LECTURE

#9
Aviation Security and Terrorism

An outgrowth of the increasing use of violent means by relatively small groups to

advance a particular cause

Transportation systems have become a target due to their ability to inflict fear and
concerns by the public

Transportation systems, including aviation, are relatively high profile and difficult
to fully monitor or manage given the volumes of passengers and cargo on a daily
basis

Those who are involved in these types of activities are a very, very small
percentage of the entire population

Governments take a dim view to these types of activities

LECTURE #9

Governments have spent a considerable amount of resources to undertake

counter these movements through the development of an intelligence and
security apparatus that span the world

Regardless, these small groups continue to undertake activities that impact the
ability of people to travel without fear of their safety or lives

Thus, a balance must be struck between the need for freedom and civil liberties vs.
security and other activities designed to counter the threat caused by these small
groups for whatever reason

LECTURE #9
Civil Aviation A National Security Perspective

The civil aviation industry was projected by 2010 to contribute $1,800,000,000,000

USD to the world economy

Over 31 million jobs were projected to be created and maintained by the worlds
aviation industry by 2010

Over 2,300,000,000 passengers were projected to be ferried by the worlds air

carriers by 2010

The worlds air carriers (both passenger and cargo) are continuing to order new
aircraft at a record pace

LECTURE #9

Unit costs of a typical aircraft:

ATR 72-600 without options: $24.7 million USD

Embraer E190 without options: $53.6 million USD

Airbus E320 without options: $70 million USD

Boeing 777-200ER without options: $261.5 million USD

Airbus E350-900 without options: $308.1 million USD

Boeing 777-300ER without options: $320.2 million USD

Boeing 747-8 without options: $357 million USD

Airbus 380 without options: $432.6 million USD

LECTURE #9

Selected airport expansion project costs (Source: Centre for Aviation, 2015):

Frankfurt, Germany (New Runway and Terminal, Existing Terminal Renovation, and
Cargo City Extension): $10 billion USD

Philadelphia, USA (Runway Extension, New Runway, Cargo Complex Development): $7.5
billion USD

Los Angeles, USA (Terminal Construction and Renovation, Runway Relocation, and Other
Infrastructure Works): $6.8 billion USD

Copenhagen, Denmark (Terminal Expansion and Refurbishment, and Runway

Rehabilitation): $3.6 billion USD

Brisbane, Australia (New Runway and Associated Works, and Terminal Redevelopment):
$3.6 billion USD

LECTURE #9

Other infrastructure includes:

Air traffic management systems

Aircraft maintenance facilities

Airline operational facilities

Civil aviation is increasingly global both in nature and operationally resulting from
deregulation and open skies agreements

Globalization of the worlds economy has increased the importance of civil aviation
due to the necessity of international travel by business and others, as well as cargo
shipments

Disruptions in civil aviation can have a severe social and economic impact for
entire regions, if not worldwide

LECTURE #10

Historical Threats to Civil Aviation

Aircraft hijackings common in the 1970s to flee prosecution, gain publicity or

release prisoners

In the mid 1980s, long-term hostage situations escalated to situations whereby

passengers were killed

In the mid 1980s, groups fired upon and killed airport passengers at Vienna and
Rome airports

In 1988, Libyan intelligence officers planted and detonated a bomb in a Pan Am

747 over Scotland

LECTURE #10

Legal Responses to Expanded Security Measures

Basic limits to aviation security measures are:

No detention of passenger(s) unless there is probable cause that the passenger(s) may
have or are committing a criminal act

Cannot single out passenger(s) on the basis of perceived or actual race, religion,
national origin, gender, sexual orientation or political opinion

Passenger information shall not be subject to public scrutiny or disclosure without their
consent

LECTURE #10

Different Countries have Different Perspectives as to the Level of Security

Required to Address the Potential and/or Actual Threats to Aviation
Airlines Initially Protested Early Aviation Security Regulations due to:

Cost of implementing new security regulations

Delays to aircraft flight operations due to new security regulations

Passenger inconvenience resulting in lost customers

LECTURE #10
Airport Security Programs:

Describe the air operations area (AOA), areas on or adjacent to airports that affect
security of the AOA, and exclusive areas in or adjacent to the AOA

Identification of procedures, facilities, and equipment used to perform security

control functions by both the airport and airlines

Notification procedures in the event of an incident

Alternate security procedures in emergency and unusual situations

System of recordkeeping of security-related incidents

Description of law enforcement support system and training

LECTURE #10
Additional Security Initiatives in 1972 to Address Aviation Security Issues:

Create systems to prevent or deter unauthorized access to aircraft

Ensure that checked-in baggage would be performed by responsible agents or the

airline itself

Create the ability to prevent cargo and checked-in baggage from being loaded onto
aircraft unless in accordance with the airport or airlines security procedures

Screening of all persons and carry-on baggage before entering an airports

departure area

Sworn law enforcement officers must be made available at all airport screening
areas

Develop airport disaster plans

LECTURE #10
Aviation Security International Impacts:

Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft adopted to

deal with the increasing number of international aircraft being hijacked

Countries given the ability to immediately suspend flights from other countries
determined to not have sufficient security requirements to avert potential aviation
security incidents

Countries beginning to disseminate threat warnings across national boundaries by

their security agencies

Aviation security is a national functionwith international collaboration

International research are conducted to prevent security incidents

Public notification of threats if appropriate

LECTURE #10

Victims should qualify for compensation for losses resulting from security incidents

Victims families should be treated promptly, humanely and courteously by both

airlines and government agencies in the aftermath of a security incident resulting
in either injury or loss of life

Civil Aviation Security Includes:

Protection of aircraft and passengers

Protection of aviation infrastructure

Protection from domestic and international threats through intelligence gathering

and affirmative actions

LECTURE #10
Aviation Security is Costly:

Costs for aviation safety and security are borne by the airlines, customers, and
government

Airlines are sensitive to the costs due to the bottom line impactsand the impacts
to their fare-paying customers on the intrusion to personal liberties

Costs have increased due to increasing reliance on government to manage and

staff aviation security functions on an operational areanot just policy levels

Costs can expand well beyond national boundaries to impact those in other
countries

Costs have been experienced by the citizenry in terms of the loss of personal
liberties and freedoms in the name of aviation safety and security

LECTURE #11

International Reactions and Solutions to Enhance Aviation Safety and Security

1963 Tokyo Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board
Aircraft Permits the flight crew to use reasonable measures to counter a
hijacking, and requires signatories to permit aircraft, passenger, crew and cargo to
proceed to their original destination as soon as possible after an aircraft hijacking

1970 Hague Convention for the Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft Establishes

jurisdiction for judicial proceedings against those involved in hijacking aircraft, and
identifies procedures whereby countries can extradite the alleged hijackers from
another country

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1971 Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety
of Civil Aviation Extends measures to prevent hijacking to any acts of sabotage
against civil aircraft, and member states undertake measures to prevent the
commission of sabotage against such aircraft

1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against

International Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents Supplements the
Tokyo Convention by specifically protecting those with international protection
from murder, kidnapping, or other forms of attack

LECTURE #11

1978 Bonn Agreement Attempt to counter state-sponsored terrorism including

aircraft hijackings

1979 Convention Against the Taking of Hostages Member states are to develop
effective measures to prevent, prosecute, and punish those involved with actions
that involve the taking of hostages

1980 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials Member states

are to manage the nuclear material within its borders

LECTURE #11

1986 Tokyo Summit Restricts the exportation of arms and other supplies to
rogue nations that sponsor terrorist activities

1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving
International Civil Aviation Expands the Montreal Convention to address the
safety of passengers in airports and terminals

1991 Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection
Requires member states to add taggants to explosive materials to make them
detectable by various scanners, and prevent the production and movement of
unmarked plastic explosives

LECTURE #11

1995 G-7 Summit Task force developed to identify best methods to combat
terrorism internationally

1996 Lyon Summit Identified activities to be shared among member nations

including the actions and movements of known terrorists, discovery of forged
travel documents, information on explosives and arms trafficking, detecting the
use of communications technologies used by terrorist organizations, and
information as to the use of weapons of mass destruction

LECTURE #11

1997 Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings Created a method to

determine jurisdiction over the unlawful and intentional use of explosives or other
lethal devices, and allow for the extradition, prosecution, and punishment of those
involved with such activities from member states

1999 Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism Requires

member states to take actions to prevent and counteract the financing of terrorist
activities

2005 International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism

Requires member states to take action against those having unauthorized nuclear
weapons, as well as provide for the extradition, prosecution, and punishment of
those found in possession of such unauthorized weapons

LECTURE #11

Actions by Other International Organizations Against Terrorism and Related

Safety Concerns

United Nations Security Council has taken actions to counter terrorism including
Security Council resolutions condemning the 9/11 terrorist actions, calling for the
closure of Afghanistan terrorist training camps, and condemned all acts of
terrorism

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Identified and recommended the

adoption of practices related to aviation security by 180+ member states and the
cooperation of all members to work together to ensure the safety of civil aviation

LECTURE #12
Growth and Change Involving Aviation Safety and Security

Early activities impacting aviation safety and security involved criminal hijacking of
private and commercial aircraft worldwide

Terrorist hijacking of aircraft evolved in the 1970s worldwide to initially publicize a

personal or political cause

Planned destruction of civil aviation aircraft by terrorists using explosive devices

began in the late 1980s

Initial Governmental Responses to Threats to Aviation Safety and Security:

Require secure cockpits including doors and other barriers

LECTURE #12

Develop defensive capabilities for use by the flight crew to immobilize possible
hijackers or terrorists

Increase identification and related requirements for those having access to aircraft
and related sensitive equipment

Develop security advisories for flight crews and others for their information and
possible action if necessary

Passenger photo identification required by all passengers to board aircraft

Increased crew member training specifically on security-related issues and

concerns

LECTURE #12

Development of profiles to identify possible hijackers and terrorists

Development and use of computer-assisted passenger pre-screening systems to

identify those for additional screening

Development and use of intelligence-gathering systems to pre-screen or otherwise

identify those for additional screening

Development and use of intelligence-gathering systems to ban certain individuals

from boarding commercial aviation flights

Development and expansion of the use of sky marshals on-board flights

LECTURE #12
Historical Development of Current Aviation Security Measures

1972 Japanese terrorists used machine guns and grenades in their luggage upon
arrival at Lod (Israel) and killed 26 people and wounded 78 others

1976 103 hostages held by Palestinian and German terrorists were rescued from
Entebbe (Uganda) by Israeli special forces

1977 Three Palestinian hijackers were killed, along with the Lufthansa pilot, by
German GSG-9 forces in Mogadishu (Somalia) after a 5 day stand-off; a total of 86
hostages were freed

1981 A Pakistan International Airlines plane was hijacked and 1 passenger killed
in Kabul (Afghanistan); subsequently, the hijackers released the remaining
passengers and crew 13 days later in Damascus (Syria) after the Pakistani
government released 50 political prisoners

LECTURE #12

Historical Development of Current Aviation Security Measures

1984 Two Americans killed in the hijacking of a Kuwait Airways flight to Tehran
(Iran); the incident ended 6 days later after the plane was stormed by security
forces

1985 145 passengers and 8 crew members of TWA flight #847 were taken
hostage for 17 days and flown around the Mediterranean; 1 US hostage was killed
in Beirut (Lebanon)

1985 59 people were killed after Egyptian commandos stormed an EgyptAir

plane in Malta that was earlier hijacked by Palestinians

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1986 22 people were killed after Pakistani security forces stormed a PanAm flight
with 400 passengers and crew after a 16 hour siege

1988 Pan Am flight #103 was destroyed over Scotland by a bomb planted by
Libyan government agents

1988 2 Kuwaitis killed after a Kuwait Airways flight from Thailand were hijacked
and forced to fly to Algiers

1991 4 hijackers on-board a Singapore Airlines flight were killed by Singapore

security forces

1993 2 hijackers and 1 woman were killed when Ethiopian security forces
stormed a hijacked Ethiopian Airlines flight in eastern Ethiopia

LECTURE #12

1998 Pakistani commandos arrest 3 hijackers of a Pakistan International Airlines

flight in Hyderabad Airport

1999 Kashmiri militants hijack an Indian Airlines flight with 1 passenger killed
after a week in Kandahar (Afghanistan) with India releasing 3 militants in return for
the hostages

2000 Afghans hijack an domestic Ariana flight and force the flight crew to divert
to Stansted (UK); hijackers wishing freedom from the Taliban surrender after 3
days

2000 Two Saudi nationals divert a Saudia flight to Baghdad, surrendering to Iraqi
authorities

LECTURE #12

2001 Saudi security forces at Medina storm a Vnukovo Airlines aircraft hijacked
by Chechen separatists on a flight from Istanbul (Turkey) to Moscow (Russia); one
hijacker, one flight attendant, and one Turkish passenger were killed

2001 Several US transcontinental flights on September 11 were overtaken by

terrorists and crashed into several sites including the World Trade Center in New
York and the Pentagon outside of Washington DC; terrorists bound for Washington
were attacked by passengers and the flight crashed in Pennsylvania

LECTURE #13

Terrorism

The use of force or violence against persons and/or property in violation of

criminal laws purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom

Individuals or groups with our without international direction whose purpose is to

direct fear or harm to elements of either government or its residents

Premeditated, politically motivated violence against non-combatants by

clandestine agents or sub-national groups that are intended to influence an
audience by using a shock factor

LECTURE #13

Why is Aviation a Target

Highly visible both domestically and internationally

Airline passengers and flight crews are likely to be defenseless and relatively
remote from the causes of the terrorist activities

Airliners can serve as a fuel-filled missile inflicting damage on the ground at

selected targets

Airports with large crowds rummaging about can also serve as a target-rich
environment causing significant amount of both chaos and damage

LECTURE #13

Traditional Policy Responses to Terrorism

No concessions to terrorists

Terrorists are to be tried for their crimes in courts of law

Isolate and pressure nations sponsoring terrorist activities to change their behavior

Increase counter-terrorist activities and form alliances to counter the terrorism

threat

However, Terrorist Activities Continue Today Even Though Most Countries and
People Believe that these Activities Should Cease and Desist Immediately

LECTURE #13
Terrorist Groups Exist Throughout the World
Europe

Groups dedicated to bring communist socialism to Western Europe including the

Red Army Faction (RAF)

Mafia and other organized crime syndicates continue to operate

Basque separatists continue to operateand increased activity to separate

Catalonia from Spain

Irish Republican Army (IRA) had been active to unify Ireland

Increase currently in neo-Nazi activity spearheaded by economic recession,

migration from North Africa and the Middle East

LECTURE #13
North America

White supremacist groups such as The Order and the Ku Klux Klan are making a
comeback in the USA as the economy suffered after the Great Recession of 2008
and increased immigration from non-Caucasian areas

Threats of biological and chemical warfare, as well as nuclear terrorism from both
domestic and international groups

Latin America

Tupac Amaru (MRTA) is a Peruvian group dedicated to Marxism and Leninism

Shining Path is similar to MRTA but dedicated to Maoism to assist the poor and
landless

LECTURE #13
Russia

Chechnya separatist movement has launched attacks on Russia demanding

independence

Pro-Russian Ukrainians have launched attacks in Ukraine to reunify parts of not all
of the Ukraine with Russia

Asia

Japanese Red Army (JRA) actively promotes the end of capitalism and the
development of Marxism with Japanese samurai warrior traditions to achieve their
goalscurrently migrated to Lebanon

Aum Shinrikyo used a sarin nerve agent in Tokyo subway system to lead their
group to salvation prior to the end of the Earth

LECTURE #13

Middle East

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) dedicated to activities to return Palestine

to the Palestiniansand the precursor to other organizations such Hezbollah

Abu Nidal is another organization dedicated to activities designed to return

Palestine to the Palestinians

Hamas is an organization dedicated to activities designed to the destruction of the

nation of Israel

Hezbollah is an organization funded by Iran and dedicated to ending Israeli

occupation of Southern Lebanon and the expulsion of Westerners from Lebanon

LECTURE #13

Al Qaeda has been active in activities dedicated against Western society and
governments and implicated in 9/11 and other terrorist activities

Daesh (aka ISIS and ISIL) has been active in the area around Syria and Iraq to create
a new caliphate separate from any others in the region and the elimination of
Western influences

Impacts on Domestic and International Aviation

While these groups are not dedicated to using aviation as a means to achieve their
goals, they may consider aviation activities either a weapon or target

Successful use of aviation to achieve their goals may hinder the further growth and
development of aviationand cause the needless loss of life

LECTURE #14
International Counter-Terrorism Activities

The development of terrorist groups has resulted in nations developing their own
counter-terrorism infrastructure to protect their citizens and residents from harm

Nations have joined together in alliances and other partnerships or working

relationships to defend themselves from international terrorist groups whose
activities cross traditional national boundaries

Intelligence agencies dedicated to counter-terrorism work better than large

standing police forces or standing armies as they are generally faster and respond
quickly to threats

Development of these agencies stretch the balance between civil liberties and
national security to be effective in stopping terrorist activities