Summary of English Grammar for 3rd Years

Expressing condition
1. Providing/provided that/ as long as /so long as
( Express : condition) = but only if = if
The rule : providing that/as long as + present
simple = future
simple .
Eg : providing that you work hard , you will
succeed.
2.Expressing wish :
a. Its high time/its about time (the right time
to do sth)
Its high time +past simple
E.g: Its high time we left (means we are late. it
is the right time to leave)
b. Present wish: wish + past simple.(imagine a
possible different situation)
Real situation:
I dont have a car(-)

Wish situation:
I wish I had a car(+)

b.Future wish: wish +would+stem ( a desire to

have a different future)
Real situation:
Wish situation:
I will change my
I wish I would not
school next year(+)
change my school(-)
c.Past wish: wish +had+p.p(regret about a past situation)
Real past situation:
Wish situation
I took bribe (+)
I wish I had not taken bribe
I wish I could: expresses a wish about capacity
But only if . expresses a strong desire of wish
I f only I would see him ( strong desire to see him)
3.Expressing advice:
Should=ought to= had better ( d better)+stem
E.g.; you should/ought to /had better revise your lessons
Negative : had better not + stem
e.g :you had better not neglect your study
4.Expressing result:
So+ adj+that / such +noun phrase +that
E.g, Emily is kind. Everybody loves her
Emily is so kind that everybody loves her
adj
E.g: Emily is a kind girl. Everybody loves her
Emily is such a kind girl that everybody loves her
N.Ph
As a consequence/as a result/consequently/so (express
result)
5.Expressing cause:
E.g:She failed her exam. She did not revise
She failed her exam because she did revise

since
as
because/since/as+ Subject+ verb
due to /owing to/because of +Noun. Gerund
E.g: Due to the bad weather ,we could not go outside

6. The active/passive voice :

The active V : s + v + o (the subject is the most important )
The passive V : o + to be (in the tense of verb ) + verb in
p.p + by + agent(s)
Eg : the teacher explains the lesson (active)
S
V O
The lesson is explained by the teacher ( passive)
S
V
O
Present
simple
Present
continuous
Simple past
Past
continuous
Present
perfect

ACTIVE
Cleans
Is/are
cleaning
Cleaned
Was/were
cleaning
Has/have
cleaned
Had cleaned

Past perfect
Future simple
Present
conditional

Will clean
Would clean

PASSIVE
Is Cleaned
Is/are being
cleaned
Was/ were
Cleaned
Was being
cleaned
Has/have
been cleaned
Had been
cleaned
Will be
cleaned
Would be
cleaned

7.Affixes :
1-prefix : to form opposites : im , il , in , ir , dis ,un
Eg : legal illegal , agree disagree
2-Suffix : used to form nouns or adjectives
Adj+y/ity= Nouns
Nouns+y=Adj
y , ty , ness , ance , tion, ing ,er to form nouns
Eg : legal legality , happy happiness , Important
importance.
Sugar .sugary.
spice. spicy
8.Degrees of certainty
Degrees of certainty
Categorical certainty
Probability
Possibility
Remote possibility
9.Obligation and necessity;
Obligation (must)
present
past
Must+stem Had to +stem
Mustnt+ Did not have
stem
to+stem

Expressions
Will certainly/sure/of
course
May/it is probable that
Can/it is possible that
Might/could

Necessity(have to)
present
past
Has/have to+ Had to +stem
stem
Dont/ does Did not have
not have to+ to +stem
stem

Because of
Owing to
10.The gerund: verb+ing as a:
Verb; am/ is / are + verb + ing
Noun: farming
An adj: organic food is less damaging
11. The use of the present simple
We use the present simple :
1-to express facts that are true all the times (expository text)
2-habitual action : eg : he always gets up at 7 :00
3-permanent truth : he works in a factory
4-declaration : i like honest actions
5- instruction : go ahead
6-future references : the match begins at 8 Monday
12. the conditionl if
Type :
0- if + present - present (sure)
1- if +present -future ( if you work , youll succeed)
2- if + past simple- would (supposition or hypothesis)
Can use the verb to suppose
Suppose you were the president, what would you do ?
3- if+ past perfect would have + p.p(imagine a different
past)
13. Unless =if not (expressing condition)
E.g .If we go now ,we will not miss the train
If we dont go now ,we will miss the train
Unless we go now ,we will miss the train
Unless+ present simple future simple
14.Quantifiers
many , much , a lot of = an excessive amount
few , little = an insufficient amount
we use :
*many, few, a lot of (countable nouns).
*much, little , a lot of (uncountable nouns)
15.Used to/used for =purpose of objects
Used to+stem
e.g :Satellites are used to send data
Used for +verb+ing
Eg: Satellites are used for sending information
Interrogative form:
What are satellites used for?
16.How +adjectives ?
Dimensions /size/height
How far distance
How big .size
How much does /did it weigh..weight
How hot/coldtemperature
How deep depth
How tall.(persons).height
How high( mountains/towers )height
How long length
How long does/did it period of time

17.Similarities and Differences :

A. Similarity: Like ,both.and ,neither ..nor,
similar to, the same
E.g: Neptune is a planet. Mars is a planet (similarity)
Like Neptune, Mars is a planet.
Both of Neptune and Mars are/is planet.
E.g; Neptune is not a star. Mars is not a star
Neither Neptune nor Mars are stars
B. Differences: whereas/while/unlike/different
from/compared with/in contrast to
E.g :The sun is a star. The earth is a planet
Unlike the sun, the earth is a planet
The sun is a star whereas/while the earth is planet
18.Expressing concession :
Although =though=in spite of the fact that=despite the
fact that+ Subject +verb
E.g: She is tired. She goes to work
Although she is tired, she goes to work
In spite of the fact that .
Despite=in spite of+ noun phrase /pronoun/gerund

Despite

the bad weather ,we could not go outside

Noun phrase

In spite of
19.Expressing contrast:
But , however, yet ,
20.Stative and Dynamic verbs:
Stative
-describe states
unlimited period
only in the simple form
Feeling ,preference
E.g: I am wanting to see
you
I want to see you

Dynamic
describe actions
-limited period
-both simple and
progressive
form (continous)

21.Suffix ist /er to form nouns

:to teach .teacher
AstronomyAstronomer
AstrologyAstrologist
21. Plural Form of nouns (regular /irregular )
Final s is added to most of the nouns to get the plural
form
E.g penpens
Lady.ladies
Some nouns we change their root :

change in some vowels:

How fast..speed
How widewidth
Datum..data
Foot.feet
Woman.women
Phenomenon.phenomena

Final f of some nouns becomes v + es

Life..lives
Loaf.loaves
Leaf.leaves
Final f of some nouns does not change + s
Proof..proofs
Belief..beliefs
Words end with y and preceded by a consonant change
y into i+es
Mystery mysteries

Crisis..crises
The Reported Speech;
Direct Speech
Present simple
Present continuous
Present perfect
Past simple
Past perfect
Future (will)
Imperative
Must
Can
Shall
May

Indirect Speech
Past simple
Past cont
Past perfect
Past perfect
Past perfect
Would
Infinitive
Had to
Could
Should
might

Interrogative form:
D.S
1. Wh Questions:
Wh+aux+sub+ver.?
She asked me What do
you think?
2.Yes.No questions
He asked her do you
believe in destiny?
3.Negative imperative
form : do not +v

I.S
1.Wh question:
Wh+ subj+ verb
She asked me what I
thought
2. If +subj
He asked her if she
believed in destiny
3. not to + v (infinitive)

Adverbial phrases (time and place )

D.S
I.S
Now
That moment/ then
Today
That day
Yesterday
A day before / the previous
day
A (week) ago
A (week) before
Last (week)
The previous (week)
Tomorrow
The next day / the coming
day/ the day after
Next (week)
The following (week)
Here
Then
This
That
These
Those
Teacher: Miss M. K

Best Wishes Of Success