Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Three-dimensional thermoelasticity solution of functionally graded

carbon nanotube reinforced composite plate embedded in piezoelectric
sensor and actuator layers
A. Alibeigloo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-143 Tehran, Iran

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Available online 14 August 2014
Keywords:
Carbon nano tube
Plate
Piezoelectric
Thermo-elasticity
Elasticity

a b s t r a c t
Based on theory of elasticity, static behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) rectangular host plate attached to thin piezoelectric layers subjected to thermal load and
or electric eld is studied. It is assumed that temperature gradient does not affect the thermo-elastic
constants of the plate. Distribution of CNT is uniformly or functionally graded along the plate thickness.
Analytical solutions for the temperature, stress and displacement elds for the FG-CNTRC plate with
simply-supported edges are derived by using the Fourier series expansion along in-plane coordinates
and state-space technique across thickness direction. The present procedure is validated by comparing
the numerical results with the available published results. Parametric studies are performed to assess
the effects of CNT volume fraction, case of CNT distribution along the thickness direction, surface boundary conditions, applied voltage, aspect ratio and length to thickness ratio on the behavior of FG-CNTRC
rectangular plate.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The exceptional mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of
carbon nanotube (CNT) causes to be considered as signicant reinforcement materials for high performance structural composites
with much application potential [1,2]. Carbon nanotubes have high
strength and stiffness to weight ratio in comparison to standard
carbon-bers used in ber reinforced polymers [3,4]. Due to these
properties of the CNT, the study on the mechanical and thermal
properties of CNTRC beam, plate and shell structures has been carried out by many researchers in recent years. Gou et al. [5] used the
molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experimental method,
to investigate the interfacial bonding of single-walled nanotube
(SWNT) reinforced epoxy composites. Bending behavior of CNT
reinforced polymer composite beam was investigated by Wuite
and Adali [6]. Vodenitcharova and Zhang [7] used Airy stress-function method to discuss pure bending and bending-induced local
buckling of a nanocomposite beam reinforced by a SWNT computationally as well as experimentally. Shen [8] discussed nonlinear
bending behavior of simply supported, FG-CNTRC plate subjected
to transverse uniform or sinusoidal load in thermal environments.
Formica et al. [9] used an equivalent continuum model based on
Tel.: +98 21 82883991; fax: +98 21 82884909.
E-mail address: abeigloo@modares.ac.ir
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.08.004
0263-8223/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

the EshelbyMoriTanaka approach to study vibrational properties

of carbon nanotube- reinforced composites. Shen and Zhang [10]
used multi-scale approach to investigate thermal buckling and post
buckling behaviors of FG nanocomposite plates reinforced by
SWCNTs subjected to in-plane temperature variation. Based on a
higher order shear deformation plate theory, nonlinear vibration
of FG-SWCNT plates rested on elastic foundation in thermal environments was investigated by using an improved perturbation
technique [11]. Based on the rst-order shear deformation (FSDT)
and using Mindlin plate theory, mechanical buckling behavior of
FG nanocomposite plate reinforced by SWCNTs was discussed by
Mehrabadi et al. [12]. Zhu et al. [13] carried out bending and free
vibration analysis of composite plates reinforced by SWCNTs by
using nite element method based on the rst order shear deformation plate theory. Wang and Shen [14] investigated nonlinear
bending and vibration behavior of sandwich plate with CNTRC face
sheets by using the multi-scale approach and two-step perturbation technique. On the other hand, piezoelectric materials have
coupled effects between electric elds and elastic deformation. It
is possible to make a system of intelligent materials by combining
these piezoelectric materials with FGMs.
New structures including FGM members bonded with piezoelectric actuator and sensor are smart in response to environmental changes. For example, thermal loading causes signicant
thermal stresses due to thermal gradient across the thickness

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

483

Nomenclature
a, b, h
plate dimensions in x-, y- and z-directions, respectively
Cij (i, j = 1, 2, . . . , 6) material elastic constants
Dx, Dy and Dz electric displacement
Ex, Ey and Ez electric eld in x-, y- and z-direction, respectively
kx, ky, kz thermal conductivity coefcient for FG-CNTRC plate in
x-, y- and z-direction, respectively
km
thermal conductivity coefcient for polymer matrix
kxs, kys and kzs thermal conductivity coefcient for sensor layer in
x-, y- and z-direction
kxa, kya and kza thermal conductivity coefcient for actuator layer
in x-, y- and z-direction
ax, ay, az thermal conductivity coefcient for piezoelectric layers
in x-, y- and z-direction, respectively
e, g
piezoelectric constants and dielectric constants, respectively
d1
piezoelectric modulus
h
total thickness of the plate
hf, hp
thicknesses of the FGM and piezoelectric layers, respectively
n, m
half wave numbers in the x- and y- directions, respectively
p3
pyroelectric constant
Ts, Ta
temperature distribution for the sensor and actuator
layers

and due to widely different thermal properties of the adjacent layers. Surface bonded piezoelectric layers reduce unwanted displacements and stresses caused by elevated or reduced temperature
environment. Many studies on piezo-thermo-mechanical characteristics of composite and or functionally graded plate such as
[15] have been reported. Based on three-dimensional theory of
elasticity, Alibeigloo [16,17] investigated bending and free vibration behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced
composite plate and cylindrical panel embedded in piezoelectric
layers. Recently, Alibeigloo and Liew [18] used three-dimensional
theory of elasticity to investigate bending behavior of FG-CNTRC
rectangular plate subjected to thermo mechanical load. Thermopiezoelastic behavior of FG-CNTRC plates embedded in piezoelectric sensor and actuator layer has not been yet been reported.

U, V, W

displacement components in the x-, y- and z-direction,

respectively
czy, czx, cxy shear strains
ri (i = x, y, z) normal stresses
ei (i = x, y, z) normal strains
czy, czx, cxy shear strains
szy, szx, sxy shear stresses
d, dp
state vectors of the FG-CNTRC plate and piezoelectric
layers
w
electric voltage
CNT
CNT
ECNT
11 ; E22 ; G12 ; Em ; Gm Youngs modulus, shear modulus of
carbon nanotube and matrix, respectively
aCNT
ij ; kCNT ; am ; km , thermal expansion coefcient and thermal
conductivity coefcient of carbon nanotube and matrix,
respectively
P
aspect ratio of CNTs, dL, (length to diameter ratio of CNTs)
Rk
interface thermal resistance between CNT and matrix
VCNT, Vm carbon nanotube and matrix volume fractions, respectively
WCN, qCNT mass fraction and density fraction of CNT, respectively
qm
density fraction of matrix
ci (i = 1,2,3) are the CNT efciency parameters accounting for the
scale-dependent material properties

In this paper un-coupled thermoelastic behavior of simply

supported FG-CNTRC rectangular host plate embedded in thin
piezoelectric layers and subjected to thermal load and or electric
eld is studied. By using Fourier series expansion for thermomechanical quantities along the in-plane coordinates and state
space technique along the thickness direction, governing differential equations which are based on three dimensional theory of
elasticity are solved analytically.
2. Problem description
Consider an FG-CNTRC rectangular plate with integrated
sensor and actuator layers at bottom and top surfaces and with
length, a width, b and thickness, h as shown in Fig. 1. The

Fig. 1. Geometry of CNTRC rectangular plate with piezoelectric layer.

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

intermediate layer is polymer matrix reinforced by CNT which is

distributed uniformly and or functionally graded along the thickness of the plate. The plate is simply supported at ends and subjected to steady-state temperature and electric potential eld at
top surface.
2.1. FG-CNTRC layer
According to the rule of mixture and considering the CNT
efciency parameters, the effective mechanical properties,
Poissons ratio, m12 and thermal expansion coefcient, a are
assumed as [6]
m
E11 c1 V CNT ECNT
11 V m E

c2
E22

c3
G12

V CNT

1a

Vm
m
E

1b

Vm
CNT m
G
G12

1c

ECNT
22
V CNT

m
m12 V CNT mCNT
12 V m m
CNT
11

a11 V CNT a


CNT
12

a22 1 m

1d

V ma

m
V CNT aCNT
22 1 mm V m a  m12 a11

1e
1f

It is to be mentioned that CNT and matrix volume fractions has

the following relation

V CNT V m 1

According to Fig. 1, ve cases of UD, FGD, FGr, FGX and FG}

distribution of CNTRCs along the thickness direction of plate are
as the follows, respectively

V CNT V CNT
V CNT
V CNT
V CNT
V CNT

3a

hp hf
hf


z  hp
2V CNT
hf


h 

z

hp  2f 

4V CNT
hf

1
0
h 

2z  hp  2f 
 @
A
2V CNT 1 
hf
2V CNT z

3b
3c

3d

3e

bx

Q 11

Q 12

6 7 6
4 by 5 4 Q 12 Q 22
bz
Q 13 Q 23
2
Q 11 Q 12 Q 13
6Q
6 12 Q 22 Q 23
6
6 Q 13 Q 23 Q 33
Q 6
6 0
0
0
6
6
4 0
0
0
0

32

ax
76 7
Q 23 54 ay 5
Q 33
az
Q 13

0
Q 44

0
0

Q 55

0 7
7
7
0 7
7
0 7
7
7
0 5

Q 66

And relation between stiffness elements, Qij and engineering constants, Eij, Gij and mij are described in Appendix.
The governing differential equations in term of stress components are

@ rx @ sxy @ szx
@ sxy @ ry @ syz
@ szx @ szy @ rz

0
@x
@y
@z
@x
@y
@z
@x
@y
@z
6
Linear straindisplacement relations are

@u
@v
ey
@x
@y
@u @ v
cxy
@y @x

ex

ez

@w
@z

czx

@w @u

@x @z

czy

State space equations can be derived from Eqs. (5)(7) as the follow

d
d G d BT
dz

T
where d f rz u v w sxz syz g is state variable, G and B are
the coefcients matrix (see Appendix). In-plane stress components
can be written in term of state variables

8
9
>
< rx >
=

8 9
>
< rz >
=
ry F U fHgT
>
>
>
:
: >
;
sxy ;
V

where [F] and {H} are coefcient matrix and vector, respectively
(Appendix).
Steady state three-dimensional heat conduction equation for
each case of CNTRCs distribution is taken in the following form;

@2T
@2T
@2T
ky 2 kz 2 0 for UD
2
@x
@y
@z


@2T
@2T @
@T
kx z 2 ky z 2
0 for FG
kz z
@x
@y
@z
@z

kx
where

V CNT

W CNT
  
qCNT
W CNT q
 qqCNT W CNT


3f

And the other effective mechanical properties of mixture of CNTs

and matrix isotropic polymer are

E33 E22 ;
m12 ;

G12 G13 G23 ;

m21

E22
m12 ;
E11

m31 m21 ; m32 m23 m21

m13

where

r f rx ry rz syz sxz sxy gT ;

e ex ey ez cyz cxz cxy T

10a
10b

where ki(z) (i = x, y, z) depends on the case of CNT distribution.

Thermal and mechanical boundary conditions for simply supported edges, top and bottom surfaces are:

T0; y; z Ta; y; z 0 Tx; 0; z Tx; b; z 0

11a

rx v w 0 at x 0; a
ry u w 0 at y 0; b

11b
11c

4
2.2. Piezoelectric layers

Stressstrain relations are

r Q e  bT

@w @ v

@y @z

Constitutive equations for an orthotropic piezoelectric layer in

reference coordinate system x; y; z are

r C e  eT E  bT
D ee gE p3 T
where

12-a
12-b

r f rx ry rz szy szx sxy gT e ex ey ez czy czx cxy

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

bx

by

bz

D f Dx

Dy

f C 11

C 13 gT f ax

C 12

Dz g

g1 0
6
p3 f 0 0 p3 g g 4 0 g2
0 0
2
C 11 C 12 C 13 0
0
6C
C
C
0
0
22
23
6 12
6
6 C 13 C 23 C 33 0
0
C6
6 0
0
0 C 44 0
6
6
4 0
0
0
0 C 55

0
6
e40
e1

e5

0
e2

0
e3

e4
0

0
0

0
0

kxi

7
0 5

Steady state Fourier heat conduction equation for the piezoelectric layers is

ay az g

0 7
7
7
0 7
7
0 7
7
7
0 5

3. Solution procedure
3.1. Analytical solution for temperature eld
Following Fourier series solution which satises simply supported boundary conditions, (11a) are used to convert governing
partial differential equations (10a) and (10b) to ordinary differential equation;

C 66

7
05
0

rx r x sinpm x sinpn y ry r y sinpm x sinpn y

rz r z sinpm x sinpn y

It is noted that equilibrium equations and straindisplacement relations for the piezoelectric layers are the same as Eqs. (6) and (7).
Charge equation of electroelastics and electric eld-electric
potential relation are

Dx;x Dy;y Dz;z 0

Ex w;x

Ey w;y

13
Ez w;z

14

Mechanical and electrical edge boundary conditions are the same as

for the FG-CNTRC layer, Eqs. (11a)(11c), whereas the surface
mechanical and electrical boundary conditions at the top surface
of actuator and at the bottom surface of sensor are as the following

p 
p 
Tx; y; 0 T i sin
x sin
y
a
b
p 
p 
Tx; y; h T o sin
x sin
y
a
b

rz sxz syz 0 at z 0; h
w V 0 sin

p 
p 
x sin
y at z h
a
b

Dz 0 at z 0

15a
15b
15c
15d

In addition, electric potential, w, at the bottom surface of actuator

and top surface of sensor is also zero. Electrical edge boundary
conditions for piezoelectric layers with simply supported edges
are taken as

w 0 at x 0; a and y 0; b

15e

Using Eqs. (12-a), (12-b), (6), (7), (13) and (14) leads to the following state space equations

d
dp Gp dp Bp T p
dz

16

T
where dp f rz U V W szx szy Dz w g ; Bp and Gp are
constant coefcients vector and matrix respectively (Appendix).
Induced variables in term of state variables can be obtained as
the follow

8 9
rz >
>
>
>
>
<U >
=
ry F p 
fHp gT p
>
>
>V >
>
:
>
>
>
sxy ;
: ;
Dz
8
9
>
< rx >
=

18

where i = s is related to sensor layer and i = a is belong to the actuator layer.

g3
0

@2T i
@2T i
@2T i

k
0
yi
zi
@x2
@y2
@z2

sxz sxz cospm x sinpn y syz syz sinpm x cospn y

sxy sxy cospm x cospn y
u U cospm x sinpn y

 sin p x sinp y
 sinp x sinp y Dz Dz
w wz
n
m
n
n
1
1
XX
T mn sinpm x sinpn y
T

where [Fp] and {Hp} are coefcient matrix and vector, respectively
(Appendix).

19

m1 n1

Thermal conductivity coefcients for each cases of the CNT distribution are [19]

ki
km
ki
km
ki
km
ki
km

1 Di for UD

20a

2Di
hp hf  z for FGK
hf
2Di
1
z  hp for FGV
hf


hf 
4Di 
1
z

h

for FGX
p
hf 
2

1
0
h 

2z  hp  2f 
ki
A for FG}
1 2Di @1 
km
hf
1

20b
20c
20d

20e

kiCNT
km
; i x; y; z; ak Rk km .
2ak kiCNT
P
d km
For convenience, following non-dimensional physical quantities
for piezoelectric and FG-CNTRC layers are introduced
PV CNT
where Di

3

T
To

U

V

Ex

Ey

Ez

T

W U

Dx
1
g

Dy

a T o hf

jd1 j

a T o

rz ry rx szx szy sxy

rz

17

v V cospm x cospn y

w W sinpm x sinpn y

ry rx szx szy sxy


Dz Dx

Dy

Dz

a T o k
1

a T o k jd1 j

g 2 g 3 g1 g2 g3

1


k jd1 j2

Ex

Ey

Ez

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

n hf pn
p
w


x
b

x


x
k

e2

e3

e4

e5 e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

1

k jd1 j


jd1 jw

 
z bx
b

y

y
k

y
b

z

by

bz

 1

k a

C ij
C ij 
k

3
p

z
h

 
 z kx
k

Substitution of Eqs. (19) and (21) into Eq. (8) yields the following non-dimensional state space equations for FG-CNTRC plate;

p3
k a jd1 j


d
d Gd BT
dz
ky

kz

 1
km

21

where k = 1 GPa is scale factors and a = 106/K.

Substitution of Eqs. (19)(21) into Eq. (10a) leads to the
following non-dimensional ordinary differential heat conduction
equation for the UD layer;

kz



a2
@ 2 T mn
2
2

k
p

k
p
x m
y n T mn 0
b
@z2

22

Solution to Eq. (22) is

T mn z E1 eD1 z E2 eD1 z

23

r


 2
1
where D1
p2m kx ba p2n ky E1 and E2 are constants which
kz
h
a

can be obtained by using interface temperature boundary

conditions (Appendix).
Substitution of Eqs. (19)(21) into Eq. (10b) leads to the
following non-dimensional ordinary differential heat conduction
equation for the FG-CNTRC layer;

 2 

a2
@2T
h
@T
kz z 2 
p2m kx
p2n ky
0
@z
a
b
@z

24

From Eq. (24), governing equation for FG-CNTRC plate with

different cases of CNT distribution can be written in the following
standard form;

a2 z b2

@2T
@T
a0 z b0 T a1 z b1
0
@z2
@z

25

T mn z erz C 1 /a; b; z1 C 2 wa; b; z1

26
zl
k

where / and w are Kummers functions, z1

and a, b, l, k, r are
constant coefcient, C1 and C2 can be obtained from interface continuity condition and heat balance condition (Appendix).
Substitution of Eqs. (19)(21) into Eq. (18) leads to the
following non-dimensional ordinary differential heat conduction
equation for the piezoelectric layers



a2
@ 2 T mnp
2
2

k
p

k
p
p s; a
xp
yp
m
n T mnp 0
b
@z2

30

z u
 v w
 s
xz s
yz gT ; B and G are constant
d fr
where 
coefcients vector and matrix, respectively (Appendix).
By substituting Eqs. (19) and (21) into Eq. (9), non-dimensional
in-plane stresses can be obtained

8
x
>
<r
r y
>
:

8 9
z >
>
<r
=
F U
fHgT
>
>
: >
;
sxy ;
V
9
>
=

27

31

where F and fHg are coefcient matrix and vector, respectively

(Appendix).
Since the coefcient matrix G is not constant it is difcult to
solve Eq. (30) directly. It is possible to solve such differential equations by using layer wise technique. In this paper we use layer wise
technique to divide the FG-CNTRC layer into N ctitious thin layers.
Thus, the coefcient matrix G can be assumed constant within each
layer (denoted as Gk at the mid radius of the kth layer). Now the
general solution to Eq. (30) for kth layer of FG-CNTRC is:

"
Z
dz eGk z eGk zk1 d0k

z

#
eGk g Bk gTgdg

32
p k1hf ; z h
 p khf ; d d jz z
where zk1 h
k
0k
k
k1
i
i
N
N
Eq. (32) at zk becomes

dk zk M k d0k Ik


 
h
Gk Nf

33
hf
Gk N

and Ik e

T mns z B1 em1s z B2 em1s z

28a

T mna z B3 em1a z B4 em1a z

28b

R zk

zk1

eGk g Bk gTgdg

Applying continuity condition of the state variable at each

ctitious interface, relations between state variables at the top
and the bottom surfaces of the FG-CNTRC layer are obtained:

dh Md0 I
where Mf P

1
kN

exp



hf Gfk
N

34


P
; I IN Ni1 Pi1
kN I k and d0, dh are the

state vectors at the bottom and top surfaces of FG-CNTRC layer,

respectively.
Inserting Eqs. (19) and (21) into Eq. (16) yields following
non-dimensional state space equations for piezoelectric layers;

d
dp Gp dp Bp T p
dz

Solution to Eq. (18) is

zk1 6 z 6 zk

zk1

where Mk exp

where a0, a1, . . . , b2 are constant coefcients which depend on the

case of CNT distribution (Appendix).
Eq. (25) is hyper geometric equation which its solution is

kzp

Applying Eqs. (29a) and (29b) to the Eqs. (23), (26) (28a) and (28b),
constants of integration can be obtained (Appendix).
3.2. Analytical solution for stress and displacement elds

a  T o hf
y
b

x
a

e1

35

 ; Bp and Gp are
z U V W s
zx s
zy Dz w
where 
dp r
constant coefcients vector and matrix, respectively (Appendix).
Also induced variables can be derived in term of state variables
as the follow

8 9
r z >
>
>
>
>
>
<
 U =
Fp
fHp gT
>
>V >
>
>
>
sxy ;
: >
;
Dz

where m1s, m1a are constants, B1, B2, B3 and B4 are constants of integration which can be determined from interface, top and bottom
surface boundary conditions (Appendix).
Continuity of interface temperature and equality of heat
conduction at the interface of piezoelectric and FG-CNTRC layers are

8
x
>
<r
r y
>
:

T s jzhp Tjzhp T a jzhhp Tjzhhp





@T s 
@T 
@T 
@T a 

k
k

k
kzs
z
z
za
@z 
@z 
@z 
@z 

where F p  and fHp g are coefcient matrix and vector, respectively

(Appendix).
General solutions to Eq. (35) for sensor and actuator layers are,
respectively

zhp

zhp

zhhp

zhhp

29a
29b

9
>
=

36

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

Table 1
Material properties and efciency parameter of CNT and polymer matrix at room temperature [13].
Carbon nano tube

ECNT
11
(TPa)

ECNT
22
TPa

ECNT
33
(TPa)

GCNT
12
(TPa)

GCNT
13
(TPa)

mCNT
12

5.6466

7.0800

7.0800

1.9445

1.9445

0.175

Polymer matrix

Em (GPa)
2.1

gi

g1 = 0.149 g2 = 0.934

p
Rk

350
8  108 m2k/w

0.34

qCNT
(gr/cm3)

kx
(W/mK)

CNT

ky

aCNT
aCNT
y
z

aCNT
 106
x

(W/mK)

CNT

CNT

(1/K)

(1/K)

1.4

3000

100

5.1682  106

3.4584

1.5

km
5

kz

am
45e6

g3 = 0.934

Table 2
Material properties of piezoelectric sensor and actuator [15].

Property (GPa)

C11

C12

C13

C22

C23

C33

C44

C55

C66

Sensor (PZT-4)
Actuator (Ba2NaNb5O15)

139
239

78
104

74
5

139
247

74
52

115
135

25.6
65

25.6
66

30.5
76

Propertya

e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

l1

l2

l3

d1

p3

Sensor (PZT-4)
Actuator (Ba2NaNb5O15)

5.2
0.4

5.2
0.3

15.1
4.3

12.7
3.4

12.7
2.8

6.5e9
1.96e9

6.5e9
2.01e9

5.6e9
0.28e9

3.92e12
3.92e12

5.4e5
5.4e5

The unit of matrix e is coul/m2, matrix l is farads/m, d1 is coul/N and p3 is coul/m2K.

Fig. 2. Distribution of entities along the thickness for UD-CNTRC and FG-CNTRC square plate with V CNT 0:17;

a
h

30.

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495



Z z
dz eGs z d0
eGs g Bs T s gdg at 0 6 z 6 hp

37a

"
Ga z

dz e

Ga hp hf

dhp hf

Ga g

hp hf

Eqs. (37a) and (37b) at the above surfaces of actuator and sensor
layers are, respectively

38a

dhp M d0 N

87

dm

 s
zx s
yz
r z U V W

87

Using Eq. (38b), electric potential, w, at the bottom surface of sensor

can be determined

1 h s i m
m8j fd 0 Ns g j 1; . . . ; 8
ms88

w0

38b

41

Substitution of Eq. (41) and relation Dz(0) = 0 into Eq. (38b) yields

where
a

0a

M expGa hp M expGa h N
Ns

h i
i

h

a
 0a
1
maij  mai7 ma8j m1a Ba m0a
mi7 m8k
ik  ma

i j 1; 2 . . . ; 6 k 1; 2; . . . ; 8

37b

dh M a dhp hf M 0a Na

Ta

wh
C a mai7
ma87

Ba T a gdg at

hp hf 6 z 6 h

where
and

dm hs T s dm 0 Bs Ns ;

Ga g

Ba T a gdg

where

hp hf
hp

42

Ts

eGs g Bs T s gdg Ms expGs hp 

h

i
h i 1
msij  msi8 ms8j
ms88



1
Bs msik  msi8 ms8k s
m88

i j 1; 2; . . . ; 6; k 1; 2; . . . ; 8
4. Global transfer matrix and boundary condition

Noting that mechanical state vector at the interfaces of the actuator,

FG-CNTRC and the sensor layers are continuous and using Eqs. (34),
(40) and (42), following relation between mechanical state vector at
top and bottom surfaces of hybrid plate is obtained

From Eq. (38a) it can be obtained

Dz hp hf

h i
h i 
1 
a
wh  ma8j dm hp hf  m0a
8j N
a
m87

j 1; . . . ; 6; k 1; . . . ; 8

dm h Sdm 0 Y
39

ma8j

where
is the 8th raw and jth column elements of matrix Ma and
dm(hs + hf) is the mechanical part of state variables at inner surface
of actuator.
Inserting, Eq. (39) and w(hp + hf) = 0 into the Eq. (38a) yields

dm h T a dm hp hf C a Ba Na

40

43

where S66 and Y61 are constant coefcient matrix and vector,
respectively (Appendix).
Eq. (43) reduces to the following form by using surface traction
at the bottom and top surface of the plate.

s12
6
4 s52
s62

s13
s53
s63

9 8 9
38
s14 <
> U0 >
< Y1 >
= >
=
7
s54 5 V 0
Y2
>
>
:
: >
; >
;
s64
Y3
W0

44

Fig. 3. Effect of CNT volume fraction in FGX distribution on the stresses and displacements distribution along the thickness of the CNTCR square plate for, ha 30.

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

Displacements at the bottom surface, U 0 V 0 W 0 , can be

obtained from Eq. (44) and then using Eqs. (32), (37a) and (37b)
leads to determine mechanical and electrical state variables in three
dimensions. Finally, by substituting the obtained state variables
into the induced variable, Eqs. (31) and (36), the in-plane normal
and shear stresses can be determined.

489

5. Numerical results and description

In this section for numerical illustration a hybrid plate composed of host FG-CNTRC plate and piezoelectric layers with material properties listed in Tables 1 and 2 is considered. Since the
present work is extension of authors previous work [18] which

Fig. 4. Through the thickness distribution of stresses and displacements for the FGX distribution of CNT in square plate subjected to sinusoidal temperature with various
pick values.

490

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

deal with the thermoelastic behavior of CNTRC rectangular plate,

so the numerical results of this extended work are exactly the same
as the results reported in the Ref. [18] by omitting the piezoelectric
layers. In parametric study, the effect of CNT volume fraction, kind
of CNT distribution, temperature difference, aspect ratio, length to
thickness ratio and applied electric voltage on thermo-elastic
behavior of FG-CNTRC smart plate was computed numerically
and plotted in Figs. 27. Fig. 2(a)(e) presents inuence of the various cases of CNT distribution on temperature, stress and displacement eld of nanocomposite square plate integrated with
piezoelectric layers subjected to surface temperature difference,
Eq. (15a). From these gures it is observed that temperature, transverse shear stress and displacements in the case of FGX CNT
distribution, at a point are always smaller in magnitude than those
at the corresponding points in the other cases of distribution.
Therefore for parametric study, numerical results are performed
for the case of FGX CNT distribution. Moreover it is seen that
the slope of temperature distribution at mid plane of FG-CNTRC
plate is not continue for the cases of FGX and FG} CNT distribution and this is due to the case of CNT distribution along the thickness. It is noted that all numerical results are based on their
maximum value. Effect of CNT volume fraction in the case of
FGX, on transverse normal stress and displacements distribution

along the thickness of the plate is depicted in Fig. 3(a)(d). According to the gures, displacement eld, contrary to the transverse
normal stress, is affected by increasing the CNT volume fraction.
As expected, increases the CNT volume fraction causes to increase
the stiffness of the plate and consequently its displacement
decrease in all direction. Further conclusion is that the effect of
increasing CNT inclusion on the bottom surface is greater than that
on the top surface. Also it is seen that longitudinal displacement is
changed from compression at the bottom surface to the extension
at the top surface. Furthermore it is concluded the rate of decreasing
the displacement decreases by increasing the CNT volume fraction.
Inuence of surfaces temperature difference on the throughthickness distribution of temperature, thermal stresses and
displacements is presented in Fig. 4(a)(h). According to gures,
stress distribution along the thickness direction for piezoelectric,
contrary to the FGX layer, is linear. In addition, it can be
concluded that variation of thermal stress in actuator layer is more
signicant than that in sensor layer. Since the axis of CNTs is along
longitudinal direction of the plate, distribution of transverse shear
stress in xz plane is completely different from this stress in yz
plane (Fig. 4(c) and (d)). As the Fig. 4(e) and (f) depicts, slope of
transverse displacement decreases along the thickness direction
whereas the slope of longitudinal and latitudinal displacement

Fig. 5. Effect of length to thickness ratio on the through-thickness distribution of stresses and displacements of thin and thick FG-CNTRC square plate with FGX, V CNT 0:17.

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

distribution are independent of transverse coordinate. Applied surface thermal boundary condition causes to induce electric voltage
in sensor layer as shown in Fig. 4h. As the gure shows, distribution of this induced voltage varies linearly across the sensor thickness. Effect of length to thickness ratio, hL on the thermo-elastic
behavior of FG-CNTRC square plate with FGX CNT distribution is

491

presented in Fig. 5(a)(e). As the gures show, by increasing length

to thickness ratio, transverse normal stress and transverse shear
stresses decrease whereas displacements increase. Fig. 5(c) depicts
that transverse displacement in thin plate is nearly independent of
transverse coordinate. Moreover it can be observed that the effect
of hL ratio on longitudinal displacement (Fig. 5(d)) at the bottom

Fig. 6. Effect of aspect ratio on the stresses and displacements distribution of the FG-CNTRC rectangular plate with FGX, ha 30; V CNT 0:17.

Fig. 7. Through the thickness distribution of stresses and displacements for the FGX distribution of CNT in square plate subjected to sinusoidal electric voltage with various
pick values.

492

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

surface is more signicant than that at the top surface. Inuence of

aspect ratio, ab on the thermo-elastic behavior of FG-CNTRC rectangular hybrid plate is depicted in Fig. 6(a)(d). Increases the aspect
ratio causes to increase transverse shear stress and displacements.
Further conclusion is that longitudinal and latitudinal displacements, in higher aspect ratio are completely different from that
in lower aspect ratio. Effect of applied electric voltage on
thermo-elastic behavior of FG-CNTRC rectangular hybrid plate in
ambient temperature is depicted in Fig. 7(a)(d). As the gures
show, stress and displacements are affected by electric voltage.
In addition, from Fig. 7(b) it is seen that transverse displacement
distributes along the thickness almost linearly and the effect of
increasing the applied voltage on this displacement at the top surface is greater than that at the bottom surface. Conversely, increasing the applied voltage affects the longitudinal displacement
(Fig. 7(c)) at the bottom surface more than that at the top surface.
From Fig. 7(d) one can conclude that the effect of increasing the
applied voltage on latitudinal displacement is independent of
transverse coordinate.

Three dimensional thermoelastic analysis of FG-CNTRC plate

embedded in piezoelectric layers with various kinds of CNT distribution was carried out. Applying Fourier series expansion for the
thermoelastic quantities along the in-plane coordinates as well
as using state space technique along the thickness direction, analysis was performed. From numerical results, some conclusions can
be reported;
In the FGX kind of CNT distribution, temperature, transverse
shear stress and displacements at a point are always smaller
in magnitude than those at the corresponding points in the
other cases of distribution.
Increase the CNT volume fraction causes to increase the stiffness of the plate and consequently its displacement decrease
in all direction.
Stress distribution along the thickness direction for piezoelectric is linear whereas it is nonlinear for the FGX layer.
Variation of thermal stress in actuator layer is more than that in
sensor layer.
Due to aligning the axis of CNTs along the longitudinal direction
of the plate, distribution of transverse shear stress in xz plane
is completely differs from transverse shear stress in yz plane.
Distribution of induced voltage due to the thermal boundary
condition varies linearly along the thickness of sensor.
Transverse displacement in thin plate is nearly independent of
transverse coordinate.
Effect of length to thickness ratio on longitudinal displacement
at bottom surface is more signicant than that at top surface.

6 0
6
6
6 0
6
6
6 g1
6
Gp 6
6 g5 @
@x
6
6
6 g @
6 9 @y
6
6 0
4
e3

C 33 g3 e23

Appendix

E11
E22
1  m23 m32 Q 22
1  m31 m13
D
D
E33

1  m12 m21 Q 44 G23 Q 55 G13

D

Q 11
Q 33

Q 66 G12

Q 12

E11
m31 m21 m32
D
E22

m32 m12 m31

D

Q 23

D 1  m12 m21  m23 m32  m31 m13  2m12 m32 m13

0

6
6 0
0
6
6 0
0
6
6
G6 a
@
a
6 @x
6 5
6
2
6 @
@
@2
6 a6 @x a8 @x
2 a9 @y2
4
@
@2
a10 @x@y
a7 @x
h
B 0 0 0

a3

1
Q 55

a6 Q 66

Q2
a8  Q 11  13
Q 33
a11

Q 13
6 Q 33

 Ce555

1
C 44

g4

@
g 8 @x

@
@
C 66 @x
2 g 11 @y2

@
g 12 @y

e5 @
C 55 @x

e4 @
C 44 @y

e1 C 33 e3 C 13 @
C 33 g3 e23 @x

e2 C 33 e3 C 23 @
C 33 g3 e23 @y

C 33
C 33 g3 e23

@
 @y

@
g 2 @x

@
g 3 @y

@
@
C 66 @y
2 g 6 @x2
2

@
g 10 @x@y

@
g 7 @x@y
2

@
@y

@
a7 @y

@
a10 @x@y
2

@
@
a9 @x
2 a11 @y2

bx  QQ 13
bz
33

Q2

@
@x

6


Q
Q 13 Q 23 @
F6
Q

6 Q 23
12
@x
Q
33
4 33
@
0
Q 66 @y

@
 @x

a3

a9 Q 66

Q 11  Q 13
33

1
C 55

@
 @x

Q2
 Q 22 23
Q 33

1
1
a3
Q 44
Q 33
Q 13
a7
Q 33

a4

@
 @y

bz
Q 33

@
@
 @x
 @y

@
@x

7
0 7
7
a4 7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
0 7
5
0


 iT
@
by  QQ 23
bz @y
33

where;

@
 @x

E11
m21 m31 m23
D

Q 13

6. Conclusion

Applied electric voltage affects stresses and displacements

especially along the thickness direction.

7
7
7
7
e4 @
 C44 @y
7
7
7
0
7
7
7
0
7
7
0
7
7
2
2 7
@
@
g 13 @x

g
2
14 @y2 7
5
0
@
@x

a6

Q 13
Q 33

a7

Q 23
Q 33



Q Q
a10  Q 12 Q 66  23 13
Q 33


 3
8
9
Q 13 @
Q 13
Q 12  Q 23
>
>
b

b
@y 7
Q 33
>
>
x
z
Q
33
<
=
7


Q 23
Q 223 @ 7 H
b

b
Q 22  Q 33 @y 7
y
Q 33 z >
>
>
>
5
:
;
@
0
Q 66 @x

493

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

B1 f 1 T fi  f 2 T imn

where

g3
C 13 g3 e1 e3
g2
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23
C 23 g3 e2 e3
e3
g3
g4
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23
g1

m1a

g8

g 10

g 12

k13
k21

k22

C1

T fi w1p e
 T fo w1 e
/1 w1p  /1p w1

C2

T fo /1 ekhhp  T fi /1p ekhp

/1 w1p  /1p w1

g 13

a0 1

e2
g1 5
C 55

C 44
Hp fhi1 g

C 13 g3 e1 e3
C 33 g3 e23


C 13 C 13 g3 e1 e3 e1 e3 C 13  e1 C 33 @
C 11
2
@y
C 33 g3 e3
C 13 e3  e1 C 33

C 33 g3 e23

(
1n1
/a; n 1; z1 lnz1
n!Ca  n

1
X
ar
xr
ua r  u1 r  u1 n r
1 nr
r!
r1

n1
n  1! X
a  nr xrn
@
uz lnCz
@z
Ca r1 1  nr r!

k4
k1 k4  k2 k3
k3
f7
k1 k4  k2 k3



C 23 C 13 g3 e1 e3 e2 e3 C 13  e1 C 33 @
C 12
@y
C 33 g3 e23

f9



C 23 C 23 g3 e2 e3 e2 e3 C 23  e2 C 33 @
k23 C 22
@x
C 33 g3 e23
C 23 e3  e2 C 33
k24
C 33 g3 e23

h21 by

an aa 2 . . . ::a n  1;





h  hp  l
h  hp  l
w1p w a; b;
/1p / a; b;
k
k
1
1
1
f 2 2m hp
f3
f 1 m hp
e 1s  em1s hp
e 1s  1
1  e2m1s hp
f4

h11 bx

1
X
an zn1
bn n!
n1





hp  l
hp  l
w1 w a; b;
/1 / a; b;
k
k



C 13 C 23 g3 e2 e3 e1 e3 C 23  e2 C 33 @
C 12
@x
C 33 g3 e23
C 23 g3 e2 e3

C 33 g3 e23

k31 0 k32 C 66

T fo  T fi eD1 hf
 eD1 hf hp

D2 hf hp

the last sum is dropped if n = 0.

k11

k14

E2

khhp

khp

e24

F p kij 44

k12

wa; n 1; z1

C 23 C 23 g3 e2 e3  e2 e2 C 33  e3 C 23
C 33 g3 e23

e2 C 33  C 23 e3

C 33 g3 e23

T fi eD2 hf  T fo
 eD1 hf hp

D2 hf hp

/a; b; z1 1

C 23 C 13 g3 e1 e3  e2 e1 C 33  e3 C 13
C 12  C 66
C 33 g3 e23

g 14 g2

E1

where

C 23 g3 e2 e3
C 33 g3 e23

g 11 C 22

s


a2
1
2
2
p kxs
pn kys
kzs m
b
s


a2
h 1

p2 kxa
p2n kya
a kza m
b

C 13 C 23 g3 e2 e3  e1 e3 C 23  e2 C 33
C 33 g3 e23

e1 C 33  e3 C 13
C 33 g3 e23

g9 

B3 T omn f 4  T fo f 5

h
m1s
a

C 13 g3 e1 e3
g5
C 33 g3 e23
C 13 C 13 g3 e1 e3  e1 e1 C 33  e3 C 13 
g 6 C 11
C 33 g3 e23
g 7 C 12  C 66

B2 f 3 T imn  f 1 T fi

B4 T fo f 6  T omn f 7

@
@y

k33 C 66

@
@x

f 11

/1p ekhp
/1 w1p  /1p w1

f 10
T fi

N1 N6 T 2mn  N3 N4 T 1mn
N1 N5  N2 N4
N2 L3 f 9  L4 f 10
T fo

/1 ekhhp
/1 w1p  /1p w1
N 3 N5 T 1mn  N2 N6 T 2mn
N1 N5  N2 N4
N1 f 1 L1  L2 L4 f 11  L3 f 8

N4 L7 f 8  L8 f 11

N5 L8 f 10  L7 f 9  L6 f 6 L5 f 5

N6 L5 f 4  L6 f 7

For the FGK case:

C 13 bz g3  e3 p3 e1 p3 C 33 e3 bz
C 33 g3 e23
C 23 bz g3  e3 p3 e2 p3 C 33 e3 bz
C 33 g3 e23

w1 ekhhp
/1 w1p  /1p w1

N 3 L1 f 2  L2 f 3

k34 0

k2
k1
f6
k1 k4  k2 k3
k1 k4  k2 k3
/1 ekhp
f8
/1 w1p  /1p w1
f5

 2 

a2
h
1
p2m Dx
p2n Dy
a
b
hf


Dz
hp
a2 
b2 1 Dz 1
hf
hf
a0

h31 0

494

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495



h
for z < hp 2f

 2
 2 

 2 !!
h
hp
2
2 h
2
2 h
pm Dx pn
b0 
pm pn
1
Dy
a
b
b
hf

 2 

a2
h
2
p2m Dx
p2n Dy
a
b
hf
2hp
a2 b1 b2 1 
Dz
hf
a0 

Dz
a1 0 b1 
hf
For the FGV case:

 2 

a2
h
1
a0 
p2m Dx
p2n Dy
a
b
hf
 2


 2 
!
h
hp
h
hp
b0 
p2m 1  Dx p2n
1  Dy
a
b
hf
hf
a1 0 b1

Dz
hf

a2

Dz
hf

b2 1  Dz

hp
hf

2Dz
a1 0 b1
hf

 2
 2 

 2 !!
h
2hp
2
2 h
2
2 h
pm Dx pn
b0 
pm pn
 1
Dy
a
b
b
hf

a1 0 b1 

2Dz
hf

 2
 2 

 2 !!
h
2hp
2
2 h
2
2 h
pm Dx pn
b0 
pm pn
1
Dy
a
b
b
hf
For the FG} case:

h
for z > hp 2f

6
0
6
6
6
0
6
6
g3
6
C 33 g3 e23
6
6
Gp 6
h pn C 13 g3 e1 e3
6  a C33 g3 e2
3
6
6 a h pn C 23 g3 e2 e3
6
6 b a C 33 g3 e23
6
6
0
4
e3
C 33 g3 e23

h
p
a m

h
p
a n

1
a

0
4
a
6
a

0
5
a
7
a

h 
p
a m
h 
p
a n

0

a2

7
a

9
a

z
b
Q 33

m
p

7
7
7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
0 5
0


 iT
h
 
x  Q 13 b
y  Q 23 b
z
z
n ha b
b
p
a
Q
Q
33

33

where;

h Q 13
h Q 23
m
n
a4 p
a5 p
a
aQ
Q 33
Q 33
!# 33
 2 "
2
h
Q
6
2n Q 66 p
2m Q 11  13
a
p
a
Q 33
"
#
 2
h
Q 23 Q 13
h Q 13
8 p
7
m p
n Q 12 Q 66 
n
a
a
p
a
a Q 33
Q 33
!#
 2 "
h
Q 223
1
2
2
12
9
m Q 66 p
n Q 22 
a
a
p
 55
a
Q
Q 33

45

0
m C 13 g3 e1 e3
h p
a
C 33 g3 e23

 a h

 n C 23 g3 e2 e3
p
b a
C 33 g3 e23

0
h
 a pm

n
 ab ha p
0

h
p
a m
1
C 55


pn

h a
a b

1
C 44

e3

C 33 g3 e23

A1

A2

h pm e1 C 33 e3 C 13
a
C 33 g3 e2

A4

A5

h a pn e2 C 33 C 23 e3
a b
C 33 g3 e2

h pm e5
a C 55

0


h a pn e4

h pm e3 C 13 e1 C 33
a
C 33 g3 e2
3

a h
b a

pn e3 C 23 e2 C 33
C 33 g3 e23

13
a




3
2
Q 23 Q 13
h a
m Q 11  QQ 13

 ha p
p
n b Q 12 
a
33
Q 33
7
6

 7


7
6
2
Q
F 6 Q 23 h 
7
Q 23
h a
23
pm Q 12  Q 13
p
7
6Q
n b Q 22
a
a
Q 33
Q 33
5
4 33
n ba
m
Q 66 ha p
Q 66 ha p
0
8
9
x Q 13 b
z >
>
b
>
>
>
>
Q
33
<
=
H b
y Q 23 b
z
>
>
Q 33
>
>
>
>
:
;
0
Q 13
6 Q 33

 2
 2
h
h
b0 
p2m 1 Dx p2n
1 Dy
a
b


 2 !!
2hp
h
p2m Dx p2n
Dy
1
b
hf

 2 

a2
h
2
a0
p2m Dx
p2n Dy
a1 0
a
b
hf


2Dz
hp
a2 b1 b2 1 2Dz
1
b1
hf
hf

h
B 0 0 0

3
a



h
for z < hp 2f

 2 

a2
h
2
p2m Dx
p2n Dy
a
b
hf


2hp
a2 b1 b2 1 Dz
1
hf

6
60
6
6
60
G6
6a
6 3
6
4 a4
8
a



h
for z > hp 2f

a0

2Dz
hf

 2
 2
h
h
b0 
p2m 1 Dx p2n
1 Dy
a
b


 2 !!
2hp
h
p2m Dx p2n
 1
Dy
b
hf

For the FGX case:

 2 

a2
h
2
a0 
p2m Dx
p2n Dy
a
b
hf


2hp
a2 b1 b2 1  Dz
1
hf

a1 0 b1

a b

C 44



0
C 33
C 33 g3 e23

7
 ha pCm55e5 7
7


 ha ba pCn44e4 7
7
7
7
0
7
7
7
7
0
7
7
7
0
7
7
7
7
A7
5
0

1
Q 44

495

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 118 (2014) 482495

h
Bp 0 0 0

bz g3 e3 p3
C 33 g3 e23

A3

A6

p3 C 33 e3 bz
C 33 g3 e23

iT

k31 0 k32 C 66 pn

where

a h
b a

k33 C 66 pm C 66

h11 bx

 2  
h
a
A2 pn pm
a
b


C 13 C 23 g3 e2 e3  e1 e3 C 23  e2 C 33
 C 12 C 66
C 33 g3 e23

Y T a MBs N s I C a Ba N a



h
bz e1 e3 C 13 g3 p3 e3 C 13  e1 C 33
A3 p m
bx
2
a
C 33 g3 e3
 2  
h
a
A4 pn pm
a
b


C 23 C 13 g3 e1 e3  e2 e3 C 13  e1 C 33
 C 12 C 66
C 33 g3 e23
 2
h
a
 2  2 

h
a
C 23 C 23 g3 e2 e3 e2 e3 C 23  e2 C 33
p2n
C 22 
a
b
C 33 g3 e23

A5 C 66 p2m

A6 p n



h a
C 23 bz g3  e3 p3  e2 p3 C 33 e3 bz
by
2
a b
C 33 g3 e3

 

 2
a2 
e2
e2
h
A7  p2m g1 5  p2n
g2 4
b
a
C 55
C 44



Fp k
Hp h
ij 44
i1
 C 13 g3 e1 e3
k
11
C 33 g3 e23


12 p h C 11 C 13 C 13 g3 e1 e3 e1 e3 C 13  e1 C 33
k
m
a
C 33 g3 e23
C 13 e3  e1 C 33
C 33 g3 e23

a h 
C 13 C 23 g3 e2 e3 e1 e3 C 23  e2 C 33
pn
C 12
b a
C 33 g3 e23

k14
k13

C 23 g3 e2 e3
C 33 g3 e23


h
C 23 C 13 g3 e1 e3 e2 e3 C 13  e1 C 33
pm
C 12
a
C 33 g3 e23

k21
k22

k23 pn
k24

a h 

C 22

b a
C 23 e3  e2 C 33

C 33 g3 e23

C 23 C 23 g3 e2 e3 e2 e3 C 23  e2 C 33
C 33 g3 e23

k34 0

C 13 bz g3  e3 p3 e1 p3 C 33 e3 bz
C 33 g3 e23

 2  2
h
a
A1
p2n C 66
a
b
 2 

h
C 13 C 13 g3 e1 e3 e1 e3 C 13  e1 C 33

p2m C 11 
a
C 33 g3 e23

h21 by

a

C 23 bz g3  e3 p3 e2 p3 C 33 e3 bz
h31 0 S T a MT s
C 33 g3 e23

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