L29073 Prediction Method RevB

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2.1 FREE SPACE LOSS ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
2.2 PROPAGATION LOSS ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
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2.3 NORMAL PATH .................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.4 PATH WITH PASSIVE REPEATER ........................................................................................................................................... 4
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2.5 FADING MARGIN .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
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3.1 MULTIPATH ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
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4.1 SINGLE DIVERSITY ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
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5.1 OUTAGE DUE TO CLEAR-AIR EFFECTS FOR CO-CHANNEL SYSTEMS ..................................................................................... 16
5.2 OUTAGE DUE TO PRECIPITATION EFFECTS FOR CO-CHANNEL SYSTEMS ............................................................................... 17
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6.1 SPECIFIC ATTENUATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
6.2 EFFECTIVE PATH LENGTH .................................................................................................................................................. 18
6.3 UNAVAILABILITY DUE TO RAIN ATTENUATION ................................................................................................................... 19
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L.nr. 29073 Rev. B 99.05.01 PT/InHe/Vba
Page 1(28)
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This document gives a description of the methods used by Nera Networks AS to predict the system
performance of terrestrial digital line-of-sight radio relays. The prediction methods are based upon the
ITU-R Recommendation 530-7 [5.].
The system performance evaluation predicts the error performance due to multipath fading and related
mechanisms, as well as the unavailability due to rain.
The resulting sum error performance in percent for a system is presented and compared with the ITU-R
performance objectives.
For abbreviations and use of units in the formulas, please refer to Appendix 1.
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During free-space conditions, the signal attenuation between two isotropic antennas is given by:
/ IV (G%) = 92.45 + 20 log10 (G I )
where G is distance in km and I is frequency in GHz.

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The propagation loss relative to the free-space loss is the sum the following contributions:
n attenuation due to atmospheric gases
n multipath fading
n attenuation due to precipitation
In addition, diffraction loss due to obstructions and attenuation due to sand and dust storms may be
significant. These mechanisms are however not included in the prediction model.
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At higher frequencies, above about 15GHz, the attenuation due to atmospheric gases will add to the
total propagation loss of a radio relay path. The attenuation on a path is given by:

$D = ( 2 + : ) G
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where
G - path length in km
R - specific attenuation [dB/km] for dry air

W - specific attenuation [dB/km] for water vapour
The attenuation due to dry air and water vapour can be estimated using the simplified algorithms given
in ITU-R Rec. P.676 [3.] Section 2.1 are valid for frequencies below 57GHz.

2 =
I
7 .27 UW
7 .5
2 2
+
I 2 U S UW 10 3
2 2
2
2 5
+ 0.351U S U W ( I 57 ) + 2 .44 U S UW
3.79
2
3 UW
+ 7 .7 10 4 +
3
.
27
10
U
1
.
67
10
W
U
( I 22 .235)2 + 9.81U S 2 UW
S
: =
11.73UW
4 .01UW
+
+
2
2
( I 183.31) + 11.85U S UW ( I 325.153)2 + 10.44 U S 2 UW
I 2 U U 10 4
S W
where
I-
frequency in GHz
US = p/1013
UW = 288/(273+t)
S-
pressure is set to 1013 hPa
W-
temperature in C
water vapour density in g/m3 . The figure in APPENDIX 4 from ITU-R Rec. P. 836 [1.]
gives the annual surface water vapour density.
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The net path loss (13/) level for a normal path is given by:

13/(G%) = / IV + $D + / I 1 + / I 2 + /E *1 *2 + /R
and the received signal level is

3U (G%P) = 3W 13/
where
3U
- received power in dBm
13/
- net path loss in dB
Page 3(28)
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3W
- transmitted power in dBm
**
- gain of antennas in dB over isotropic
/I/I
- feeder loss in dB
/E
- branching loss in dB (circulators, filters)
$D
- attenuation due to atmospheric gases, equation
/R
- other loss in dB (e.g. attenuators , degradation of threshold)
/IV
- free space loss in dB, equation
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A path with a passive repeater is treated as two individual paths with one common passive site. The
receiver level at the active sites is thus given by:

3U (G%P) = 3W / IV1 / IV 2 $D1 $D 2 + 2 * S / I 1 / I 2 /E + *1 + *2 /R
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When a plane reflector is used, the gain of the passive site is given by

* S (G%) = 2145
. + 20 log10 ( I ) + 10 log10 $ cos
2

where
- area (in square meters) of the reflector
- the angle between the incident and the reflected ray at the reflector
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When a passive repeater with back-to-back antennas is used, the gain of the passive site is given by:
* S (G%) = *U1 + *U 2 /F

where
*U*U - gain of back-to-back antennas in dB

/F
Page 4(28)
- coupling loss between antennas in dB

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The difference between normal received signal level and the receiver threshold level is called the
fading margin:

) (G%) = 3U 37KU /7KU _ 'HJ
where
3U
- normal received signal level in dBm
37KU
- receiver threshold level in dBm
/7KUB'HJ - receiver threshold degradation due in interference in dB

This fading margin is a critical parameter in prediction of system performance.
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For small percentages of the time a path may experience that the signal level decreases or that the
signal gets distorted. This signal fading is mainly due to two mechanisms called multipath fading and
fading due to precipitation (rain).
Outages due to multipath are normally of short duration, less than 10 seconds. The sum of these
outages gives the error performance of the radio relay system and should be compared with the ITU-R
objectives given in ITU-R recommendations.
On the other hand, outages due to precipitation last longer than 10 consecutive seconds and are
therefore termed unavailability and are added to the total unavailability of the radio-relay system. This
total unavailability should be compared with the unavailability objectives given in ITU-R
recommendations.
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Fading due to layering of the atmosphere is the dominating factor of degradation of radio-relays.
Meteorological conditions in the space separating the transmitter and the receiver, may sometimes
cause detrimental effects to the received signal. Rays that normally would have been lost in the
troposphere may be refracted into the receiving antenna where they are added to the wanted signal. The
phase- and amplitude relationship between signals thus received determines the resulting output from
the receiver.
This affects the transmission of digital signals in two ways. In some occasions, all components of the
useful signal spectrum will be equally reduced. This is called non-selective or "flat" fading.
Other times only some of the spectral components will be reduced, causing the spectrum to be
distorted. This is called frequency selective fading.
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The cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) can deteriorate sufficiently to cause co-channel

interference. This outage due to clear-air cross-polarization will only contribute to the total outage
when the radio-relay system is utilising both polarizations on the same RF-channel to transmit two
traffic channels. The outage is negligible for other radio-relay system.
These three effects will be treated separately.
The total outage due to multipath fading is calculated from:

WRW
3 + 3 + 3
=
3 + 3
QV

GQV

GV
;3

+ 3
;3
LIGLYHUVLW\ LV XVHG
where
3QV
- non-selective (flat) outage
3GQV
- non-selective outage with diversity
3V
- selective outage
3GV
- selective outage with diversity
3;3
- outage due to clear-air cross-polarization for co-channel systems
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The percentage of time that fade depth ) is exceeded in the average worst month can be calculated
from:
3QV = 30 10

10
When using ) equal to the fading margin found using formula gives us the percentage of time
when the receiver signal is fading below threshold.
The parameter 30, the fading occurrence factor, has been related to well-defined path parameters.
The methods are based on statistical analysis of paths in different parts of the world. The paths used
have path lengths ranging from 7 to 95 km, frequencies ranging from 2 to 37 GHz, path inclinations for
the range 0-24 mrad, and grazing angles in the range 1-12 mrad. Checks using several other sets of data
for paths up to 237 km in length and frequencies as low as 500 MHz suggest, however, that the method
is valid for larger ranges of path length and frequency
The fading occurrence factor for the average worst month:
30 = . G 3.6 I 0.89 (1 + S ) 1.4

where
Page 6(28)
- Geoclimatic factor
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G
- Path length (km)
- Frequency (GHz)
S =
K1 K2
G
KK
- Path inclination (millirad)

- antenna heights (m)
The geoclimatic factor may be estimated for the average worst month from fading data. In absence of
such data the following empirical relations must be used
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Inland links are those in which either the entire path profile is above 100 m altitude (with respect to
mean sea level) or beyond 50 km from the nearest coastline, or in which part or all of the path profile is
below 100 m altitude for a link entirely within 50 km of the coastline, but there is an intervening height
of land higher than 100 m between this part of the link and the coastline. Links passing over a river or a
small lake should normally be classed as passing over land.

. = 5.0 10 7 3/1.5 10 0.1(&0 &/DW &/RQ )
The coefficient CLat of latitude is given by

&/DW = 0 [dB]
53 oS 53 oN

&/DW = 53 + [dB]
53 oN or oS < < 60 oN or oS

&/DW = 7 [dB]
60 oN or oS
The longitude coefficient CLon is given by

&/RQ = 3 [dB]
Longitudes of Europe and Africa

&/RQ = 3 [dB]
Longitudes of North and South America

&/RQ = 0 [dB]
All other longitudes
The value of the coefficient &0 is given in Table 1 for three ranges of altitude of the lower of the
transmitting and receiving antennas and three types of terrain (plains, hills, or mountains). In cases of
uncertainty as to whether a link should be classified as being in a plain or hilly area, the mean value of
the coefficients &0 for these two types of area should be employed. Similarly, in cases of uncertainty as
to whether a link should be classified as being in a hilly or mountainous area, the mean value of the
coefficients &0 for these two types of area should be employed. Links traversing plains at one end and
mountains at the other should be classified as being in hilly areas. For the purposes of deciding whether
Page 7(28)
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a partially overwater path is in a largely plain, hilly, or mountainous area, the water surface should be
considered as a plain.
For planning purposes where the type of terrain is not known, the following values of the coefficient &0
should be employed:
&0 = 1.7
for lower-altitude antenna in the range 0-400 m above mean sea level;
&0 = 4.2
for lower-altitude antenna in the range 400-700 m above mean sea level;
&0 = 8
for lower-altitude antenna more than 700 m above mean sea level.
&0
(dB)
Altitude of lower antenna and type of link terrain

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Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude less than 400 m above mean sea level,
located in largely plains areas
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Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude less than 400 m above mean sea level,
located in largely hilly areas
3.5
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Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude in the range 400-700 m above mean sea
level, located in largely plains areas
2.5
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Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude in the range 400-700 m above mean sea
level, located in largely hilly areas
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Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude more than 700 m above mean sea level,
located in largely plains areas
5.5
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located in largely hilly areas
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located in largely mountainous areas
10.5
Table 1 Values of C0 for various types of inland links

3/ is the percentage of time that the average refractivity gradient in the lowest 100 metre of the
atmosphere is less than -100 Nunits/km.
The figures in APPENDIX 2 from ITU-R Rec. P.453 [4.] give 3/ for four different months. The month
that has the highest value should be chosen. An exception to this is that only the maps for May and
August should be used for latitudes greater than 60 oN or 60 oS. These figures are given in Appendix 2.
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The size of a body of water can be chosen on the basis of several known examples: Large bodies of
water include the English Channel, the North Sea, the larger reaches of the Baltic and Mediterranean
Seas, Hudson Strait, and other bodies of water of similar size or larger.
Page 8(28)
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.O (UF ) = 10 (1 UF ) log .L + UF log .FO
. =
.L
for .FO .L
for .FO < .L
where U is the fraction of the path profile below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body of
water in question and within 50 km of the coastline, but without an intervening height of land above
100 m altitude, . is given by the expression for . for inland links in equation 14), and:
F

. FO = 2.3 10 4 10
0.1&0 0.011
where is the latitude in degrees.

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The size of a body of water can be chosen on the basis of several known examples: Medium-sized
bodies of water include the Bay of Fundy (east coast of Canada) and the Strait of Georgia (west coast of
Canada), the Gulf of Finland, and other bodies of water of similar size.
.O (UF ) = 10 (1
. =
.L
UF ) log .L
UF log .FP
for . FP .L
for . FP < .L
where U is the fraction of the path profile below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body of
water in question and within 50 km of the coastline, but without an intervening height of land above
100 m altitude, . is given by the expression for . for inland links in equation 14), and:
F

. FP = 10 0.5(log . + log .
L
FO
with . given by equation Note that the condition .

latitudes.
FO
FP
< . occurs in a few regions at low and mid

L
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Regions (not otherwise in coastal areas) in which there are many lakes over a fairly large area are
believed to behave somewhat like coastal areas. The region of lakes in southern Finland provides the
best known example. Until such regions can be better defined, . should be calculated from:

. = 10 0.5[( 2
UF ) log .L + UF log .FP ]
with . given by equation , . given by equation and where U is the fraction of the path profile
below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body of water in question and within 50 km of the
coastline, but without an intervening height of land above 100 m altitude.
FP
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In cases of uncertainty as to whether the size of body of water should be classed as medium or large, .
should be calculated from:
Page 9(28)
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. = 10 (1

UF ) log .L + 0.5UF (log .FP + log .FO )
with . given by equation , . given by equation Kcl given by equation ) and where U is the
fraction of the path profile below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body of water in question
and within 50 km of the coastline, but without an intervening height of land above 100 m altitude.
FP
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There are a number of different methods for predicting outages due to frequency selective fading. The
method using the signature curve is described in ITU-R Rec. P.530 [5] .This method agrees reasonably
well with measured results and clearly shows the radios ability to withstand the selective fading.
2
3V = 430 VI P
0

in %
where is related to the fading occurrence factor 30. is often called the fading activity factor:

= 1 H
3
0.2 0
100
0 . 75
where P0 is the multipath occurrence factor corresponding in %, given in equation 13).
is the typical path echo delay given by :

P

G
P = 0.7
50
1.3
G is the path length in km and VI is called the equipment signature factor.
is the echo delay time used during measurement of the signature curves. A much used value (also
used by Nera) is:

0= 6.3 ns
The signature factor VI is derived from the signature curve of the equipment, using the formula:

VI =
1
:0 10 %0 / 20 + :10 10 %10 / 20
2
where:
: : minimum phase signature width (GHz)
% : minimum phase signature depth (dB)
: : non-minimum phase signature width (GHz)
% : non-minimum phase signature depth (dB)
0
10
10
Page 10(28)
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The performance of a radio-relay system can be improved substantially by applying diversity reception
or transmission techniques such as space, frequency or hybrid diversity.
By switching or combining the different channels carrying the same signal, it is possible to attain an
improvement relative to a single channel given by the factor:

,=
3Single channel
3Diversity
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The degree of improvement afforded by all of the diversity techniques depends on the extent to which
the signals in the diversity branches of the system are uncorrected. For narrow-band analogue systems,
it is sufficient to determine the improvement in the statistics of fade depth at a single frequency. For
wideband digital systems, the diversity improvement also depends on the statistics of in-band
distortion.
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The vertical space diversity improvement factor on overland paths can be estimated from:

, VG
= 1 exp 3.34 104 6 0.87 I
0.12
0.48
3
0
100
1.04
10( ) 9 ) 10
where
G
- path length (km)
- fade depth (dB) for the unprotected path
- frequency (GHz)
*V*V - gains of the two space diversity antennas (dB)

30
fading occurrence factor in %
vertical separation (centre-to-centre) of receiving antennas (m)

9 = *V1 *V2
The relation for ,VG applies only when the following conditions are met:
2 GHz < I < 11 GHz
Page 11(28)
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43 km < G< 240 km
3 m < 6 < 23 m
ITU-R Rec. P.530 [5.] indicates that ,VG can be used with reasonable accuracy for path lengths down to
25 km. In cases where any of these boundaries have been exceeded (within reasonable limits), the
parameters have been set equal to the boundary value in the program. E.g. for 13 or 15 GHz links, the
improvement factor for 11 GHz will be calculated.
The following procedure is used to calculate the selective and non-selective outages:
Calculate the square of the non-selective correlation coefficient, N , from:
QV

2
QV
= 1
, VG
3
QV
100
where 3 in % is the outage due to the non-selective component of the fading that is given by equation
and is the fading activity factor that is given by equation
QV
Calculate the square of the selective correlation coefficient, N , from:

V
0.8238
N V2 = 1 0195
.
(1 UZ )0.109 0.13 log (1 UZ )
0.5136
1 0.3957 (1 UZ )

for
UZ 0.5
for 0.5 < UZ 0.9628

for
UZ > 0.9628
where the correlation coefficient, U , of the relative amplitudes is given by:

Z
(
(
)
)
2.170
2
1 0.9746 1 N QV
UZ =
1.034
2
1 0.6921 1 N QV

2
for N QV
0.26
2
for N QV
> 0.26
Calculate the non-selective outage, 3 , from:

GQV
3GQV =

3QV
, VG
in %
where 3 in % is the outage due to the non-selective component of the fading given by equation
QV
Calculate the selective outage, 3 , from:

GV
3GV =

3V2
100 1 N V2
in %
where3 in % is the non-protected selective outage given by equation

V
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Page 12(28)
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Calculate the improvement factor for frequency diversity from:

)
, IG =

80 I
1010
I G I
{, IG 5}
I
- frequency spacing between rf-channels in GHz
- carrier frequency in GHz
- distance in km
- fading margin in dB
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The equation is considered valid only for values of ,IG 5. The relation for ,IG applies only when the
following conditions are met :
1.7 GHz < I< 13 GHz
20 km < G < 75 km
I/I < 0.05
In cases where these boundaries are exceeded (within reasonable limits), the ,IG is calculated with
boundary values. E.g. if the distance is 15 km, then ,IG is calculated with G = 30 km.
Calculate the square of the non-selective correlation coefficient, N , from:
QV

2
QV
= 1
, IG
3
QV
100
where 3 in % is the outage due to the non-selective component of the fading that is given in formula
and is the fading activity factor that is given in formula
QV

V

0.8238
N V2 = 1 0195
.
(1 UZ )0.109 0.13 log (1 UZ )
0.5136
1 0.3957 (1 UZ )
for
UZ 0.5
for 0.5 < UZ 0.9628

for
UZ > 0.9628

Z

(
(
)
)
2.170
2
1 0.9746 1 N QV
UZ =
1.034
2
1 0.6921 1 N QV
2
for N QV
0.26
2
for N QV
> 0.26
Page 13(28)
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GV
3QV
, IG
3GQV =

in %

QV

GV
3GV =

3V2
100 1 N V2
in %

V
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If frequency diversity is used in n+1 operation, n>1, the diversity improvement factor will be reduced
since there are more than one channel sharing the same diversity channel.
If it is assumed that no more than two of the rf-channels are simultaneously afflicted by equal fading,
and both have the same priority, the reduced diversity improvement factors are given by:
)
, IG {2 +1} = 0.67 , IG
, IG {5+1} = 0.49 , IG
, IG {4 +1} = 052
. , IG
, IG {7 +1} = 0.45 , IG
, IG {3+1} = 0.57 , IG
, IG {6 +1} = 0.47 , IG
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Hybrid diversity is an arrangement where a 1+1 system has two antennas at one of the radio sites only.
The non-selective correlation coefficient, N , is found from:
QV

QV
= N
QV V
QV I
where N , and N , are the non-selective correlation coefficients computed for space diversity equation
and frequency diversity equation , respectively.
QV V
QV I

V

Page 14(28)
0.8238
N V2 = 1 0195
.
(1 UZ )0.109 0.13 log (1 UZ )
0.5136
1 0.3957 (1 UZ )
for
UZ 0.5
for 0.5 < UZ 0.9628

for
UZ > 0.9628
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
Z
(
(
)
)
2.170
2
1 0.9746 1 N QV
UZ =
1.034
2
1 0.6921 1 N QV

2
for N QV
0.26
2
for N QV
> 0.26

GQV
3GQV =

3QV
, VG
in %
QV

GV
3GV =

3V2
100 1 N V2
in %

V
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Combined diversity is an arrangement where both frequency and space diversity are used.
GQV
3GQV =

3QV
, VG + , IG
in %
where 3 in % is the outage due to the non-selective component of the fading given by equation ,
is the improvement factor for frequency diversity given by equation and , is the vertical space
diversity improvement factor given by equation 32).
QV
IG
VG

GV
3GV =

3V
, VG + , IG
in %

V
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Co-channel operation of radio relay systems will double the capacity compared to conventional radio
relay systems. In co-channel systems transmission of two separate traffic channels is performed on the
same radio frequency but on orthogonal polarisation. This works well as long as the discrimination
Page 15(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
between the two polarisations called Cross Polar Discrimination (XPD), is sufficient to ensure
interference-free operation. The nominal value of XPD is termed XPD0 and is governed by the crosspolarisation patterns of the antennas.
Both multipath- and rainfading can result in severe degradation of the XPD level. As the XPD
decreases, the interference level in the channel will rise and may cause threshold degradation and errors
in the data traffic. Procedures for predicting both the outage due to clear-air effects and due to
precipitation conditions is given ITU-R Rec. P.530 [5.].
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The following procedure is used to calculate the outage due reduction of XPD in clear-air:
;3' J + 5
;3'0 =
40

for ;3'J 35
for ;3'J > 35
;3' is the manufacturers guaranteed minimum XPD at boresight for both the transmitting and
receiving antennas, i.e., the minimum of the transmitting and receiving antenna boresight XPDs.
J
100 N [S
4 = 10 log
30
where is the fading activity factor given by equation and P0 in % is the fading occurrence factor
given by equation and:

0.7
N [S =
V
1 0.3 exp 4 10 6 W
one transmit antenna

two transmit antennas
In the case where two orthogonally polarized transmissions are from different antennas, the vertical
separation is V (m) and the carrier wavelength is (m).
Derive the parameter &from:
W

& = ;3'0 + 4
Calculate the outage 3 due to clear-air cross-polarization from:

[S

3[S = 30 10
0 ;3'
10
in %
where P0 in % is the fading occurrence factor given by equation and 0

XPD margin for a reference BER given by:
Page 16(28)
;3'
(dB) is the equivalent
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6

&0
& ,
0;3' =
&
& 0 + ;3,)
,
without XPIC
with XPIC
Here, C0 /, is the carrier-to-interference ratio for a reference BER, which is measurements.

XPIF is a laboratory-measured cross-polarization improvement factor that gives the difference in crosspolar isolation XPI at sufficiently large carrier-to-noise ratio and at a specific BER for systems with and
without cross polar interference canceller (XPIC).
2XWDJHGXHWRSUHFLSLWDWLRQHIIHFWVIRUFRFKDQQHOV\VWHPV
In addition to the usual attenuation of microwave signals due to rain, there will also be a depolarisation
effect. This depolarisation may be substantial even at frequencies where the attenuation is insignificant
(below 10 GHz). The following procedure is used to calculate the outage:
Calculate the coefficients U and V.
58)
8 = 80 + 30 log I
where 80 is set to equal 15 dB and I is the frequency in GHz.
59)
19 .002
9 ( I ) = 12 .8 I 0 .19
22 .6
IRU I < 8 *+]

IRU 8 I 20 *+]
IRU 20 < I 35 *+]
127( 7KH IRUPXOD IRU 9I KDV LQ ,785 5HF [] D ORZHU OLPLW RI *+] 7KH YDOXH
9I LVXVHGIRUIUHTXHQFLHVEHORZ*+]
Determine the path attenuation, $0,01 (dB), exceeded for 0.01% of the time from :
60)
$0.01 = U
where is the effective path length given by equation and r is the specific attenuation given by
equation
Determine the equivalent path attenuation, $ (dB):
S

$ S = 10 ((8 &0 / , + ;3,) ) / 9 )
in dB
where &0 , (dB) is the carrier-to-interference ratio defined for the reference BER without XPIC, and
XPIF (dB) is the cross-polarized improvement factor for the reference BER. If an XPIC device is not
used, set XPIF = 0.
Determine the following parameters:

Page 17(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
23.26 log $ S 012

. $0.01
P =
40

if P 40
otherwise
and:

Q = 12.7 +
16123
. 4P / 2
Determine the outage due to precipitation effects for co-channel systems from:
3;35 = 100 10 ( Q 2 )

in %
The total outage probability due to rain is calculated from taking the largest value of 3
UDLQ
and 3
;35
81$9$,/$%,/,7<'8(725$,1
On any path there is a possibility of additional attenuation of the radio signal due to absorption and
scattering by rain and sleet. This can be ignored at frequencies below 5 GHz. At higher frequencies, in
particular above 10 GHz, it can be quite significant.
The model described in ITU-R Rec. P.530 [5.] is used to calculate the unavailability due to rain. The
rainfall contour maps in appendix 3 may be used if specific rainfall data for the region of interest is not
available.
6SHFLILF$WWHQXDWLRQ
The specific attenuation U (dB/km) for the frequency, polarization and rain rate is given by
U = N 5

5
the rain intensity in mm/h not exceeded for more than 0.01% of the worst month. Appendix 3
N and are regression coefficients that have been calculated for oblate spheroid raindrops for a range of
frequencies. These parameters are appropriate to the polarization. These regression coefficients are
given in ITU-R Rec. 838 [2.]. It should be noted that the specific attenuation is lowest for the vertical
polarization.
(IIHFWLYH3DWK/HQJWK
Since the rain cells have a tendency to cluster, only parts of the path will be affected by rain. The
effective path length containing rain cells is given by

=
Page 18(28)
G
G
1+
0
.
015
5
35 H
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
G
- path length (km)
For rain rates 5 > 100 mm/h, the value 100 mm/h is used in place of 5.
8QDYDLODELOLW\GXHWRUDLQDWWHQXDWLRQ
The unavailability (in percent) due to rain is given by:
( 0.546 + 0.043log10 3UDLQ )
) = 012
. ( U ) 3UDLQ

3
UDLQ
- unavailability in percent
- fading margin in dB
The unavailability may be found by solving equation with respect to 3
UDLQ

3UDLQ = 10
11.628 0.546+ 0.29812 + 0.172log (0.12 U / ) )
in %
To avoid imaginary values, use ) in case where )

U
U
The prediction procedure outlined above is considered to be valid in all parts of the world at least for
frequencies up to 40 GHz and path lengths up to 60 km.
The total outage probability due to rain is calculated from taking the largest value of 3
UDLQ

3UDLQ
35DLQ ,WRW =
3;35
if 3UDLQ > 3;3'

if 3UDLQ < 3;3'
;35
in %
The outage due to precipitation effects for co-channel systems is set to zero, 3
systems without a co-channel arrangement.
;35
and 3
= 0, for radio relay
Page 19(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
5()(5(1&(6
>@
Water vapour: Surface density and total columnar content.

ITU-R Recommendation P.836-1 1997
>@
Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods.

ITU-R Recommendation 838
1992
>@
Attenuation by atmospheric gases.

[]
The radio refraction index: Its formula and refractivity data..

ITU-R Recommendations P.453-6 1997
[]
Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight
systems.
Page 20(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
$33(1',;$%%5(9,$7,216
$
Aa
Ap
%F
%0
%10
C0/I
Clat
Clon
G
)
I
**
*S
*U*U
*V*V
KK
,
,IG
,VG
.
N
kns
ks
/E
/I
/IV
/IV
/IV
/R
L.O.S.
LThr_Deg
MXPD
1
13/
p
: area of reflector (passive repeater) in square meters

: attenuation due to atmospheric gases in dB
: equivalent path attenuation in dB
: critical notch depth in dB
: minimum phase signature depth (dB)
: non-minimum phase signature depth (dB)
: carrier-to-interference ratio in dB
: latitude in deg
: longitude in deg
: path length in km
: fading margin
: frequency in GHz
: gain of antennas in dB over isotropic
: gain of passive repeater in dB
: gain of back-to-back antennas (passive repeater) in dB
: gain of space diversity antennas in dB
: antenna heights in m (above sea level)
: diversity improvement figure
: frequency diversity improvement figure
: space diversity improvement figure
: geoclimatic factor
: coefficient used in computing rain attenuation
: non-selective correlation coefficient
: selective correlation coefficient
: branching loss in dB (circulators, filters etc.)
: feeder loss in dB
: free space loss in dB
: free space loss of one part (passive repeater)
: free space loss of second part (passive repeater)
: other loss in dB (attenuators, degradation of threshold)
: line of sight
: receiver threshold degradation due in interference in dB
: equivalent XPD margin in dB
: radio refractivity
: net path loss in dB
: pressure in hPa
Page 21(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
3
3QV
3/
: fading occurrence factor in %

: probability of flat fading in %
: percentage of time that the average refractivity gradient in the lowest 100 metre
of the atmosphere is less than -100 Nunits/km
3U
: received signal power in dBm
3GQV
: outage due to non-selective fading in % for system with diversity
3GV
: outage due to selective fading in % for system with diversity
3QV
: outage due to non-selective fading in %
35DLQWRW : total outage probability due to rain in %
3V
: outage due to selective fading in %
3W
: power output from transmitter in dBm
37KU
: threshold power of receiver in dBm (referred to BER)
3WRW
: total outage due to multipath fading in %
3;3
: outage due to clear-air cross-polarization
: outage due to precipitation cross-polarization
3;35
5
: rain intensity in mm/h not exceeded for more than 0.01% of worst month
rc
: fraction of the path profile below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body of water
rw
: correlation coefficient
6
: space diversity distance in m (vertical distance between
antennas in a space diversity arrangement)
St
: different in vertical separation between two antennas transmitting on orthogonally
polarization.
VI
: signature factor
W
: temperature in C
:
: minimum phase signature width (GHz)
:
: non-minimum phase signature width (GHz)
XPIF
: cross-polarized improvement factor in dB
XPD0
: equivalent XPD for the antennas
: minimum XPD at boresight for the antennas
XPDg
10
10
: path inclination in millirad

: regression coeffisient used in computing rain attenuation
: frequency spacing between RF channels in GHz
: the angle between the incident and the reflected ray at the reflector
: specific rain attenuation in dB/km
: fading activity factor
: typical path echo in ns
: median echo delay in ns(used during measurements)
: effective path length in km
Page 22(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6

Z
: specific attenuation [dB/km] for dry air

: specific attenuation [dB/km] for water vapour
: water vapour density in g/m3
: wave length in m
Page 23(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
$33(1',;3/&2172850$365HF,7853
Figure A1 Percentage of time gradient -100 (N/km) : February
Figure A2 Percentage of time gradient -100 (N/km) : May

Page 24(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
Figure A3 Percentage of time gradient -100 (N/km) : August
Figure A4 Percentage of time gradient -100 (N/km) : November

Page 25(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
$33(1',;5$,1)$//&2172850$365HF,7853

5DLQFOLPDWLF]RQHV
5DLQIDOOLQWHQVLW\H[FHHGHGPPK(Reference to Figs. A5 to A7)
Percentage
of time
(%)
1.001
< 0.1
20.5
20.7
12.1
10.6
01.7
13
12
18
101.5
102
114
115
112
124
0.301
<0.8
22.
22.8
14.5
12.4
04.5
17
14
13
104.2
107
111
115
134
149
0.101
< 2.8
23.5
25.5
18.5
16.5
08.5
12
10
20
012.5
115
122
135
165
172
0.031
< 5.8
26.5
29.5
13.5
12.5
15.5
20
18
28
023.5
133
140
165
105
196

0.003
14.8
21.
26.
29.
415
545
45
55
45
070.
105
195
140
200
142
0.001
22.8
32.
425
425
705
785
65
83
55
1005
150
120
180
250
170
Figure A5 Europe and Africa
Page 26(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
Figure A6 America
Figure A7 Asia and Australia

Page 27(28)
1HUD1HWZRUNV$6
$33(1',;:$7(59$3285$7*5281'/(9(/5HF,7853
Figure A8 Annual surface water vapour density (g/m3)
Page 28(28)

L29073 Prediction Method RevB

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1HUD1HWZRUNV$6

L.nr. 29073 Rev. B 99.05.01 PT/InHe/Vba

where G is distance in km and I is frequency in GHz.

L.nr. 29073 Rev. B 99.05.01 PT/InHe/Vba

R - specific attenuation [dB/km] for dry air

pressure is set to 1013 hPa

and the received signal level is

- received power in dBm

- net path loss in dB

L.nr. 29073 Rev. B 99.05.01 PT/InHe/Vba

- transmitted power in dBm

- gain of antennas in dB over isotropic

- branching loss in dB (circulators, filters)

- attenuation due to atmospheric gases, equation 

- other loss in dB (e.g. attenuators , degradation of threshold)

- free space loss in dB, equation 

3U (G%P) = 3W / IV1 / IV 2 $D1 $D 2 + 2 * S / I 1 / I 2 /E + *1 + *2 /R

- area (in square meters) of the reflector

*U*U - gain of back-to-back antennas in dB

- coupling loss between antennas in dB

) (G%) = 3U 37KU /7KU _ 'HJ

- normal received signal level in dBm

- receiver threshold level in dBm

/7KUB'HJ - receiver threshold degradation due in interference in dB

The cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) can deteriorate sufficiently to cause co-channel

- non-selective (flat) outage

- non-selective outage with diversity

- selective outage with diversity

- outage due to clear-air cross-polarization for co-channel systems

L.nr. 29073 Rev. B 99.05.01 PT/InHe/Vba

- Path length (km)

- Path inclination (millirad)

. = 5.0 10 7 3/1.5 10 0.1(&0 &/DW &/RQ )

The coefficient CLat of latitude is given by

The longitude coefficient CLon is given by

Longitudes of Europe and Africa

Longitudes of North and South America

All other longitudes

Altitude of lower antenna and type of link terrain

/RZDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD P +LOOV

0HGLXPDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD P 3ODLQV

0HGLXPDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD P +LOOV

+LJKDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD >P 3ODLQV

+LJKDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD >P +LOOV

+LJKDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD >P 0RXQWDLQV

Table 1 Values of C0 for various types of inland links

L.nr. 29073 Rev. B 99.05.01 PT/InHe/Vba

where is the latitude in degrees.

with . given by equation   Note that the condition .

< . occurs in a few regions at low and mid

UF ) log .L + UF log .FP ]

UF ) log .L + 0.5UF (log .FP + log .FO )

where P0 is the multipath occurrence factor corresponding in %, given in equation 13).

is the typical path echo delay given by :

G is the path length in km and VI is called the equipment signature factor.

L.nr. 29073 Rev. B 99.05.01 PT/InHe/Vba

= 1 exp 3.34 104 6 0.87 I

- path length (km)

- fade depth (dB) for the unprotected path

*V*V - gains of the two space diversity antennas (dB)

fading occurrence factor in %

vertical separation (centre-to-centre) of receiving antennas (m)

Calculate the square of the selective correlation coefficient, N , from:

for 0.5 < UZ 0.9628

- attenuation due to atmospheric gases, equation

- free space loss in dB, equation

3U (G%P) = 3W / IV1 / IV 2 $D1 $D 2 + 2 * S / I 1 / I 2 /E + 1 + 2 /R

UU - gain of back-to-back antennas in dB

/RZDOWLWXGHDQWHQQDP+LOOV

0HGLXPDOWLWXGHDQWHQQDP3ODLQV

0HGLXPDOWLWXGHDQWHQQDP+LOOV

+LJKDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD >P3ODLQV

+LJKDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD >P+LOOV

+LJKDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD >P0RXQWDLQV

with . given by equation Note that the condition .

VV - gains of the two space diversity antennas (dB)

fading occurrence factor in %

vertical separation (centre-to-centre) of receiving antennas (m)

where3 in % is the non-protected selective outage given by equation

where3 in % is the non-protected selective outage given by equation

where3 in % is the non-protected selective outage given by equation

where3 in % is the non-protected selective outage given by equation

where P0 in % is the fading occurrence factor given by equation and 0

The unavailability may be found by solving equation with respect to 3

To avoid imaginary values, use ) in case where )

$33(1',;3/&2172850$365HF,7853

$33(1',;5$,1)$//&2172850$365HF,7853