than 10.9

Strength grade 10.9, stainless steel bolts,
aluminium bolts
2,5fu dt
Mb
smallest of:
0,9fub As
Mb
EUROCODES
41
e1 p1
1 f
;
; ub or 1,0
3d0 3d0 4 fu
Tension resistance
Ft ,Rd =
Tension resistance
0,6fub A
Bearing resistance
Fb,Rd =
Tension connections
Category D: non-preloaded bolts
Shear resistance per shear plane:
Design of joints
Deductions for fastener holes
For compression members: no deductions for fastener holes
42
Design of joints
EUROCODES
High strength bolts in slipresistant connections

Preloaded bolts
Surface treatments
Design of joints
EUROCODES
43
44
Design of adhesive lap joints
force transfer by friction

between clamped surfaces
friction grip or
slip-resistant connections
Design slip resistance:

Fs,Rd =
nm
Ms
Fp,cd
Fp,cd = 0,7fub As
n = number of friction surfaces

m = factor; m = 1,0 for nominal clearance holes
= slip factor; = 0,27 up to 0,40 t
Ms = 1,25 for ultimate limit state
1,10 for serviceability limit state
Controlled tightening
EUROCODES
Design of joints
Design of joints
EUROCODES
45
Strength of adhesive joints
46
Adhesive bonded joints
Design guidance applicable for:
Shear forces
Appropriate adhesives
Specified surface preparation
Structural application: characteristic shear strength values fvADH:
Adhesive types
fvADH [N/mm2]
1-component epoxy
35
2-component epoxy
25
Higher values are allowed

when demonstrated by
tests
2-component acrylic 20
EUROCODES
Design of joints
Design shear stress: =
EUROCODES
47
fv , ADH
M ,adh
where:
M ,adh = 3,0
Final remarks
Hybrid connections
Final remarks
Different fasteners combined such as bolts and welds
Research resulted in up-to-date design rules
Unequal stiffness of different fasteners:
Design rules available for structural connections

- welds
Only higher stiffness fastener is acting

Only design strength of stiffest fastener is taken into account
- bolts and rivets
- adhesives
When fasteners act at the same time: design strengths may be
summarised
EC9 important design tool for aluminium structures
48
COLD-FORMED STRUCTURES (PART 1.4)

R. Landolfo
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Cold-Formed Structures (Part 1.4)
BACKGROUND
The European code for the design of aluminium structures, Eurocode
9, provides in Part 1.1 (EN 1999-1-1) general rules for structures.
In addition, Part 1.4 (EN 1993-1-4) provides supplementary rules for
CF sheeting
Cold-Formed (CF) Structures

Eurocode 9 - Part 1.4
Prof. Raffaele Landolfo
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
EUROCODE 9 PART 1.4: CONTENT
EN 1999-1-4
2006 November
BACKGROUND
BASIC TYPES OF THIN-WALLED ELEMENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
The following basic types of thin-walled elements are

identified in the classification process:
2 BASIS OF DESIGN
3 MATERIALS
flat outstand element;

flat internal element;
curved internal element.
4 DURABILITY
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
6 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
7 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
These elements can be:
8 JOINT WITH MECHANICAL FASTENERS

9 DESIGN ASSISTED BY TESTING
ANNEX A TESTING PROCEDURES
- unreinforced, or
- reinforced
ANNEX B DURABILITY OF FASTENERS
by longitudinal stiffening ribs or edge lips or bulbs
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
SLENDERNESS OF UNREINFORCED FLAT ELEMENTS
BASIC TYPES OF THIN-WALLED ELEMENTS

Unreinforced elements
Reinforced elements
Eurocode 9 relates the classification of elements in a cross-section
to the value of the slenderness parameter , which is defined
according to the type of elements as a function of the b/t ratio.
In the case of plane unreinforced elements, is related to the
stress gradient:
= g b/t
where:
b
d
t
g
outstand element
internal element
is
is
is
is
or
the
the
the
the
= g d/t
width of an element;
depth of a web element;
element thickness;
stress gradient coefficient, given by the expressions
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND

Relationship defining the stress gradient coefficient (g):
Eurocode 9 relates the classification of elements in a cross-section

to the value of the slenderness parameter , which is defined
according to the type of elements as a function of the b/t ratio.
In the case of plane unreinforced elements, is related to the
stress gradient:
= g b/t
where:
b
d
t
g
is
is
is
is
Where is the ratio of the stresses at the edges of the plate under
consideration related to the maximum compressive stress.
= g d/t
or
the
the
the
the
g = 0.70 + 0.30
g = 0.80 / (1 + )
width of an element;
depth of a web element;
element thickness;
stress gradient coefficient, given by the expressions
stress gradient
coefficient
vs.
coefficient
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
BACKGROUND
10
BACKGROUND

In the case of plane stiffened elements, more complex formulations
are provided in order to take into account three possible buckling
modes:
a)
mode 1: the stiffened element buckles as a unit, so that the
stiffener buckles with the same curvature as the element;
b)
mode 2: the sub-elements and the stiffener buckle as
individual elements with the junction between them remaining
straight;
c)
mode 3: this is a combination of modes 1 and 2, in which both
sub-elements and whole element buckle.
Local buckling
Elements in beams
Element classification
as a function of:
- value
- Member type
-beam
-strut
class 1
1 < 2
class 2
2 < 3
class 3
2 < 3
class 3
3 <
class 4
3 <
class 4
EUROCODES
class 1 or 2
f0: 0.2% proof strength in MPa
Coupled Local and Distortional buckling
EUROCODES
11
BACKGROUND
Element classification
as a function of:
- value
- Member type
-beam
-strut
Limit parameters 1, 2
and 3 as function of:
- Element type
-Outstand
-Internal
- Alloy type
-Buckling class
(Class A, Class B)
-Welded
-Unwelded
= 250 / f 0
Distortional buckling
Elements in struts
12
SECTION PROPERTIES
Elements in beams
Elements in struts
class 1
1 < 2
class 2
2 < 3
class 3
2 < 3
class 3
3 <
class 4
3 <
class 4
class 1 or 2
INFLUENCE OF ROUNDED CORNERS

As in the Eurocode 3, also Eurocode 9 Part 1.4 takes into account
the presence of rounded corners by referring to the notational flat
width bp of each plane element, measured from the midpoints of
adjacent corner elements.
Limit parameters 1, 2
and 3 as function of:
- Element type
-Outstand
-Internal
- Alloy type
-Buckling class
(Class A, Class B)
-Welded
-Unwelded
= 250 / f 0
f0: 0.2% proof strength in MPa
Notional widths of plane cross section parts bp allowing for corner radii
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
13
SECTION PROPERTIES
14
SECTION PROPERTIES

According to the code provisions, the influence of rounded corners
with internal radius
r 10 t
And
r 0.15 bp
on section properties might be neglected, and the cross-section might
be assumed to consist of plane elements with sharp corners
Notional widths of plane

cross section parts bp
allowing for corner radii
Approximate allowance for rounded corners
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
15
16
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION PROPERTIES
GEOMETRICAL PROPORTIONS
According to the code provisions, the influence of rounded corners

with internal radius
r 10 t
And
r 0.15 bp
on section properties might be neglected, and the cross-section might
be assumed to consist of plane elements with sharp corners
The provisions of Eurocode 9 Part 1.4 may be applied only to crosssections within the range of width-to-thickness ratios for which
sufficient experience and verification by testing is available:
b/t 300 for compressed flanges
b/t E/f0 for webs
Cross-sections with larger width-to-thickness ratios may also be
used, provided that their resistance at ultimate limit states and
their behaviour at serviceability limit states are verified by
testing
Approximate allowance for rounded corners
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
17
18
LOCAL AND DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING
GENERAL
GENERAL
The most suitable expression for evaluating the local buckling
coefficient which reduces the thickness (or, equivalently, the
strength) of an aluminium compressed plate, is given by following
relationship:
The effect of local buckling on each compression element of the

cross-section shall be conventionally accounted by replacing the nonuniform distribution of stress, occurring in the post-buckling range,
with a uniform distribution of the maximum stress (max) acting on a
reduced portion of the element, having the same width (b) but a
reduced thickness (effective thickness, teff).
= 1.0 if
= 1
p
2
1
p
p lim
if p lim
where p is the normalised plate slenderness:

Actual normal stress distribution
Effective width
Reduced stress Effective thickness
p =
lim
f 0.2 b p
=
cr
t
12 (1 2 ) f 0.2
2 E k
1.052
bp
t
f 0 .2
E k
which takes into account stress distribution and boundary conditions

by means of the buckling factor k
and:
are numerical coefficients
1 and 2
is the limit value of the normalised slenderness which
corresponds to =1
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
19
20
GENERAL
Parameters 1, 2 andlim
-Heat treated
-Not heat treated
-Welded
-Unwelded
are given as function of Alloy type
LOCAL AND DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING - EUROCODE 9 PART 1.1

Part 1.1 of Eurocode 9 uses the above-mentioned approach for class 4
compression elements.
For sake of simplicity, it modifies the formulations by explicitly
introducing the =b/t ratio and rounding the subsequent coefficients
so as to obtain integers.
A heat-treated,
B heat-treated, welded ; non heat-trated,
0.8
C non heat-treated,
Part 1.1 of Eurocode 9 prescribes to use the same formulations also

for stiffened elements and to apply the factor to the area of the
stiffener as well as to the basic plate thickness.
0.6
0.4
Landolfo and
Mazzolanis
buckling curves
lim
1.00
0.22
0.673
0.88
0.22
0.440
0.76
0.19
0.380
curve
0.2
LOCAL AND DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING - EUROCODE 9 PART 1.4
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Part 1.4 of Eurocode 9 gives a more specific and detailed approach

for CF thin-walled aluminium sheeting, although it is easily
extensible to aluminium CF.
p
SHELL STRUCTURES (PART 1.5)

A. Mandara
EUROCODES

Part 1.5 - Shell structures (A. Mandara)
EUROCODES

Aluminium shells applications
EN 1999 - Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium

structures Part 1.5 - Shell structures
A. Mandara
Department of Civil Engineering
Second University of Naples School of Engineering
Real Casa dellAnnunziata Via Roma, 29, Aversa (CE)
Eurocodes - Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training workshop
Brussels 18-20 February 2008
EUROCODES

EUROCODES

The EN1999-1-5
Annexes
The EN1999-1-5
General part

EUROCODES

Shell configurations allowed for in EN1999-1-5

The prEN1993-1-6
r1
x, u
r2
, v
EUROCODES
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
Types of shell analysis in EN1999-1-5
EUROCODES
EUROCODES

10
Parametric analysis:
Shell geometrical data and material
features
Background activity - Main investigated aspects
shell plastic buckling
Specific issues for aluminium alloy shells in EN1999-1-5


imperfection sensitivity analysis of aluminium cylinders;

set-up of buckling curves for aluminium shells;
definition of imperfection classes for plastic buckling;
interaction between load cases;
introduction of additional shell configurations;
stiffened shells
imperfection sensitivity analysis of stiffened cylinders;
validation of EN1993-1-6 procedures and harmonization with
EN1999 rules;
effect of welding effect (HAZ zones)

imperfection sensitivity analysis of welded cylinders;
definition of simplified design procedures;
EUROCODES
The ABAQUS model

EUROCODES
11
12
Buckling response of axially loaded cylinders

Carichi Assiali [KN]
Imperfection model

6000
R/t = 200
f 02 = 200 N/mmq
Tipo Incastrato
Imperfezione Asimmetrica
Pcr,th = 5293.38 KN
5000
4000
W0/t =0.01
3000
2000
1000
W0/t =3
ABAQUS
0
0
10
12
Carichi Assiali [KN]
Abbassam enti Assiali [m m ]
6000
R/t = 200
f 02 = 200 N/mmq
Tipo Incastrato
Imperfezione Assial-Simmetrica
Pcr,th = 5293.38 KN
5000
W0/t =0.01
4000
3000
2000
w = w0e
k1 x ( x xo )2
( x xo ) k1 y ( y yo )2
( y yo )
e
cosk2 x
cos k2 y
L
R
1000
W0/t =3
ABAQUS
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Abbassam enti Assiali [m m ]
EUROCODES

13
1,4
Cylinders under axial load

Imperfection Sensitivity Curves
Pu /Pcr,th
Diagramma Carichi-Spostamenti Radiali

0.07
1,2
Pcr,th = 0.058 N/m m q
0.06
14
Imperfection sensitivity curves (axially loaded cylinders)
Deflected shapes at buckling (cylinders under uniform

external pressure)
Carichi Superficiali [N/mmq]

EUROCODES
CLASS A
0.05
CLASS B
CLASS C
0.04
1,0
0.03
ABAQUS
0.02
R/t = 200
L/R=2
f 02 = 100 N/mmq
W 0 = 0.1 mm
Tipo Appoggiato
0.01
0,8
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Spoatam enti Radiali [m m ]
0,6
Carichi Superficiali [N/mmq]
Diagramma Carichi-Spostamenti Radiali

0.07
Pcr,th = 0.058 N/m m q
0.06
0,4
R/t = 200 R = 1000 mm t = 5 mm

2
f02 = 200 N/mm
P cr,th = 5293.38 KN
0.05
0.04
0,2
0.03
ABAQUS
cr,th = 168.49 N/mm 2
0.02
R/t = 100
L/R=2
f 02 = 100 N/mmq
W 0 = 0,75 mm
Tipo Appoggiato
0.01
10
20
30
40
50
60
0,0
Spoatam enti Radiali [m m ]
EUROCODES
W0/t
0,0

0,2
EUROCODES
15
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2

16
Imperfection sensitivity curves (cylinders under torsion)
Imperfection sensitivity curves (cylinders under external pressure)

1,0
1,0
Cylinders under external pressure

Imperfection sensitivity curve
Pu /Pcr,th
0,8
Pu /Pcr,th
0,8
n=8
L = 1000 mm R= 1000 mm t= 10 mm
R/t = 100
L/R=1
f02 = 100 N/mm2 n = 9
n=9
0,6
0,6
Pcr,th = 0.620 N/mm2
Class A
0,4
Class B
Class B
R/t = 200 L/R = 2

f02=200 N/mm2
Cylinders under torsion

Imperfection sensitivity curve
0,2
t = 5 mm
cr,th = 49.358 N/mm
W0/t
Pcr,th = 0.610 N/mm2
Class C
Longitudinal Imperfection
Helical Imperfection
0,4
Class C
L = 1000 mm R= 1000 mm t= 10 mm
R/t = 100
L/R=1
n=8
f02 = 100 N/mm2
0,2
Class A
W0/t
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,2
EUROCODES
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0

0,0
0,2
EUROCODES
17
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0

18
Semi-probabilistic interpretation of buckling data

(axially loaded cylinders) - Weibulls law
Semi-probabilistic interpretation of buckling data

(axially loaded cylinders) - Weibulls law
1.00
1.00
P(x)
P(x) = 1 e(x)
0.80
0.60
f02 = 200 N/mm
0.20
0.00
0.00
p (x) =
0.20
dP
A
f02 = 200 N/mm2
0.60
Class A
Class B
Class C
Weibull Curve A
Weibull Curve B
Weibull Curve C
5% Percentile Value
0.40
0.20
x
0.40
(x )
dx
0.80
Class A
Class B
Class C
Weibull Curve A
Weibull Curve B
Weibull Curve C
5% Percentile Value
0.40

Weak hardening alloys
- R/t = 200-
P(x)

- R/t = 100-
0.60
1 /
(1
0.80
/ 1
(x
1.00
/
)1 /
x
0.00
0.00
p (x) =
0.20
dP
0.40
(x )
dx
0.60
1 /
(1
0.80
/ 1
(x
1.00
/
)1 /
EUROCODES


EUROCODES
19
20
Shell buckling EC3 formulation
= 1 0

0
= 1
p 0
0 < p
p
2
stiffened shells
EN1999 rules;
xRc
p =

EUROCODES
f yk


EUROCODES
21
Shell buckling fabrication tolerance classes in EC3
22
Expressions of buckling factors according to EC3
A xial (meridional) load

inward
wox
wox
t
gx
U 0 m ax
gx
o m ax
gx
EUROCODES
= 4
w o U 0 m ax
t
t
Dimple tolerance parameter
Rt
Gauge length
gx
Fabrication
tolerance
Description
quality
class
Class A
Excellent
Class B
High
Class C
Normal
0.80
0.60
Minimum Value
Medium Value
Maximum Value
5%Percentile Value
Experimental Value
Axial (meridional) load

x
Q
40
25
16
x =
0.62
1 + 1.91 1 / Q r / t
1.44
or
0,75
0,65
0,50

24

Strong hardening alloys
Quality class A
EC3 Curve
0.8
L/R=2 R/T=200
L/R=2 R/T=100
L/R=2 R/T=50
L/R=1 R/T=200
L/R=1 R/T=100
L/R=1 R/T=50
Modified
EC3 Curve
0.6
0.4

Quality Class C
0.00
0.00
1.0
0.40
0.20
Excellent
High
Normal
External pressure () and

torsion (shear)
( )
Comparison of EC3 buckling curves with simulation data

1.2
1.00
1.00
EC3 Curve
0.60
1.00
EUROCODES
23
0.60
Class A
Class B
Class C

1.20
Fabrication
tolerance
Description
quality
class
gx
w0
0.20
External pressure
and torsion (shear)
0.40
L/R=4 R/T=200
L/R=4 R/T=100
L/R=4 R/T=50
Modified
EC3 Curve
0.2
0.0
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
25


1.2
x =
L/R=2 R/T=200 Imp. 1

Quality class C
1.0
L/R=2 R/T=200 Imp. 2
perf =
L/R=2 R/T=100 Imp. 1
0.8
L/R=2 R/T=50 Imp. 1
Alloy
f yk
xRc
+ 2 2

0
0
0.2
0.35
0.1
0.2
L/R=2 R/T=50 Imp. 2

L/R=4 R/T=200 Imp. 2
0.4
perf
= 0 . 5 [1 + 0 ( 0 ) + 2 ]
L/R=2 R/T=100 Imp. 2
0.6
26
Shell buckling - proposal for pr1999-1-5
External pressure
0
0
0.3
0.55
0.2
0.7
Shear (torsion)
0
0
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
L/R=4 R/T=100 Imp. 2

L/R=4 R/T=50 Imp. 2
0.2
EC3 Curve
0.0
0.0
0.5
EUROCODES
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

Fabrication
tolerance
D escription
quality
class
Class A
Excellent
C lass B
H igh
Class C
N orm al
EUROCODES
27
1.20
Minimum Value
1 + 1 . 91 1 / Q r / t
1 .44
or
0,75
1
0,65 , =
1 + 0, 2 1 ref 0 / 2ref
0,50
)(

28

Quality class A
1.00
Medium Value
Maximum Value
0.80
x =
0 . 62
Buckling curves - proposal for EC9
1.20
1.00
40
25
16
External pressure ( ) and torsion ( )

ref
A xial (m eridional) load

Q
0.80
5% Percentile Value
0.60
0.60
L/R=2 R/T=200
L/R=2 R/T=100
L/R=2 R/T=50
L/R=1 R/T=200
L/R=1 R/T=100
L/R=1 R/T=50
L/R=4 R/T=200
L/R=4 R/T=100
L/R=4 R/T=50
0.40
0.40
Quality Class A
0.20
0.20
0.00
0.00
EUROCODES
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00

0.00
0.00
EUROCODES
29
1.00
0.80
0.60
4.00
5.00
6.00

L/R=2 R/T=200
L/R=2 R/T=200
L/R=2 R/T=100
L/R=2 R/T=100
L/R=2 R/T=50
L/R=2 R/T=50
L/R=4 R/T=200
L/R=4 R/T=100
L/R=4 R/T=50

stiffened shells
EN1999 rules;
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00
3.00
1.20
Quality class B
2.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00

30
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
31

Exploitation of plastic buckling features

(axially loaded cylinders)
32
Exploitation of plastic buckling features

(axially loaded cylinders)
1,2
1,2
Pu /Pcr,th
Pu /Pcr,th
A
1,0
1,0
Imperfection 1
Imperfection 1
0,8
0,8
2
0,6
0,4
cr,th = 197.40 N/mm

0,2
0,0
0,4
cr,th = 85.76 N/mm
0,2
clamped ends
hinged ends
w0*/t
w0/t
4
2
w0/t
0,0
w0*/t
0,2
EUROCODES
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0

0,2
33
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0

34
Exploitation of plastic buckling features (axially

loaded cylinders) Imperfection limit w0*/t
0.10
0.30
w0*/t
0,0
EUROCODES

loaded cylinders) Imperfection limit w0*/t
0.27
R/t = 200
f 0.2 = 100 N/mm2
P cr,th = 2694.32 kN
clamped ends
hinged ends
0,0
2
0,6
R/t = 50
f 0.2 = 200 N/mm2
P cr,th = 24806.01 kN
w0*/t
HINGED ENDS
CLAMPED ENDS
0.08
0.24
0.21
0.18
f 0.2 = 100 N/mm
0.15
0.12
f 0.2 = 200 N/mm
0.06
f 0.2 = 200 N/mm
f 0.2 = 100 N/mm
0.04
0.09
0.02
0.06
0.03
f 0.2 = 300 N/mm
f 0.2 = 300 N/mm
0.00
0.00
0
EUROCODES
50
100
150
200
250

Description
Class A-plus
Excellent
Class A
Class B
Class C
Very high
High
Normal
Fabrication tolerance
quality class
Class A-plus
Class A
Class B
Class C
Q
Description Clamped Hinged
ends
ends
Excellent
60
50
Very high
40
High
25
Normal
16
150
200
250
300

1.20
Hinged ends
1
t
R
+ 0.02
5
f 0.2 R
t
0,006
0,01
0,016
36
Minimum Value
Medium Value
Maximum Value
5% Percentile Value
EC3
1.00
0.80
0.60
Proposed
EC9 Curve
Hinged ends
0.40
x
x =
100

loaded cylinders) - Class A-plus buckling curves
Value of U0,.max (f0.2 in N/mm2)

Clamped ends
1
t
R
+ 0.01
2.25
f 0.2
R
t
50
EUROCODES
35
Exploitation of plastic buckling features (axially loaded cylinders)

Definition of quality Class A-plus in prEN-1999-1-5
Fabrication tolerance
quality class
300
R/t
R/t
1
1.44
1 0.6 E
x ,0 )
1 + 2.60
Q f 0,2 ( x
0.20
0.00
0.00

Quality Class A-plus
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
37
38
Shell buckling summary of EC9 formulation
Unstiffened shells
Shell buckling summary of

EC9 formulation

Load cases
axial compression
external pressure
torsion
Stiffened shells
Axial (meridional)
load
x,0
x
0.2
0.35
0.1
0.2
Material buckling class

A (Weak hardening alloys)
B (Strong hardening alloys)
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
39
External pressure
Shear (torsion)
,0
0.3
0.2
,0
0.5
0.4
0.55
0.7
0.3
0.4

Shell buckling fabrication tolerance classes according to EC9
40
Class 4
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1

stiffened shells
Fabrication
tolerance
quality
class
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
16
25
40
50-60
ref
EUROCODES
External pressure () and torsion ()
x =
0.62
1 + 1.91 1 / Q r / t
1.44
0,50
0,65
0,75
-

EN1999 rules;
or
, =
1 + 0, 2 1 ref
) ( 0 ) / 2ref


Interaction between load cases
interaction between load cases

axial compression external pressure
axial compression torsion
external pressure torsion
validation of EN1993-1-6 procedures

proposal for an alternative formulation
EUROCODES
41


ENV1993-1-6 formulation
42
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
43

44
Interaction between load case

ENV 1993-1-6 Interaction domains

Axial compression and External pressure
Axial compression and Torsion
cr/u
Pcr/Pu
cr/u
cr/u
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
45


46

prEN1993-1-6 formulation and proposal for prEN1999-1-5
External pressure and Torsion
cr/u
Pcr/Pu
prEN1993-1-6
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
47
prEN1999-1-5

48

EN 1999-1-5 Interaction domains

Axial compression and External pressure
Axial compression and Torsion
Pcr/Pu
EC3
Class A
cr/u
EC3
Class B
Class A
Class C
Class B
Class A
Class C
Class B
Class A
Class C
Class B
Proposal Class A
Class C
Proposal Class B
Proposal Class A
Proposal Class C
Proposal Class B
Proposal Class C
cr/u
cr/u
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
49


50
Interaction buckling check according to EC9
External pressure and Torsion
cr/u
EC3
Class A
Class B
Class C
Proposal Class A
Proposal Class B
Proposal Class C
Pcr/Pu
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
51

Stiffener
section
52
Parametric analysis Stiffened shells

Shell
geometry
Circular
R/t=50
Square
Stiffener
size
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
radius
10
25
50
side
10
25
50
5x20
10x20
25x20
50x20
5x10
10x10
25x10
50x10
5x5
10x5
25x5
50x5
R/t=100
Rectangular
sides
R/t=200
stiffened shells
EN1999 rules;

EUROCODES

EUROCODES
53

54
Stiffened shells Proposal for EN19991-5
Axial load

stiffened shells
EN1999 rules;

n xRc
External pressure
EA s
A
1.2
1
1+
A + 2
= x
5 EA 2 C d s 1 A3
1+
C d s
p nRc =
with x = 0.80
A2
1
A1 +
A3
rj2
with = 0.50
A 1 = j 4 4 C 44 + 2 2 (C 45 + C 66 ) + C 55 + C 22 + 2j 2 C 25
A 2 = 2 (C 12 + C 33 )(C 22 + j C 25 )(C 12 + j C 14 )
2
( 2 C 11 + C 33 )(C 22 + j 2 C 25 ) 2 2 (C 22 + C 25 + 2 C 33 )(C 12 + j 2 2 C 14 ) 2
A 3 = ( 2 C11 + C 33 )(C 22 + C 25 + 2 C 33 ) 2 (C 12 + C 33 ) 2
where
C 11 = C + EA s /d s
C 22 = C + EA r /d r
C 33 = C
C 12 = C C
C 25 = e r EA r /(rd r )
C 14 = e s EA s /(rd s )
C 44 = D + EI s d s /r
C 45 = D D /r
=
r
jl i
C 55 = [D + EI r d r ]/r 2
C 66 = D + 0,5(GI ts /d s + GI tr /d r /r 2
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
55

Stiffened shells Proposal for EN19991-5
56
Stiffened shells Proposal for prEN19991-5
Equivalent orthotropic properties of corrugated sheeting (from prEN1999-1-6)
2t 3
C = E t x = E 2
3d
2d2
C = E t y = E t 1 +
4l 2
G t
C = G t xy =
2d2
1 +
4l 2
3
Et
1
D = E I x =
12 1 - 2
2d2
1 +
4l 2
D = E I y = 0,13Etd 2
D = G I xy =
EUROCODES
G t3
12
2d2
1 +
4l 2
Axial load
1,2

Quality class A
1,0
L/R=2; R/t=50
0,8
L/R=2; R/t=100
0,6
Q* = 1.3Q
x = perf
0,4
perf =
L/R=2; R/t=200
Q* = Q
+ 2 2
= 0.5[1 + 0 ( 0 ) + 2 ]
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0

EUROCODES
57
58
Stiffened shells EC9 formulation
External pressure
General buckling curve formulation
1,2
x = perf
perf =
perf =
= 0.5[1 + 0 ( 0 ) + 2 ]
0,8
x =

Quality class C
2
1,4

Stiffened shells Proposal for prEN19991-5
1,0
1,2
x = n0, xRk / nxRc
L/R=2; R/t=50
0,6
L/R=2; R/t=100
0,4
L/R=2; R/t=200
perf
+ 2 2
= 0 . 5 [1 + 0 ( 0 ) + 2 ]
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
= p0,nRk / pnRc
EUROCODES


stiffened shells
EN1999 rules;
EUROCODES
59

60
Effect of welding (HAZ zones):

definition of simplified design procedures
Rolling
Welding
MIG
0 < t 6mm
6 < t 12mm
12 < t 25mm
t > 25mm

0 < t 6mm
bhaz = 20 mm
bhaz = 30 mm
bhaz = 35 mm
bhaz = 40 mm
TIG
bhaz = 30 mm
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
61

Effect of welding Parametric analysis
62
Effect of welding Imperfection sensitivity curves, axial compression

1,4
Pu /Pcr,th
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1
1,2
Unwelded
1,0
= 0.86
0,8
Welded
0,6
= 0.72
0,4
= 0.80
= 0.72
= 0.71
= 0.67
2
R/t = 50; f 0.2 = 200 N/mm ; o,haz=0,53
0,2
w0/t
0,0
0,0
EUROCODES

EUROCODES
63
Class 2
Unwelded
= 0.76
0,8
= 0.68
= 0.56
0,6
= 0.67
Welded
0,4
= 0.61
0,2
w0/t
EUROCODES
0,3
0,4
0,5

i ,w = o + (1 o )
i i ,0
i ,w i ,0
65
i,w
1,0
o,haz
0 = (0,haz)
i,0 = i,0 (i,w,0)
0
i,0
i,w


0,6
Effect of welding according to EC9

0,0
0,2
0,6

EN1999 rules;
R/t = 100; f 0.2 = 200 N/mm ; 0,haz = 0,53
0,1
0,5
stiffened shells
= 0.54
2
0,0
0,4
Class 1
1,2
1,0
0,3
1,4
Class 3
0,2
Effect of welding Imperfection sensitivity curves, axial compression

Pu /Pcr,th
0,1
i,w,0
64

Exposicion Sobre Eurocode 9 - Design of Aluminium Structures (En 1999)

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Exposicion Sobre Eurocode 9 - Design of Aluminium Structures (En 1999)

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Formats disponibles

EUROCODES

Background and Applications

Wednesday, February 20 Palais des Acadmies

General information on EN 1999

Selection of structural alloys

Strength and stability (Part 1.1)

Fatigue (Part 1.3)

Cold-formed structures (Part 1.4)

Shell structures (Part 1.5)

Discussion and close

University of Naples "Federico II"

All workshop material will be available at

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Part 1.1 General rules

Part 1.3 Structures susceptible to fatigue

Department of Structural Analysis and Design

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

EUROCODE 9 Part 1-1: General structural rules

1) EN 19991999-1-1 GENERAL STRUCTURAL RULES

2) EN 19991999-1-2 STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN

3) EN 19991999-1-3 ADDITIONAL RULES FOR STRUCTURES

4) Durability, corrosion and execution

4) EN 19991999-1-4 SUPPLIMENTARY RULES FOR COLDCOLD-

6) Ultimate limit states for members

5) EN 19991999-1-5 SUPPLIMENTARY RULES FOR SHELL

7) Serviceability limit states

8) Ultimate limit states for connections

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

EUROCODE 9 Part 1-2: Structural fire design

B) Equivalent T-stub in tension

CONTENTS of Part 11-2

Annex A : Properties of aluminium alloys not listed in EN 19991999-1-1

Annex B : Heat transfer to external structural aluminium members

M ) Adhesive bonded connections

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

EUROCODE 9 Part 1-3 :

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

CONTENTS of Part 1-3

3) Materials,constituent products and connecting devices

F) Low cycle fatigue range

6) Ultimate limit states of fatigue

H) Fatigue strength improvement of welds

8) Ultimate limit states for connections

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

EUROCODE 9 Part 11-4 : Supplementary rules for coldcold-formed sheeting

CONTENTS of Part 11-4

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EN 1999

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

CONTENTS of Part 11-5

3) Materials and geometry