In [1], the paper proposes a novel learning approach to solve the CAC in multimedia cellular

networks with multiple classes of traffic. A near optimal CAC policy was obtained through a
form of NeuroEvolution (NE) algorithm. Simulation results show that the scheme could
effectively guarantee the specified CDRs remain under their predefined upper bound while
retaining acceptable CBRs.

In [2], the thinning schemes were proposed, to smoothly reduce the traffic admission rates. The
thinning scheme is the one in which a call is admitted with certain probability based on the
priority and the current traffic situation. The idea behind this scheme is to smoothly throttle the
call arrival streams according to the priority as the network traffic is building up, thus, when the
network is approaching congestion, the call streams with lower priorities become thinner.
Priorities were given to the new the call or the handoff calls. However, in this work , emphasis
was placed on the arrival rate and the holding time. The cell dwell time was not considered.

In [3] a Dynamic Call Admission Control (CAC) scheme with low complexity for practical
purpose was suggested. The paper analyzed the QoS in terms of call blocking probability
(connection level) and also packet loss probability (packet level).Three different type of traffic
were considered, video, voice and data, all occupying varying amount of channels. The algorithm
required a pre decided designation of the number of channels assigned to handoff and new calls
respectively while the arrival rate and holding time were not considered in the algorithm.

A Multi-Agent system was used [4] to calculate the percentage of supporting a mobile with the
needed bandwidth before it's reaching to next cells. This is based on the premise that agents
could be used to predict if mobiles would complete their calls without dropping or not. The
Kalman Filtering technique was used.

In [5], the proposed FCAC scheme is based on effective traffic loads for both the target cell and
the adjacent cells. Thus, the goal of the FCAC scheme is to significantly reduce the dropping
probability at the cost of increasing the blocking probability to an acceptable level. The FIS has
three (3) inputs, the nominalized number of channels, the average dropping probability and the
average blocking probability, respectively. The output variable is the probability that a new call
will be permitted. A total of 27 rules were used. The call arrivals are assumed to follow a Poisson
process. The call holding time is assumed to follow an exponential distribution, the mean of call
holding time that equals to 180 s was used throughout the simulations.

A comparative survey of different CAC schemes used for mobile multimedia networks using soft
computing techniques like artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms was
done in [6]. The computation intelligence based CAC use evolutionary approaches like Genetic
Algorithm (GA), fuzzy logic and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Majority of the
computational intelligence based CAC algorithms incorporate fuzzy logic, fuzzy neural and
fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. There are very few works reported
on the usage of Artificial Neural Networks in CAC.
In [7], an efficient uniform band thinning (UBT) CAC scheme was been proposed which
hybridized the idea of Fixed Guard Band (FGB) scheme and uniform thinning technique. From
the derived equations of the proposed scheme, it is clear that UBT scheme can turn back to FGB
scheme by considering its acceptance factor zero. This proposed UBT scheme ensures a
minimum permissible blocking probability of lower priority traffic keeping the call blocking
probability of higher priority traffic almost constant as FGB scheme.

In [33], an efficient uniform band thinning (UBT) CAC scheme was been proposed which
hybridized the idea of Fixed Guard Band (FGB) scheme and uniform thinning technique. From
the derived equations of the proposed scheme, it is clear that UBT scheme can turn back to FGB
scheme by considering its acceptance factor zero. This proposed UBT scheme ensures a
minimum permissible blocking probability of lower priority traffic keeping the call blocking
probability of higher priority traffic almost constant as FGB scheme.

In (33), Mamdani method is widely accepted for capturing expert knowledge. It allows us to
describe the expertise in more intuitive, more human-like manner. However, Mamdani-type FIS
entails a substantial computational burden. On the other hand, Sugeno method is computationally
efficient and works well with optimization and adaptive techniques, which makes it very
attractive in control problems, particularly for dynamic nonlinear systems. These adaptive
techniques can be used to customize the membership functions so that fuzzy system best models
the data. The most fundamental difference between Mamdani-type FIS and Sugeno-type FIS is
the way the crisp output is generated from the fuzzy inputs. While Mamdani-type FIS uses the
technique of defuzzification of a fuzzy output, Sugeno-type FIS uses weighted average to
compute the crisp output. The expressive power and interpretability of Mamdani output is lost in
the Sugeno FIS since the consequents of the rules are not fuzzy [7].

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