http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.

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/
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format=INT&t:ac=j$002fpolyeng.2007.27.8$002fpolyeng.2007.27.8.
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https://www.dynamore.de/en/downloads/papers/09conference/papers/D-II-04.pdf

http://content.lib.utah.edu/utils/getfile/collection/etd3/id/547/filenam
e/169.pdf

Foam behaviour
http://www.mate.tue.nl/mate/pdfs/10702_sec.pdf

noelasticrecoveryoccurswhereIMPAXXshowslowelasticrecovery

EPS Properties
Crushable Foam in ABAQUS
- this model assumes isotropic elastic material
- suitable for RIGID polymeric foams [reference 8 Finite Element

Analysis of Helmeted Impacts and Head Injury Evaluation

with a Commercial Road Helmet Fbio A.O. Fernandes, Ricardo
J. Alves de Sousa, Rmy Willinger, Caroline Deck]

Polystyrene,polyethyleneandpolypropyleneareusedinclosedcellapplications.Polystyrene
tendstoproducerigidfoamswhilepolyethyleneandpolypropyleneproduceflexiblefoams
ofhighlyvariedconsistencybasedonthemorphology
[http://www.datapointlabs.com/testpaks/2009/lsdyna09.pdf]
Lowelasticrecovery,whichinitselfwouldleadtothechoiceofthecrushablefoammaterial
model

https://books.google.com.au/books?
id=O4uNJjUT3ngC&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=XPS+35+foam&sou
rce=bl&ots=fVmSc8E8_7&sig=8Qwfxxt1FarVW5a0zLBU5GMfaYY&hl
=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZpZLtkpjMAhVE6WMKHXR9CioQ6AEIITA
B#v=onepage&q=XPS%2035%20foam&f=false

[reference ESP closed cell- Material Model Validation of a High Efficient

Energy Absorbing Foam. Authors: Gerhard Slik, Gavin Vogel and Virendra
Chawda]

EPS is closed cell and hence a rigid foam

Crushable foam model used in abaqus assumes low elastic
recovery
This assuming isotropic properties and suitable for rigid foams
EPS experiences low elastic recovery- considerable damage under
impact

ABAQUS documentation:
http://129.97.46.200:2080/v6.13/books/usb/default.htm

Curshable foam plascity model: are used to model the enhanced ability of a
foam material to deform in compression due to cell wall buckling processes (it
is assumed that the resulting deformation is not recoverable instantaneously
and can, thus, be idealized as being plastic for short duration events

Hardening model

The hardening curve must describe the uniaxial compression yield stress as a
function of the corresponding plastic strain
Two types: Volumetric and Isotropic
hydrostatic tension loading the volumetric hardening model assumes a
perfectly plastic behavior, while the isotropic hardening model predicts the
same behavior in both hydrostatic tension and hydrostatic compression.
WE MODEL VOLUMETRIC: reference [8]
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Property module: material editor: Mechanical
Plasticity
Crushable Foam: Hardening:
Volumetric

To use this model, one needs to know the initial yield stress in
uniaxial compression,

; the initial yield stress in hydrostatic

compression,
; and the yield strength in hydrostatic
tension,
. Since foam materials are rarely tested in tension, it
is usually necessary to guess the magnitude of the strength of
the foam in hydrostatic tension,
. The choice of tensile
strength should not have a strong effect on the numerical results
unless the foam is stressed in hydrostatic tension. A common
approximation is to set
equal to 5% to 10% of the initial yield
stress in hydrostatic compression

; thus,

= 0.05 to 0.10.

Elements
The crushable foam plasticity model can be used with plane strain,
generalized plane strain, axisymmetric, and three-dimensional solid
(continuum) elements. This model cannot be used with elements for which the
stress state is assumed to be planar (plane stress, shell, and membrane
elements) or with beam, pipe, or truss eleme

65 kg/m^3 used COMPRESSIVE YIELD STRESS RATIO: 1.5,

HYDROSTATIC YIELD STRESS RATIO= 300