Seismic Design of

Prestressed Concrete Piling

David A. Sheppard

Vice President, Marketing & Engineering

Western Art Stone Company, Inc.
Brisbane, California

lthough cases of pile distress and

fatigue have been noted in several
severe recent earthquakes, most of
them occurred as a result of deficiencies in pile design due to inadequacies
in soil analysis or overall building design. None of the failures observed, incidentally, used prestressed concrete
piling in their construction. Nonetheless, the failures demonstrate that prestressed concrete piling should possess
ductility at certain key locations, and
that current provisions for ductility are
in some cases inadequate.
Observations of pile performance in
Anchorage, Alaska (1964-8.4 Richter
magnitude), Niigata, Japan (1964-7.5
Richter magnitude), Caracas, Venezuela' (1967-6.5 Richter magnitude),
San Fernando, California n (1971-6.6
NOTE: This article is based in part upon a
paper presented by the author on October 4,
1980, at the New Zealand Prestressed Concrete Institute Annual Conference at Wairakei,
New Zealand.
20

Richter magnitude), and Imperial

County, California3 (1979-6.6 Richter
magnitude), coupled with several laboratory and model tests conducted
mostly by the Japanese, lead to the following conclusions regarding pile behavior and performance during earthquakes :1,4
1. Deeply embedded portions of
piling appear to move with the soil
mass during an earthquake.
2. If the surrounding soil fails by
liquefaction or shearing, the pile will
fail and the supported structure will
probably also fail.
3. If the soil does not fail, the
deeper portions of the pile will not fail
regardless of the structural damage occuring above.
4. Batter piles exert large and possibly damaging reaction forces on pile
caps.
5. Unrestrained pile caps may not
move in phase with the soil, placing
extremely large shears on the pile at the
pile cap interface.

6. Piles do not resist the soil mass except in the butt area, under certain circumstances.
7. The use of restrained pile foundations does not alter the horizontal response of the structure.
8. Embedded piles are bent into curvatures of various radii when layered
soils undergo cyclic movement.
9. Lateral shears and moments in the
pile butt area are reduced by as much
as 85 percent when the pile cap is restrained by grade beams, basements, or
by the otherwise keying into the soil.
10. Critical moment-curvature locations in restrained pile foundations are
at the pile/pile cap interface and
deeper, at the point of fixity in the soil
mass. Free standing (cantilevered) pile
structures and unrestrained pile caps
have a potential plastic hinge region at
a point of high shear and moment at the
pile/pile cap interface.

EXISTING PILE
TEST INFORMATION
Several series of tests have been conducted in California to ascertain the
elastic and post-elastic behavior of particular prestressed concrete piling sections. Details of three of these tests are
summarized below:

1972 Santa Fe Pomeroy Tests

(Fig. 1)
The elastic limit deflections and curvatures were ascertained for 16 and 18
in. (406 and 457 mm) square piling. The
piling was prestressed to induce an effective precompression of 700 psi (4.82
MPa) and confined with W3.5 (5.4 mm)
spiral steel spaced at a 6-in. (150 mm)
pitch.
The piling was subjected to an axial
load of 600 kips (2.7 x 106 N), then
loaded monotonically to failure by increasing the loading at the center of the
PCI JOURNAUMarch-April 1983

pile. The piles were approximately 43 ft

(13.1 m) long.
The 16 in. (406 mm) square pile developed a maximum curvature of 2.3 x
10-4 in.-' (9.2 x 10- 6 mm-1 ). The 18 in.
(457 mm) square pile developed an
elastic curvature of 2.0 x 10- 4 in.-' (7.9 x
10- 6 mm) at midspan. The axial load
levels in the piling were 0.29 f'A. and
0.22 fcA9, respectively. Complete failure followed shortly after first cracking.
21

1972

16" SQ. PILE ^- I I- 3/I6 $ 27O K STRANDS

8200 PSI AT TIME OF TEST)
W3.5 SPIRAL
AT 6' c-c
(Ps 0.002)
P= I5 K AT FAILURE

K^ YLO/ %JDV )

K=
1972

R = 2.3 x 10 -4 IN.-'

18"SQ. PILE'-I4 - 1414 270x STRANDS

W3.5 SPIRAL (fc 8500 PSI AT TIME OF TEST)
AT 6"c-c
I P=27 K AT FAILURE
(px=0.002)

600
(0.22f'c A9)
43'-I"
R"4967"(420')
K= R=2.0x 104IN.-I
Fig. 1. 1972 Santa Fe Pomeroy pile tests.

1974

12" SQ. PILE- 6 - 3/^s t t 27OK STRANDS

W 3.5 SPIRAL (fC = 6000 PS I AT TIME OF TEST )
AT 6"c-c
(J1x =0.003)

p-20KAT FAILURE

200K
=4.5"
30'-0"
R = 3600 (300')
K=R=2.8x 10-4IN"
Fig. 2. 1974 Santa Fe Pomeroy pile test.
22

(0.23fc Ay)

1976

SPECIMEN # I 12" SQ. PILE

6- 7// g' 270 K STRANDS
W 3.5 SPIRAL AT 6"o.c. (STD.)
P/2

(pS =0.003)

P/2-24'

2.5"

--

(0.35f AG)

21'-O"
R - 3175" (260')
K = R = 3.1 x IO4IN.-'
12" SO.

6-3/18 "4270K

W3.5 COLD DRAWN

WIRE SPIRAL AT6"o.c.
(,PS = 0.003 )_

STRANDS

POST- TENSIONING DUCT

FOR AXIAL LOAD
APPLICATION

Fig. 3. 1976 PCMAC pile ductility tests (Specimen 1).

1974 Santa Fe Pomeroy Test

The elastic limit deflection and curvature for a 12-in. (305 mm) pile with
700 psi (4.82 MPa) effective precompression and nominal spiral confinement (W3.5 at 6 in.) (5.4 mm at 150 mm)
were determined. The pile was subjected to an axial load of 200 kips (9.0 x
105 N) (0.23 fc Ag ) by post-tensioning
and loaded monotonically to failure by
loading at the center of the 30 ft (9.1 m)
pile span. The pile developed an elastic
curvature of 2.8 x 10 -4 in.-' (1.1 x 10 -5
mm-') at midspan (Fig. 2), followed by
an immediate and sudden failure.

1976 PCMAC/Santa Fe Pomeroy

Tests5
Several different 12 in. (305 mm)
square pile specimens were tested in
a program sponsored by the Prestressed

PCI JOURNAUMarch-April 1983

Concrete Manufacturers Association of

California (PCMAC). Two significant
specimens are worthy of discussion.
Specimen 1 was prestressed to induce
an effective precompression of 700 psi
(4.82 MPa) and confined with W3.5 (5.4
mm) spiral steel spaced at a 6-in. (150
mm) pitch (see Fig. 3). Specimen 2 was
identical to Specimen 1 except for the
confinement steel, which was W8.5 (8.4
mm) spiral steel spaced at a 2-in. (50
mm) pitch (Fig. 4).
The spiral reinforcing ratios were pS
= 0.003 and p $ = 0.021 for Specimens 1
and 2, respectively. (Note that p8 is the
volume of spiral reinforcing divided by
the volume of the confined concrete
core.)
Each specimen was loaded axially to
300 kips (13.5 x 10 5 N) by post-tensioning 12 1 -in, diameter 270-kip
(12.7 mm 0, 1860 MPa) strands through a

23

1976 SPECIMEN # 2 12" SQ. PILE

6 -7/16 270 K STRANDS f6000 PSI
W 8.5 SPIRAL AT 2" o.c

2
P

12"
P/2
P/2
ULT.=4K

(ps =0.021)
P/2

J.
300 K

300K

A ULT. =8.5"

(0.35fc A9)

21'-0"
K ULT.

R 934" (78')ULTIMATE

=R

I0.7X I04IN-'

K ELASTIC= 3.8* 1041N.

12" SQ.

6-x/16"4'270K STRANDS
W8.5 COLD DRAWN
WIRE SPIRALAT2'o.c.
(JAS =0.021 )

POST-TENSIONING DUCT
FOR AXIAL LOAD
APPLICATION

Fig. 4. 1976 PCMAC pile ductility tests (Specimen 2).

duct cast into the pile (see Fig. 5). This

force amounted to a load level of approximately 0.35 f,A0, which does not
include the added precompression induced by the pile pretensioning. The
duct was subsequently grouted. Third
point loading was applied cyclically,
gradually increasing in magnitude with
full load reversals for each cycle (see
Fig. 6).
Specimen 1 failed after ten cycles of
loading, developing an elastic curvature
of 3.1 x 10-4 in.-' (1.2 x 10-5 mm ') at
midspan. The failure was sudden, complete, and brittle (see Fig. 7). Specimen
2 experienced first cracking after
eleven cycles of loading at almost the
same curvature as Specimen 1 (3.8 x
10-4 in.-') (1.5 x 10-5 mm-1 ). However,
after a drop in moment from 150 to 28
kip-ft (20.3 to 3.8 N-m), eleven more

24

cycles were applied and an ultimate

curvature value of 10.7 x 10 -4 in.-' (4.2
x 10-5 mm-1 ) at midspan was sustained.
At this point the pile still carried the
full 300 kips (13.5 x 105 N) of axial load
in addition to a lower level of applied
moment, and the pile still had not
failed. After initial cracking, the exterior concrete began to spall, and from
that point on the pile demonstrated
classical ductile behavior throughout
the inelastic range of the specimen.
The test on Specimen 2 ended without
causing failure of the pile (see Fig. 8).
Specimen 2 developed a deflection
ductility factor of almost four.
Important knowledge was gained
from the Santa Fe Pomeroy and
PCMAC tests regarding the performance of prestressed concrete piling
during earthquakes. Moreover, it was

Fig. 5. 1976 PCMAC pile test program. Axial load of 301 kips (1.35 x 10 6 N) applied by
post- tensioning 12- -in. diameter, 270 ksi (12.7 mm 0, 1860 MPa) strands. The duct
was subsequently grouted. (Photo courtesy: Herb Brauner, J. H. Pomeroy & Co., Inc.)

Fig. 6. 1976 PCMAC pile test program. Test frame set-up with Specimen 1 in place.
Hydraulic jacks on both sides were used to apply cyclic loading, and at the same time
simulate lateral restraint as would be provided by the soil. (Photo courtesy: Herb
Brauner, J. H. Pomeroy & Co., Inc.)
PCI JOURNAL/March-April 1983

25

Fig. 7. 1976 PCMAC pile test program. Specimen 1 after failure. W3.5 spiral wire at ti
in. c/c (5.4 mm (A at 150 mm) (Ps = 0.003) did not provide adequate confinement.
Sudden brittle failure occurred after first cracking. (Photo courtesy: Herb Brauner, J. H.
Pomeroy & Co., Inc.)

also determined that more testing is required to be able to make more definitive detailing recommendations for prestressed concrete piling. Some of the
items learned were:
1. The standard W3.5 spiral steel
spaced at a 6-in. (5.4 mm 4) at 150 mm)
pitch does not provide sufficient confinement in the post-cracking situation,
i.e., induced curvatures over 2.5 to 3.0 x
10-' (1.0 to 1.2 x 10-5 mm-') result in
sudden brittle failures in all cases.
2. The level of axial force used in the
1976 tests was too high; a more realistic
value, reflecting actual imposed dead
load and reduced live load plus seismic
effects plus downdrag, would be:

0 .2 .f^ A,, = Pe

(factored axial load including seismic

effects).
3. More testing is required to refine
the reinforcing confinement amounts
26

required to satisfy ductility demands at

points of high moment and shear at
potential plastic hinge locations.
4. Future tests should be performed
to develop data relating to all aspects of
piling design, such as:
a. Perform more curvature tests on 12
and 16 in. (300 and 400 mm)
square piling; including pile
splices in the testing program.
Vary p$ from 0.003 to 0.025.
Vary the axial load from zero to 0.3
f A9.

Vary the bending moment by applying more cycles at each load

level.
b. Perform tests to verify the behavior
at the pile/pile cap interface (pile
butt).
c. Perform field tests to learn more
about the behavior of cantilevered
pile installations.

Fig. 8. 1976 PCMAC pile test program. Specimen 2 at conclusion of test. W8.5 spiral
wire at 2 in. c/c (8.3 mm at 50 mm) (Ps = 0.021) continued to provide adequate
confinement despite post-elastic deformation exceeding four times that producing first
cracking. (Photo courtesy: Herb Brauner, J. H. Pomeroy & Co., Inc.)

DESIGN FOR INDUCED

CURVATURES AT DEPTH
Margason' gives a number of references for analyzing bending at the
pile/pile cap interface and at the point
of apparent fixity near the ground surface. The balance of this section will
deal with the problem of induced curvatures occurring at a specified depth,
especially due to the action of layered
soils of varying stiffnesses.
The localized occurrence of large
curvatures in a pile was covered in a
paper given at the 1974 FIP Congress
in New York City by Bertero, et al .6 In
this paper the authors offered a few alternatives which would better accommodate the induced curvature problem,
such as using smaller, more flexible
piles, or by providing increased spiral
reinforcement in the pile. These design

PCI JOURNAL/March-April 1983

guidelines appear to be the most practical methods of increasing the strain

capacities of prestressed concrete piling.
The first step in the designlanalysis
of the piles subjected to extreme curvatures is to estimate the amount of
curvature which will be induced, given
the characteristics of the soil profile
existing at the particular site under consideration. Margason and Holloway'
give a good overview of this design
procedure for some soil conditions in
the San Francisco Bay Area. After establishing a design acceleration-time
history plot and knowing the soil profile, the horizontal soil displacement
can be calculated. Earlier analyses
using lumped mass-shear spring
analogies yielded values of curvature
versus depth which were much lower
than those obtained by a more rigorous

27

Asp

SPIRAL _

PITCH -asp

Ssp

Ps (SPIRAL REINF. INDEX)

%SPIRAL-

2A p

h Ssp

(EQUATION I)

ps
ps

_ VOL SPIRAL
VOL CORE
Tr ds p A sp 4 Asp
=

lT dsp

4 .Ssp

dspssp

(EQUATION 2)
SPIRAL CONFINEMENT
PERCENTAGE (GERWICK)

SPIRAL CONFINEMENT
RATIO (ACI )

Fig. 9. Comparison of spiral confinement terminology.

finite element analysis solved by using

various computer programs.
The results of these data are then
plotted, i.e., induced pile curvature (K)
versus depth. For a given pile cross
section (stiffness), values of maximum
induced curvatures for various magnitudes of seismic occurrences may be
plotted. For soft mud soil profiles occurring in the San Francisco Bay Area,
the values of induced curvature would
be about 3 x 10 - 4 in. - 1 (1.2 x 10 - 5 mm i )
for a 6.0 Richter Quake, and 6 x 10 -4
in.-' (2.4 x 10 - 5 mm-') for an 8.0 Richter Quake. Values of induced moment
may also be plotted as a function of
curvature, but as we shall see below,
they are not relevant in the post-elastic
range for ductile piling.
One of the first examples of pile
bending design for layered soil induced
28

curvatures was for the Shaklee Office

Building in Emeryville, California (designed in 1971 1 ). Using the lumped
mass analysis described above, the
maximum induced curvature and moment were calculated. The pile was
then reinforced by adding mild steel
bars in addition to the normal prestressing present to satisfy the value of
induced moment. The confinement reinforcing used in the pile was standard
W3.5 (5.4 mm) wire on a 7-in. (190
mm) pitch.
The pile section was 12 in. (300 mm)
square and was reinforced with six #8
(25.4 mm 0) bars in addition to the six
7/16 in. diameter, 270 kip (11 mm 0, 1860
MPa) prestressing strand normally used
inthe 12-in. (300 mm) square pile. Note
that the use of additional longitudinal
mild steel was intended to improve

ductility. This, however, was an erroneous conclusion as is shown by the

behavior of compression elements in
curvature tests in addition to the actual
piling performance in earthquakes.
Confinement reinforcing has been
referred to in two ways in the technical
literature (see Fig. 9). Gerwick8 refers
to spiral percentage as a function of
nominal reinforcing area to cross-sectional area [see Eq. (1)]. ACI 318-779
defines the spiral reinforcing index (pa)
as the ratio of the volume of the spiral
reinforcing to the volume of the confined concrete core [see Eq. (2)]. The
latter definition is the more precise
one, and will be used for the balance of
this article.
During the time the Shaklee Building
was being designed, the San Fernando
earthquake occurred . 2 The extensive
damage suffered by the Olive View
Hospital contained some built-in lessons regarding reinforced concrete column detailing. The basic scheme for
lateral resistance provided in this fivestory reinforced concrete structure was
a shear wall system in the top four
levels, supported by columns at the first
floor. One side of the building was
open at the basement level, where the
bottom two levels were a flexible
frame. Nearby ground accelerations
during the quake were recorded at over
0.7g.
Some of the 26 in. (660 mm) square
columns at the ground floor were detailed with % in. diameter (15.9 mm )
spiral steel at a 2 1/4-in. (57 mm) pitch (p8
= 0.025). Other columns, particularly
the corner columns, had only nominal
tie steel (#3 at 18 in.) (9.5 mm 0 at 460
mm) containing the vertical bars. The
spectacular movement and tremendous
overturning forces to which these columns were subjected provided a full
scale test of the effectiveness of properly designed confinement reinforcement (see Fig. 10).
The corner column with nominal ties
was completely shattered, while the

PCI JOURNAL/March-April 1983

Fig. 10. Olive View Hospital, San

Fernando (1971). Effective confinement of
this first floor column (Ps = 0.025)
provided adequate ductility despite
tremendous overturning forces and lateral
displacements of from 15 to 22 in. (380 to
560 mm).
spiral reinforced column remained intact despite significant lateral movement and high induced bending moments and axial load. Obviously, once
the elastic limit of nominally tied columns is exceeded, sudden failure is
imminent, especially under cyclic
loading. Although the Olive View Hospital columns were not prestressed, the
value of confinement reinforcing for
providing ductility is directly applicable to prestressed concrete piling.

29

20"

400.

^_

6.0 RICHTER
(NO SOIL F^
1

j i
^^r

IIIIIAII,i

1 ^V

PROBABLE MAXIMA FOR 8.0+

EARTHQUAKE :0 SOIL FAILURE)
8

10

II

12

CURVATURE (K) I X10-4 IN-I

Fig. 11. Plot of induced pile curvature versus earthquake intensity.

DESIGN FOR CURVATURE

BY PROVIDING HEAVIER
SPIRAL REINFORCING
The 1976 pile ductility tests conducted by PCMAC showed the merits
of using spiral confinement to achieve
ductile piling performance in place of
merely adding longitudinal mild steel
reinforcing to the piling, which only increases the static moment capacity, but
does not significantly change the elastic
curvature character of the pile, nor provide post-cracking ductility.
A restaurant project in Emeryville,
California, near the site of the Shaklee
Building discussed above, was originally designed with prestressed concrete piling with nominal W3.5 spiral
steel at 6 in. c/c (5.4 mm 0 at 150 mm)
confinement reinforcing. 10 A building
code official, upon conducting a design

review, disapproved the foundation design.

Subsequent consultation with Professor Ben C. Gerwick, Jr. led to a redesigned pile with heavier spiral reinforcing and additional vertical mild
steel to develop service load moments
in the upper portion of the pile. The
more closely spaced W3.5 spiral steel at
1 in. c/c (5.4 mm 4. at 38 mm) resulted in a more ductile cross section,
with p8 = 0.012.
Margason7 presents a design chart
giving different values of induced curvature calculated for different magnitude earthquakes occurring nearby for
San Francisco Bay soil profiles. A
Richter 6.0 earthquake would induce
curvatures of up to 3 x 10- 4 in.-1 (1.2 x
10-5 mm-' ), and a Richter 8.0 event
would induce curvatures of up to 6 x
10-4 in.-' (2.4 x 10-5 mm-' ).
A plot of maximum elastic curvatures

that can be sustained by various piling,

based upon the tests described above,
shows that the induced curvatures will
exceed post-elastic values for earthquakes stronger than about 6.0 in magnitude (see Fig. 11). Therefore, it is
recommended that a confinement spiral
reinforcing ratio p 8 = 0.014 be provided
to insure adequate ductility to develop
moment curvatures associated with layered soil effects on embedded piles.
Based upon current knowledge, the
following conclusions may be drawn
regarding the design for pile bending
during earthquakes.
1. The pile bending problem is one of
geometry and ductility, rather than
moment capacity.
2. Pile foundations should be keyed
into the soil.
3. Pile-pile cap embedments should
develop strength in tension in addition
to providing resistance to punching
shear through the cap.
4. Spiral confinement reinforcing
should be provided at the potential
plastic hinge region at the pile/pile cap
interface for cantilevered and unrestrained pile foundations. The amount
of confinement reinforcing should be
that required for ductile moment resisting frame columns.

earthquake and provide safety against

pile failure.
To ensure serviceability and ductility
in prestressed concrete piles in seismic
areas, the following design provisions
are recommended.

1. Design for Serviceability

Provide reinforcement for shear and
flexure as indicated by factored loads
from ACI 318-77, Section 9.2.2:
U=

0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.87E)

Eq. (9-2)

or
U=

0.9D + 1.43E Eq. (9-3)

As an alternative to the above, provide reinforcement as indicated by

dynamic analysis using an appropriate
linear elastic response spectra.

2. Design for Ductility*

Use confinement reinforcing to develop ductility in the following critical
locations for various pile foundation arrangements:
a. Restrained piling where

Mu <

0.20

0M.

and

RECOMMENDED SEISMIC
DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR
PRESTRESSED PILING
The dual response criteria for designing structures for earthquakes is presented in the recommended lateral
force requirements of the Structural
Engineers Association of California," as
well as in ATC 3 -06. 12 Prestressed concrete piling should be designed for serviceability in a moderate earthquake, in
addition to being capable of developing
ductility at critical points of potential
plastic hinging in order to dissipate energy generated by a maximum probable
PCI JOURNAUMarch-April 1983

PQ

<0.3f,A,

and those areas of embedded piling below the ductile range where
not subjected to curvatures from
layered soil movements during an
earthquake:

p8 ' 0.003
b. Embedded portions of piling subjected to curvatures from layered
soil movements during earthquake

p S = 0.014
*Not applicable to hollow-core piling sections.
31

0,
01

Jz

vu

W
>

W J W J

x-

00
U N

U31
f
II I

W PS =0.021

11.5htf

^N^,U2:'

2h

T
J
- j--
^, l

BENDING
MOMENT

Fig. 12. Condition 1 Restrained long slender pees in conesive

(see Reference 17).

or coneswnuess bum

1. Ps -_ 0.021 throughout entire

c. Restrained piling where

Mu>0.2 4M.
p s , 0.021 for entire ductile
range (see Fig. 12).
d. Unrestrained piling and cantilevered free standing piling (see
Figs. 13 and 14):

= 0.45 -
P3
fvs^

A9
(A^

ductile range
2. At the potential plastic hinge region immediately below the pile
cap, for a distance of two pile diameters, provide spiral reinforcing in accordance with the
following equations:

1 (0.5 + 1.25 PQ
Jf^

A9

Eq. (3)

but not less than

p8

32

^
= 0.12 f

(0.5 + 1.25 PQ

Eq. (4)

Vu

U)

xz "'
VO

z
p

>_

COO)

L_
,.

<W

ai

oN

CO

wJ
N

^^

II

II I
I I II

X
W

1.5 h+f

Ps=0.021
M42*

P5=0.003

BENDING
MOMENT
rig. 13. condition 2 Unrestrained long slender piles in cohesive or cohesionless
soils in which pile cap is free to translate (see Reference 17).

In cases where it is not possible to incorporate these amounts

of confinement in smaller precast pile sections, a cast-in-place
concrete pile build-up may be
used to satisfy the above requirements (see Fig. 15). Where
minimum cover requirements
are 1 1/a in. (32 mm) clear (ACI
318, Section 7.7.2), the use of a
secondary overlapping spiral
section may be used in the plastic hinge region to satisfy the
above requirements (see Fig.
16).
The formulas in Subsection d(2) are
the relationships given in the New Zealand Code of Practice for Concrete
PCI JOURNAUMarch-April 1983

Structures, 13 which offset a degree of

conservatism demonstrated by ACI
318-779 (Sections 10.9.3 and A.6.5.2) for
lower levels of axial load typical of actual prestressed concrete pile designs
(see also ACI 318-77 Commentary,
Section A.6.5.2).
The commentary to the New Zealand
Code also contains a good discussion of
moment-curvature exhibited by confined concrete at various axial load levels, and how the current relationships
for calculating confinement steel do not
reflect the actual ductility requirements
of the concrete section, but are formulas
which calculate the confinement required to sustain a given axial load after
the concrete cover has spalled off.

33

W
0
Z

Vu

ZZ

_
, r

,o

met a

^' :^

II Ise".. ^

I`a

Qc

MW

MP d

v (ci^

N N
W J
0
c0i

2h

CANT.

Z
LU

Ps =0.021

?
o

=
.`;

IL

=.:

I I
I II I
I I

W
J

',

M u2

1.5h +f

2h

Ps =0.003
BENDING
MOMENT

Fig. 14. Condition 3 Cantilevered/free standing piles unrestrained at top and free
to translate (see Reference 17).

Park and Paulay14 also indicate how

the ACI confinement relationships may
be overly conservative when used to
calculate the required confinement for
smaller cross sections. However, the
existing relationships are used as conservative interim provisions until more
realistic procedures for calculating
34

confinement reinforcing based upon

actual moment-curvature analyses are
developed.
Charts of spiral confinement sizes
and spacings for various standard sizes
of prestressed concrete piling and values of p8 are presented in Table 1A1
through 1B2.

Table 1A1. Plastic hinge confinement-Overlapping spiral for various prestressed

concrete piling sections.
Pile Size
h, in.

d,r
in.

D39 ,
in.

Inner Spiral
p 8 = 0.021
A39, in.2

12 square
14 square
16 square
18 square
20 square
24 square

8
10
12
14
16
20

9
11
13
15
17
21

0.085
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.22

15 octag.
18 octag.
24 octag.

11
14
20

12
15
21

0.12
0.15
0.22

f,' = 6 ksi
Pe= 0.2ffA,,

f8

AD ,
in.2

A^,
in.2

Eq. (3)

Asp + A8 9
in.2

Outer Spiral
AB p

142
194
254
322
398
574
186
268
473

57
87
123
165
214
330
104
165
330

0.048
0.039
0.034
0.030
0.028
0.024
0.025
0.020
0.014

0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.15
0.15
0.15

W14 @ 2"
Wil @ 2"
W9 @ 2"
W8 @ 2"
W7 @ 2"
W4 C` 2"
W3.5 @ 2"
-

p8

= 70 ksi (ASTM A-82)

NOTE: The current ACI Code limitation on the value of f,, , to 60 ksi (413 MPa) is ignored in these
tables.

Table 1 B1. Plastic hinge confinement-Overlapping spiral for various prestressed

concrete piling sections (S.I. units).
Pile Size h, dap, D39,
mm
mm mm

Inner Spiral
p3= 0.021
Asp , mm2

A
mm2

A^,
mm2

pp
Eq. (3)

Asp +
A89
mm2

0.37x105
0.56x105
0.79x10
1.06x10
1.38 x 101
2.13x105

0.048
0.039
0.034
0.030
0.028
0.024

141.9 10.7 mm @ 50 mm
141.9 9.5 mm @ 50 mm
141.9 8.6 mrn 4 @ 50 mm
148.4 8.1 mm (A @ 50 mm
154.8 7.6 mm 0 @ 50 mm
161.3 5.7 mm @ 50 mm

305 square
356 square
406 square
457 .square
508 square
610 square

203
254
305
356
406
508

229
279
330
381
432
533

54.8
71.0
83.9
96.8
109.7
141.9

0.92 x105
1.25x105
1.64 x 105
2.08 x105
2.57 x 105
3.70x105

380 octag.
457 octag.
610 octag.

280 305
356 381
508 533

77.4
96.8
141.9

1.20x10 0.67 x10 0.025

1.73 x 105 1.06 x 105 0.020
3.05x105 2.13x105 0.014

96.8
96.8
96.8

Outer Spiral
A..

5.4 mm 4, @ 50 mm
-

f,' = 41.3 MPa a$p = 482 MPa Pe = 0.2f, A,

FABRICATION AND
INSTALLATION
CONSIDERATIONS
The use of heavier spiral in prestressed concrete piling changes the
manufacturing technique used by most
producers in setting up their pile lines.
PCI JOURNAL/March-April 1983

W3.5 (5.4 mm) spiral steel may be

turned to the proper diameter and then
collapsed accordian style on long set-up
rigs such as that shown in Fig. 17 prior
to placing in the mold simultaneously
with the strands. Spiral sizes above W6
(7 mm (p), however, are inflexible, and
resist attempts to collapse them much
35

rn

T.,I.i . , A

'

finomnn+ fnr vnrini Ic nrPQtrAQ_QAd cnncret p

oiling sections using ASTM A 82 wire (U.S. units).

Cast-in-Place Concrete Pile Build-Up

Spiral Arrangement for Various Values of pg

Pile Size
h, in.

d39,

12 square
14 square
16 square
18 square
20 square
24 square

8
10
12
14
16
20

W3.5 @ 6"
W3.5@4W'
W3.5 @ 3W'
W4 @ 3 1/z'
W5 @ 4"
W5 @ 3"

W6 @ 2"
W7 @ 2"
W8.5 @ 2"
W10 @ 2"
Wil @2"
W14 @ 2"

15 octag.
18 octag.
24 octag.

11
14
20

W3.5 @ 4"
W4 @ 3Ye
W5 @ 3'

W8 @ 2"
W10 @ 2"
W14 @ 2"

in.

ps =

0.003

= 6 ksi fv , = 70 ksi (ASTM A-82)

2-in, cover

0.014

A,

Ds9,

PH*

in.

Asp

in.

254
314
380
452
531
707

113
154
201
254
314
452

12
14
16
18
20
24

0.020
0.017
0.014
0.013
0.011
0.009

W12 @ 2"
W12@2"
W12 @ 2'
W12 @ 2"
Wil @2"
Wil @ 2"

346
452
707

177
254
452

15
18
24

0.015
0.013
0.009

W12 @ 2"
W12 @ 2'
Wil @ 2"

Ag,

H = h + 6,
p8 =

in.

in.

W8.5 @ 2"
W11 @ 2"
W13 @ 2"
W15 @ 2"
W17 @ 2"
W22 @ 2"

180
200
22 0
24 A
260
304)

W12 @ 2"
W15 @ 2"
W22 @ 2"

210
24
30 'A

ps =

0.021

*p. = 0.45

f
v'n

A
(A^

11

f/ = 3 ksi
fuse = 70 ksi (ASTM A-82)
PQ= 0.2ffAg

3-in. cover
NOTE: The current ACI Code limitation on the value of f, to 60 ksi (413.4 MPa) is ignored in these tables.

I0.5 + 1.25

l i,

Pe
A

0
C-

C
z
C,

Table 162. Spiral confinement for various prestressed concrete piling sections using ASTM A 82 wire (S.I. units).
Spiral Arrangement for Various Values of p,
Pile Size
h, mm

Cast-in-Place Concrete Pile Build-Up

dsp

mm

H =
p, =

0.003

p, 0.014

8.3 mm 0 @ 50
9.5 mm (A @ 50
10.3 mm 4) @ 50
11.1 mm 4 @ 50
11.8 mm @ 50
13.4 mm 0 @ 50

457 0
508
560 (A
610 (A
660 0
762 0

1.64 x 10
2.03 x 10
2.45 x 10
2.92 x 10
3.43 x 10
4.56 x 10

0.73 x 10
0.99 x 10
1.30 x 10
1.64 x 10
2.03 x 10
2.92 x 10

533 0
610 0
762 (A

2.23 x 10
2.92 x 10
4.56 x 10

1.14 x 10'
1.64 x 10
2.92 x 10

380 octag
457 octag.
610 octag.

280 5.4 mm (A @ 100 8.1 mm (A @ 50 9.9 mm 0 @ 50

356 5.7 mm Qi @ 90 9.0 mm 4
50 11.1 mm 4 @ 50
508 6.4 mm 0 @ 75 10.7 mm 0 @ 50 13.4 mm 0 @ 50

= 41.3 MPa
50

fL,9 = 482 MPa (ASTM A-82)

mm

clear

*p8 =

0.45

f (-_ 8

cover
y8p
P, = 0.2f f Ag
f,,p = 482 MPa

C')
V

A,

mm2

203
254
305
356
406
508

,@

A9,

mm

305 square
356 square
406 square
457 square '
508 square
610 square

5.4 mm 4) @ 150 7.0 mm @ 50

5.4 mm (A @ 114 7.6 mm @ 50
5.4 mm (A @ 90 8.3 mm @ 50
5.7 mm @ 90 9.0 mm cb @ 50
6.4 mm 0 @ 100 9.5 mm 4) @ 50
6.4 mm 0 @ 75 10.7 mm (A @ 60

h + 150

pg = 0.021

55
55
55
15
5

mm2

-1) ( 0.5 + 1.25

A`\
f, = 20.7 MPa

fe

55
55
55
55

D..,

p;

Asp

305
356
406
457
508
610

0.020
0.017
0.014
0.013
0.011
0.009

9.9 mm @ 50 mm
9.9 mm @ 50 mm
9.9 mm @ 50 mm
9.9 mm @ 50 mm
9.5 mm @ 50 mm
9.5 mm @ 50 mm

380
457
610

0.015 9.9 mm @ 50 mm
0.013 9.9 mm @ 50 mm
0.009 9.5 mm @ 50 mm

mm

)
` A
76 mm clear cover

C I P CONC. PILE CAP

s,

epe.r^.,a

. i i

oc
CLEAR COVER
TYP. FOR C.I.P.
BUILD-UP

3H

SPIRAL REINF. IN
P/S PILE UNIT
(Ps = 0.021)

E1
e:

a
z
a

3"
O

FIELD ANCHOR DOWELS

OO

0aaza
xv>aw

g o w a

N a-aLLcn
a =4
> Z w J
Y>a Uw

Qwla3
Q J F J O

w wZ
J Cr to

FIELD PLACED
SPIRAL REINF.
AS= EQ. (3)

^d

o
I..: w
z ^

3"

"CLEAR
2COVER
TYP. FOR P/S PILE

w<nao

Fig. 15. Cast-in-place concrete pile build-up detail.

38

-C.I. P. CONC. PILE CAP

2h

21ICLEAR COVER
^'

I ^41CLEAR CLEAR
ASP

w +a

OUTER SPIRAL
INNER SPIRAL

g a

Asp

P/S CONC.

N_
O
O a
n .
^N It

Fig. 16. Plastic hinge confinement detail - overlapping spiral.

PCI JOURNALJMarch-April 1983

39

Fig. 1.7. Pile set-up rig in Kie-Con Plant (Peter Kiewit Sons), Pleasanton, California.

Note how the W3.5 (5.4 mm 4) spiral wire collapses accordion-style for easy placement
during mold set-up.

as' an automobile spring tends to return

to its original pitch when compressive
loading is released.
Fig. 18 shows a W11 (9.5 mm 0) spiral steel coil with a coil diameter of 8
in. (200 mm) and a 2-in. (50 mm) pitch
resisting an attempt to collapse it. It
also appears that spiral sizes above W14
(10.7 mm) are extremely difficult to roll
in spiral diameters below 12 in. (300
mm). The use of internal vibration
equipment in many plants will dictate a
minimum spiral pitch of not less than 2
in. (50 mm).
The heavier spiral sections are placed
in the molds at the top portion of the
pile throughout the entire ductile range
and lapped two turns with the lighter
spiral used for the body of the pile. In
situations where the spiral confinement
must be lapped within the ductile zone,
40

such as in locations where plastic hinge

confinement spiral meets lighter confinement in the ductile zone, a threelap splice combined with a hook as
shown in Fig. 19 is suggested.
In the field, uncertainty in the final
as-built pile top elevation will dictate
tolerance dimensions used in calculating the length of the ductile range (see
Fig. 20). As was mentioned above,
plastic hinge confinement requirements
for smaller pile sections will require
that the top of the pile be jack hammered apart, exposing the confinement
steel and prestressing strand for forming a field poured pile build-up with a
field placed spiral, probably most
economically formed with a sonotube.
Field anchor dowels may be placed
also, either apart from the pile along
with the exposed strand, or within the

Fig. 18. Heavy wire coil confinement cage. Kie-Con yard superintendent in Pleasanton,
California, demonstrates the coil spring characteristics of a W1 1 (9.5 mm) spiral cage, 8
in. (200 mm) in diameter on a 2-in. (50 mm) pitch.

pile section in flex-tube dowels cast in

the pile.
Test information pertaining to the
embedment of the tops of prestressed
concrete piling into pile caps has
existed for several years. Concrete
Technology Associates, in Tacoma,
Washington, in 1974 published the results of extensive tests verifying the
adequacy of both exposed strand 15 and
mild steel dowels 16 in providing tension
embedment, such as is required in connections between piling and pile caps.
Suggested details are shown in Figs. 21
and 22.
All of the above considerations are
reflected in the detailing recommendations being presented in the following
sections (see Figs. 23 and 24). Also included in the detailing recommendations are tables showing spiral conPCI JOURNAL/March-April 1983

'My. w. nooK aetan Tor spiral confinement

splice in ductile/maximum moment zones
(lap sections at splice for a distance of
three turns). Note that no hook is required
for laps outside of ductile zone.

41

finement provided by using ASTM

A648 wire (hard drawn steel wire for
prestressed concrete pipe) (Tables 2A1
to 2B2). By using these high strength
wires, the total ductility requirements
of Eq. (3) can be incorporated entirely
in the precast pile section without the
necessity of using a cast-in-place concrete pile build-up or an outer spiral
cage in the pile at the plastic hinge region.
ASTM A648 wire is available in sizes
up to W7.5 (7.9 mm 0) and exhibits
bending properties which permit it
to be rolled into spiral coils. Recent
testing by the Japanese 18 shows the
value of very high strength wire confinement [yield strengths of up to 200
ksi (1378 MPa)] to improve the curvature ductility of prestressed piling.

Fig. 20. Concord Airport Plaza piling.

Actual installed pile top elevations vary in
the field, necessitating an allowance, or
tolerance in estimating the total length of
the ductile zone requiring heavier spiral
confinement reinforcing.

2'-0" BROOM
OR 90 0 BEND

SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS
Design and detailing recommendations are presented for prestressed concrete piling subjected to earthquake
loading. Ductility is improved by con-

31_0..
STRAIGHT
STRANDS

UIIII
IiIII

1
BOTTOM OF
C.I.P. PILE CAP

II

II

PRESTRESSED CONC. PILE

JACK HAMMER TO CUT-OFF
ELEV. TO EXPOSE STRANDS

Fig. 21. Prestressed concrete pile showing fixed pile/pile cap connection using -in.
(12.7 mm) diameter or less exposed strands.
42

REBAR ANCHOR DOWELS

GROUT IN PILE SLEEVE
W/ NEAT CEMENT GROUT

BOTTOM OF
C.I.P. PILE CAP

Id

PRESTRESSED CONC. PILE

(VERT. 8 CONFINEMENT
REINFM'T. NOT SHOWN)
FLEX TUBE DOWEL SLEEVE
1/4" TO I/2 LARGER THAN
O.D.OF REBAR DOWEL

DOWEL SLEEVES
INSIDE SPIRAL
REINFORCING

SECTION

Fig. 22. Fixed pile/pile cap connection using mild steel dowels.

fining the concrete with spiral wire reinforcing conforming to state-of-the-art

code equations for ductile moment resistant compression members.
Current code relationships used to
calculate confinement to satisfy seismic
ductility demands are inappropriate
and further testing is required, coupled
with analytical studies to determine a
more precise and rational model for
confinement requirements related to
curvature ductility rather than to axial
load carrying capacity.
Future investigations are also required to refine detailing provisions for
anchorage of spiral confinement in
ductile regions, in addition to developing design criteria for hollow-core
prestressed concrete piling.
PCI JOURNAL/March-April 1983

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express his
gratitude to Edward Margason, Vice
President of Woodward-Clyde Consultants, for permission to cite freely from
his excellent papers which laid the
groundwork for the positive steps that
are being made to insure proper design
of prestressed concrete piling to resist
seismic forces. Thanks also to Ben C.
Gerwick, Jr., Consulting Engineer, and
Professor, University of California, for
explaining the background for his design recommendations; and to Herb
Brauner of J. H. Pomeroy & Co. Inc. for
his untiring efforts expended in practical examination of pile performance,
and for sharing these experiences.
43

NONCRITICAL
ZONE(P,=0.003)

DUCTILE ZONE(P, = 0.021)

W14 AT 2c-c
(I0.7mmPAT 50mm)
DELETE FOR RESTRAINED PILE
FDNS.OR WHERE
C.I.P BUILD-UP
IS USED)

SPIRAL

REINF.

PLASTIC HINGE [P EQ.(3)]

ZONE REINF.

LAP

SPLICE ZONE
2 TURNS

2htT,,

W 8.5 AT 2" c-c

(8.3mmOAT 50mmPITCH)

^...,..

W 3.5 AT 6" c-c

(5.4mm AT ISO mm)

12(305mm)
* INCREASE TO ,pp =0.014 IN LAYERED SOIL CONDITIONS
12

Fig. 23. 12 in. (305 mm) square seismic resistant pile (UBC Seismic Zone 4).

2"(5omm)CLEAR

d Sp= B "(2OOmm)

n,
C-

0
C

C)

NON-CRITICAL
ZONE (P$= 0.003)*

DUCTILE ZONE(P5=0.021)

33
z

NO ADDL.
CONFINEMENT
REQUIRED

PLASTIC HINGE P5 FROM EQ.(3)

LESS THAN 0.021
ZONE

SP LICE ZONE
2 TURNS

LAP

P/S STRANDS

\i \! \i \i \i\I\I

!^t!\!\!\/\!\iV^\/^^ I' I i I\i i\ill\'\

I^i
^^I

SPIRAL.
REINF.

W15 AT 2"c-c
(11.1 mm AT 50mm PITCH)

_I

W4 AT 3'/2 "c-c
T^ (5.7mm AT90 mm)

2"(5omm)CLEAR

*INCREASE TO pS = 0.014 IN LAYERED SOIL CONDITIONS

Fig. 24. 18 in. (457 mm) octagonal seismic resistant pile

(UBC Seismic Zone 4).
01

d5p=I4(356mm)

18" (457mm)
OCTAGONAL

Table 2B1. ASTM A648 hard drawn

Table 2A1. ASTM A648 hard drawn

steel wire for prestressed concrete
pipe (Class 111) (U.S. units).

steel wire for prestressed concrete

pipe (Class III) (S.I. Units).

Ultimate Approx.
Yield
Tensile
Strength, Strength,
ksi
f, ksi

Size, Diameter

Ultimate
Tensile
Strength,
MPa

Approximate
Yield
Strength
fv$p, MPa

4.1
4.9
6.4
7.9

1810
1740
1650
1520

1364
1316
1253
1151

198
191
182
167

262
252
240
221

8 ga/0.162 in.-W2
6 ga/0.192 in.-W2-9
'/a in./0.250 in.-W5
5/is in./0.312 in.-W7.5

Size
Diameter,
mm

Table 2A2. Ductile confinement chart for ASTM A648 steel wire (U.S. units).
W7.5 Wire
Pile Size
h, in.

d$p,

in.

in.2

in.2

P.
Eq. (3)*

Ag,

12 square
14 square
16 square
18 square
20 square
24 square

8
10
12
14
16
20

142
194
254
322
398
574

57
87
123
165
214
330

0.020
0.017
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.010

15 octag.
18 octag.
24 octag.

11
14
20

186
268
473

104
165
330

0.011
0.008
0.006

f' = 6 ksi
2-in. cover

e=

Pe

f'
0.45 .

= 0.2f,A ,,

W5 Wire

SSp,

in.

Eq. (3)*

17/8

1%
1'/z
1Y2

0.018
0.015
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.009

2'
2Y2
2'

0.010
0.008
0.005

13/4
13/4

sap,

in.

1%
1%6

1 Y4
Mlle
1%
1
13/a
13/4

/A
l
`- - 1) (0.5+ 1.25 feAe
l

Table 2B2. Ductile confinement chart for ASTM A648 steel wire (S.I. units).
7.9 mm Wire
Pile Size
h, mm

Ag,

Sgp,

P8,

S8P,

mm2

A^,
mm2

p8

mm

Eq. (3)*

mm

Eq. (3)*

mm

305 square
356 square
406 square
457 square
508 square
610 square

203
254
305
356
406
508

0.92 x 105
1.25 x 105
1.64 x 105
2.08 x 105
2.57 x 105
3.70 x 105

0.37 x 105
0.56 x 105
0.79 x 105
1.06 x 105
1.38 x 105
2.13 x 105

0.020
0.017
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.010

48
44
44
41
38
38

0.018
0.015
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.009

35
33
32
30
29
29

380 octag.
457 octag.
610 octag.

280
356
508

1.20 x 105
1.73 x 105
3.05 x 105

0.67 x 105
1.06 x 105
2.13 x 105

0.011
0.008
0.006

64
64
64

0.010
0.008
0.005

44
44
51

f' =41.3MPa

50 mm cover

f'

*P8

= 0.45 ,,
f ,

P=0.2f,A
g
e
46

6.4 mm Wire

d8P,

(Ag- - 11 (0.5 + 1.25

/
\

P
/

Table 3. Wire size conversion chart.

S.I. Units
Old Gage
Designation

Diameter,
in.

Area,
in?

0.207

0.225

0.244

2r

0.253

2
1'

0.265
0.273

0.283

0'/z

0.295

0.307

2/0

0.331

3/0

0.363

4/0

0.394

0.034
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.047
0.050
0.050
0.055
0.055
0.059
0.060
0.063
0.065
0.068
0.070
0.074
0.075
0.080
0.085
0.086
0.090
0.095
0.100
0.103
0.110
0.120
0.122
0.130
0.140
0.146
0.150
0.160
0.168
0.170
0.180
0.189
0.190
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.310

5/0

0.431

6/0

0.462

7/0

0.490

"W"
Wire Size

Diameter,
in.

Diameter,
mm

Area,
mmz

W3.5
W4
W4.5

0.211
0.225
0.240

5.4
5.7
6.1

22.6
25.8
29.0

W5

0.252

6.4

32.3

W5.5

0.264

6.7

35.5

W6

0.276

7.0

38.7

W6.5

0.287

7.3

41.9

W7

0.298

7.6

45.2

W7.5
W8
W8.5

0.309
0.319
0.328

7.8
8.1
8.3

48.4
51.6
54.8

W9
W9.5
W10

0.338
0.347
0.356

8.6
8.8
9.0

58.1
61.3
64.5

Wil
W12

0.374
0.390

9.5
9.9

71.0
77.4

W13
W14

0.406
0.422

10.3
10.7

83.9
90.3

W15
W16

0.437
0.451

11.1
11.5

96.8
103.2

W17
W18

0.465
0.478

11.8
12.1

109.7
116.1

W19
W20
W22
W24
W26
W28
W31

0.491
0.504
0.529
0.553
0.575
0.597
0.628

12.5
12.8
13.4
14.0
14.6
15.2
16.0

122.6
129.0
141.9
154.8
167.8
180.7
200.0

Note: The current ACI Code limitation on the

value off.., to 60 ksi (413 MPa) is ignored in
these tables.

PCI JOURNAL/March-April 1983

47

REFERENCES
1. Margason, Edward, "Pile Bending
During Earthquakes (Effects of Ground
Movement and Shaking on Piles),"
Lecture given on March 6, 1975 as a part
of an ASCE/University of California at
Berkeley sponsored seminar on design,
construction, and performance of deep
foundations.
2. Jennings, Paul, "Engineering Features
of the San Fernando Earthquake," Report, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, June 1971.
3. Brandow, Gregg, and Leeds, David,
"Reconnaissance Report, Imperial
County, California Earthquake, October
15, 1979," Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley, California,
February 1980.
4. Margason, Edward, "Stability of Piles in
Seismically Loaded Soils," Paper presented at the 5th Danube European
Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, CSSR, Bratislava, September 5-7, 1977.
5. Brauner, Herbert A., Slides of 1976
Cyclical Tests of 12 in. Square Prestressed Concrete Piling, sponsored by
the Prestressed Concrete Manufacturers
Association of California (20 slides with
commentary).
6. Bertero, Brauner, Fotinos, Gerwick, Lin,
and Seed, "Aseismic Design of Prestressed Concrete Piling," Paper presented at the FIP Congress, New York
City, May 25, 1974.
7. Margason, Edward and Holloway,
Michael, "Pile Bending During Earthquakes," Paper presented at the 6th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Delhi, India, 1977.
8. Gerwick, Ben C., Jr., Construction of
Prestressed Concrete Structures, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, 1971.
9. ACI Committee 318, "Building Code
Requirement for Reinforced Concrete

(ACI 318-77)," American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 1977.

10. Gerwick, Ben C., Jr., and Brauner, Herbert A., "Design of High-Performance
Prestressed Concrete Piles for Dynamic
Loading," ASTM STP 670,, American
Society for Testing and Materials, 1979
(including unofficial addendum with
technical corrections by David A. Sheppard).
11. Recommended Lateral Force Requirements ("Blue Book"), Seismology
Committee, Structural Engineers Association of California, 1980,
12. Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings (ATC 3-06), Applied Technology
Council, 1978.
13. Code of Practice for the Design of Concrete Structures, with Commentary,
Standards Association of New Zealand,
1982.
14. Park, R. and Paulay, T., Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., Somerset, New Jersey, 1975.
15. Pullout Strength of Strand and Lifting
Loops, (including Supplement), Concrete Technology Associates, Tacoma,
Washington, May, 1974.
16. Ductile Pullout Connections, Concrete
Technology Associates, Tacoma, Washington, November, 1974.
17. Poulos, H. G., and Davis, E. M., Pile
Foundation Analysis and Design, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Somerset, New Jersey, 1980.
18. Muguruma, M., Watanabe, F., and
Tanaka, H., "Improving the Flexural
Ductility of Prestressed Concrete by
Using High Yield Strength Lateral
Hoop Reinforcement," Paper Presented
at the Ninth International Congress of
The Federation Internationale de la
Precontrainte (FIP) by Dr. Muguruma,
in Stockholm, Sweden, June 6-10,
1982.

NOTE: Discussion of this paper is invited. Please submit

your discussion to PCI Headquarters by Nov. 1, 1983.
48

APPENDIX - NOTATION
A^ = area of core of spirally reinforced
pile section, measured to outside
diameter of spiral
Ag = gross area of pile cross section
Abp = area of transverse spiral wire
(one leg)
D = dead load, or related internal
moments and forces (unfactored
service load)
DSp = diameter of confined concrete
core contained by outer spiral.
cage in cast-in-place concrete
pile build-up or in precast pile
section in plastic hinge region,
measured center-to-center of spiral reinforcement
d39 = diameter of confined concrete
core in pile section, measured
center-to-center of spiral reinforcement
E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and
forces (unfactored service load)
f = distance from point of beginning
of passive resistance of soil to
lateral pile forces, to point of
maximum moment in pile below
soil surface (see Reference 17)
= specified compressive strength
of concrete
fv$ = specified yield strength of spiral
reinforcement
H = overall gross width or diameter
of pile build-up
h = overall gross width of precast
pile section
K = curvature of bent precast pile
section, taken as the inverse of
the radius of curvature (1/R )
L = live loads, or related internal
moments and forces (unfactored
service load)
ld = development length of vertical
reinforcing

PCI JOURNAUMarch-April 1983

M = nominal moment strength of pile

section
M,, = plastic moment strength at hinge
region of pile, reflecting flexural
overstrength of the section
M. = factored (ultimate) moment acting on pile section
PQ = maximum factored (ultimate)
axial load acting on section, including seismic effects
R = radius of curvature of bent precast pile section
S. = pitch of spiral reinforcing; center-to-center spacing of adjacent
spiral turns
T = allowance for uncertainty in final
vertical as-built pile position,
used in determining length of
ductile region for required confinement reinforcing
U = total required strength to resist
various combinations of factored
dead, live, and earthquake loads
or related internal moments and
forces. (Total factored/ultimate
load acting on pile section.)
V. = nominal shear strength of pile
section
Vu = factored (ultimate) shear acting
on pile section
A = centerline deflection measured
during pile bending tests, used
to calculate approximate curvature values
p., = ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to total volume of core
(out-to-out of spirals) of spirally
confined precast prestressed
concrete pile section, or cast-inplace concrete pile build-up
section
= strength reduction factor taken
from ACI Building Code, Section
9.3, ACI 318-77

49