BERNOULIS EQUATION

ABSTRACT
The experiment of Bernoullis equation is conduct to determine the pressure head and velocity head at
each point in the horizontal pipe, calculate the sum of pressure head and velocity head for each point in
the horizontal pipe and also determine the accuracy of Bernoullis Theorem for fluid flow in a horizontal
tapered pipe as stated in theory. In the introduction, we talk about the experiment from the side of
theoretical and experimental. In the theory, we take out all the formula that we need for this experiment
and we discuss about the theory of the experiment. In the hypothesis, we do the early statement that
maybe we get in the experiment and the cause in the experiment if there are some errors. This
experiment was conducted to complete the main objective of the experiment. The objective is the main
purpose why we did this experiment. The apparatus is the things or substance that we need and we used
in the experiment. Procedure is the method what to do during the experiment and complete the
experiment. The data and result that we got by the experiment, we calculate the thing that the objective
need by using a few of simple calculation and if necessary, we did some graphs to complete the main
objective of this experiment. The discussion is the conduct among our group members to discuss about
the result that we got and the cause of error in the experiment if the experiment that we did got error.
The conclusion is the statement to conclude the whole result of the experiment. From the references, we
can know the books, websites or lecturers that we refer to complete this experiment. Finally, by a few of
appendix, we can know the whole process of the experiment by the pictures during the experiment and
we also can know the table or whatever references that we refer for complete the experiment and the
report of the experiment.
INTRODUCTION
Bernoullis theorem states that the total energy for each particle of a body of fluid is the same
provided that no energy enters or leaves the systems at any point. The three terms of Bernoullis
equation are the pressure energy per unit weight, the kinetic energy per unit weight and the potential
energy per unit weight. The division of energy between potential, pressure and kinetic may vary but the
total energy, H remains constant for steady flow of frictionless fluid along a streamline.
THEORY
P + v + z = H = constant
g 2g

. (4a)

Each of the terms has the dimensions of length (head). The pressure term, P ,
g
Is named as pressure head and represents the height of a column of the fluid that is needed to produce
the pressure p. the velocity head, + v , represents the vertical
2g
Distance needed for the fluid to fall freely by neglecting friction if it is to reach velocity v for rest. The
elevation term, z is related to the potential energy of the particle and is named as elevation head.
Between 2 points on a streamline, Equation (3a) will give
P1 + v + z = P2 + v + z
g 2g
g 2g
1

(4b)

or

Total energy at point 1 = Total energy at point 2

Where
V1 and V2 are respective of flow at point 1 and 2.
P1 and P2 are respective pressure at point 1 and 2.
Z1 and Z2 are respective height from reference line (datum)
is the fluid density and g is the gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s
When the pipe is in horizontal position, Z1 = Z2 and P = gh , Equation (4b) becomes
v + h1 = v + h2
2g
2g

.. (4c)

OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this experiment are listed below:
i.
Determine the pressure head and velocity head at each point in the horizontal pipe.
ii.
Calculate the sum of pressure head and velocity head for each point in the horizontal pipe.
iii.
Determine the accuracy of Bernoullis Theorem for fluid flow in a horizontal tapered pipe as stated
in Equation (4c).
APPARATUS
Bernoullis theorem demonstration apparatus, volumetric cylinder (jar), bucket and stopwatch.
PROCEDURE
1. The diameter of the horizontal pipe at each point was recorded and its distance from the 1st tube that
is connected to the manometer tube.
2. Using adjustable screws the apparatus was leveled.
3. The apparatus connected with the bench having 14-tapered section converging in the direction of
flow.
4. The apparatus was primed with water. All entrapped air removed from the system. All connecting
pipe are free of air.
5. The inflow valves carefully adjusted to get such a combination of flow rate and system pressure that
gives maximum convenient difference between the highest and lowest manometer levels.
6. Scale reading foe each manometer level was recorded.
7. 3 sets of readings for volume and time taken to find the flow rate through the system.
8. Steps 5-7 repeated by adjusting valve openings to give high and low flow rates at both high and low
static pressure.
9. Steps 5-8 were repeated for 4 times.
HYPOTHESIS
When the velocity is greater the pressure is small

RESULT/ CALCULATION
1. Cross sectional area, A = d (m)
4
2. Flow rate, Q = V (m/s)
T

where V= volume of water collected in the tank (m)

t = time to fill the volume of water in the tank(s)

3. Velocity head, v = Q
2g
2gA
4. A graph of pressure head (h), velocity head (v ) and total head (h + , v ) versus
2g
2g
horizontal distance plotted in a single graph sheet for each experiment.

Record of observation/ calculation/ results

Test 1
No
Tube
tube Diameter
(mm)

1
2
3
4
5
6

10.0
10.6
11.3
12.4
14.6
25.0
Volume,
V
(m)
2x10-3
2x10-3
2x10-3

Tube cross
Sectional area
(mm)
(1)

Distance
From 1st tube
(mm)

Manomete
r
Level
(h)
(mm)

78.54
88.28
100.33
120.81
167.48
491.07

0
5
7.1
12.1
21.4
38.8

0
43
96
135
184
227

Time,
T
(s)
14.8
14.5
13.8
Average = 1.39x10-4

Velocity
Head
theory
(v/2g)
(m)
(3)
1.60x10-7
1.26x10-7
9.78x10-8
6.75x10-8
3.51x10-8
4.08x10-9

Total head
(h + v/2g)
(m)

Flow rate
(m/s)
(2)
1.35x10-4
1.38x10-4
1.45x10-4

0
0.043
0.096
0.135
0.184
0.227

Test 2
No
Tube
Tube cross
tube Diameter Sectional area
(mm)
(mm)
(1)
1
2
3
4
5
6

10.0
10.6
11.3
12.4
14.6
25.0

Distance
From 1st tube
(mm)

Manomete
r
Level
(h)
(mm)

0
5
7.1
12.1
21.4
38.8

0
43
105
165
230
290

78.54
88.28
100.33
120.81
167.48
491.07

Volume,
V
(m)
2x10-3
2x10-3
2x10-3
Average =1.78x10-4
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Flow rate,Q = V/t
= 2x10-3 / 11.8
= 1.69x10-4 (m/s)
Velocity head = v = Q
2g 2gA
=(1.69x10-4 )
2x9.81x(78.54x10-3)
=2.62x10-7 m
Total head =h +v
2g
=0.043 +2.62x10-7
=0.043m

Time,
T
(s)
11.8
11.4
10.5

Velocity
Head
theory
(v/2g)
(m)
(3)
2.62 x10-7
2.07 x10-7
1.60x10-7
1.11x10-7
5.76 x10-8
6.70 x10-9

Total head
(h +
v/2g)
(m)

Flow rate
(m/s)
(2)
1.69x10-4
1.75x10-4
1.90x10-4

0
0.043
0.105
0.165
0.230
0.290

Graph
0.25
0.2
0.15
Total head,pressure head (m)

pressure head and

total head

0.1

velocity head

0.05
0
0 0.05
velocity head (m)

Test 1

Graph of total head versus velocity head

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
press
ure headhead (m) 0.15
velocity head
Total head,
pressure

total head

0.1
0.05
0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

velocity head (m)

test 2

DISCUSSION

There are many factors that effect the accuracy of this experiments, under certain circumstances motion
of flow will be form the kinetic energy and the potential. The pressure head and total head are almost the
same value because the value of velocity head theory is small
The value of manometer level are taken when the flow of water are not steady is also the cause of error
in this experiment.
CONCLUSION
The pressure head, velocity head and total head is proportional with the horizontal distance. the
bernoullis theorem is fulfill by doing this experiments.
REFERRENCE
Suhaimi Abdul Talib, Hamidon Ahmad.2002, Fluid mechanic
6