Today:BatterypackmodelingandBMS

Conventional Battery System

n
cells
(+protection)
in
series

+
Battery
Management
System (BMS)

Vbat
_

DC bus
DC-DC
converter

VDC

Electric drive
propulsion
components

Control bus

Vehicle
controller

Batterypack:Stackbatterycellsinparallelandseries
BMS:Monitorbatterystate(voltage,SOC,SOH),performcell
balancing,communicatewithvehiclecontroller

Packaging:SingleCylindricalCells

Packaging:PrismaticCells

BatteryPacks

NissanLeaf

FordCMaxEnergi

TemperatureEffects:CellCharacteristics

Cnom =20Ahcelltestedat0.5Ccharge/dischargerate
Reference:S.Chackoa,Y.M.Chunga,ThermalmodelingofLiionpolymerbattery
forelectricvehicledrivecycles,JournalofPowerSources,Volume213,1
September2012,Pages296303

Temperatureeffects:agingandcyclelife
Crystalformationaroundtheelectrodes,reducesthe
effectivesurfacearea
Passivation:growthofaresistivelayerthatimpedesthe
chemicalreactions
Corrosionconsumessomeoftheactivechemicals
Agingleadsto:
Increasedseriesresistance,reducedpowerrating
Reducedcapacity
Endoflife:dropto80%oftheoriginalpowerorcapacityrating
Allofagingprocessesareacceleratedwithincreased
temperature
6

Batterysystemelectricalcircuitmodel
assumption:identicalcells

BatterySimulink Model
ECEN5017
Battery Model (D)
Mp = number of cells in parallel
Ns = number of cells in series

2
SOC
Open-circuit voltage
as a function of SOC
SOC

1
Ibat

Ibat

>= 0

1
s

-1/(Mp*Cnom*3600)

Switch

Vz

Integrator
Limited

etaC
Coulomb
efficiency

1-D T(u)

Cnom
(capacity in Ah)

100
Percent
Conversion

SOC

VOC_cell

Voltage-vs-SOC
Characteristic
Vsp

Series resistances
Rp/Mp
positive Ibat

Series resistance
for Ibat>0

Vsn
Vcell

Ns

Vbat

Number of
cells in series

1
Vbat

Rn/Mp
negative Ibat

Series resistance
for Ibat<0

Vr

Diffusion
1

R1
R1/Mp

tau1.s+1
R1 (diffusion)

Vh

Diffusion
low-pass

Ibat

Vh

output
voltage
loop

Hysteresis

BatterySimulink Model
Vbat

Vbat
Ibat

Repeating
Sequence
Stair

SOC

SOC

Li-ion battery
Ibat

Ebat

1
s

-1
Gain

Product

Scope

Integrator

Example:Mp=2,Ns=100
Ro+ =Ro =10m,SOC(0)=50%,Cnom =5Ah,
VM=20mV,tH =50s,R1=10m,1 =100s

Batterywaveforms(anexample)
400
350
300
100
50
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10
0
-10
6

x 10

2
0

92.3%
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Charging

11

CCCVChargingexample
390
380
370
360
100

50

10

20

30

40

50

60

10

-10

12

Effectsofcellmismatchesandtheneedfor
batterymanagementsystem(BMS)
Mismatchesincellcharacteristics
Capacity
Leakage(selfdischarge)current
Otherparameters:seriesresistance,
MismatchesincellSOCsduringoperation

Reference:Davide Andrea,BatteryManagementSystemsforLargeLithiumIon Battery

Packs,Artech House2011,http://book.liionbms.com/
Animationsat:http://liionbms.com/balance/index.html
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Cellversussystemcapacity[Ah]
Discharge,assumingequal
startingSOC=100%

Q Ci 1 SOCmin,i

Cmin minCi
Q Cmin 1 0

Csystem Cmin

14

Charginganddischargingasystemwith
mismatchedcells

Systemmustsenseindividualcell
voltagesor(better)employ
individualcellSOCestimators

15

SystemcapacitywithunbalancedSOCs
Discharge,assumingunequal
startingSOCs

Q Ci SOCo ,i SOCmin,i
Q Csystem minCi SOCo ,i SOCmin,i
SOCmin,i 0
Csystem Cmin

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Passivetopbalancing

Animatedexample:http://liionbms.com/balance/index.html

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Example:TIbq76PL536A

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19

20

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Activebalancing

Example:switchedcapacitorchargeshuttling

22

Activebalancingarchitectures

http://liionbms.com/php/wp_passive_active_balancing.php
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Cellversussystemcapacity[Ah]with
chargeredistribution
Discharge,assumingequal
startingSOC=100%

C system Ci
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