Structure and Written Expression

1. Basic Grammar Terminologies

a. Pronoun and Noun
: Kata Ganti Orang dan Kata Benda
b. Verb
: Kata Kerja
c. Adjective
: Kata Sifat
d. Adverb
: Kata Keterangan
e. Article
: Kata Sandang
f. Preposition
: Kata Depan
Pronoun
S
I

O
Me

Possessive
My

Nominative
Mine

Reflexive
Myself

You

You

Your

Yours

Yourself/Yoursel

We

Us

Our

Ours

ves

They

Them

Their

Theirs

Ourselves

She

Her

Her

Hers

Themselves

He

Him

His

His

Herself

It

It

Its

Its

Himself
Itself

Example:
Animals like frogs have waterproof skin that prevents they from drying out
A
B
C
Quickly in air, sun, or wind.
D
The sentence should read: Animals like frogs have waterproof skin that prevents

them from drying out quickly in air, sun, and wind. Therefore the correct answer is
(C)
Because of its ability to survive close to human habitation, the Virginia deer has
A
B

C
actually increased their range and numbers.
D
The sentence should read: Because of its ability to survive close to human habitation,
the Virginia deer has actually increased its range and numbers. Therefore the correct
answer is (D)

Noun
Clues to identify Noun from its position and pattern:
After article [the / a / an]+ Noun
Before and after of [N of N]

And
Same structure
But
Same structure

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Or

Suffixes that form Noun

-er (entertainer, presenter)
-or (actor, director)
-ist (scientist, psychologist)
-ian (comedian, magician)
-ee (interviewee, employee)
-eer (engineer, volunteer)
-ant (servant, consultant, informant)
-ment (government, development)
-ion (notification, production)
-ry (recovery, injury)
-ship (friendship, leadership)
-ure (pressure,failure,departure)
-ness (illness, brightness)

Some Random Noun Formations:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Grow (V) : Growth (N)

Fly (V)
: Flight (N)
See (V)
: Sight (N)
Live (V)
: Life (N)
Die (V)
: Death (N)
Weigh (V)
: Weight (N)
Believe (V)
: Belief

(N)
8. Speak (V)

: Speech (N)

-ty (responsibility, security)

-nce (significance, influence)
-cy (accuracy, fluency)
-age/ge (marriage, knowledge)
-dom (freedom, kingdom)
-ism (patriotism, nationalism)
-phy (philosophy, geography)
-al (refusal, denial, arrival)
-gy (biology, sociology)
-hood (Brotherhood, Childhood)
th (truth, youth)

9. Deep (Adj)

Depth (N)
10. High (Adj)
11. Strong (Adj)
12. Long (Adj)

: Height (N)
: Strength (N)
:

Length (N)
13. True (Adj)
14. Hot (Adj)
15. Wide (Adj)

: Truth (N)
: Heat (N)
: Width

(N)

Samples :
1. The able of writers to precisely record observation made about others enables
B
C
them to include in their work a great deal of materials outside their own
C
D
experience.
The sentence should read: The ability of writers to precisely record observation
made about others enables them to include in their work a great deal of materials
outside their own experience. Therefore, the answer is (A).
2. Some of the earliest mechanical devices were designed to raise water from
A
B
C
streams for the irrigate of crops.
C

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The sentence should read: Some of the earliest mechanical devices were designed to
raise water from streams for the irrigation of crops. Therefore, the answer is ( C )
3. Philosophy tries to discover the nature of true and knowledge and to find what is of
the basic
A
B
C
value and importance in life.
D
The sentence should read: Philosophy tries to discover the nature of truth and
knowledge and to find what is of the basic value and importance in life. Therefore,
the answer is (B)

Adjective
a. Suffixes that form Adjective
-ful (beautiful, useful)
-less (speechless, powerless)
-al (industrial, political)
-ive (creative, attractive)
-ble (comfortable, valuable)
-ous (dangerous, famous)

-ish (childish, selfish)

-y (healthy, salty)
-nt (different, significant)
-ic (Islamic, historic)
-an (Brazilian, European)
-ese (Chinese, Japanese)

b. Participlial Adjective

Present Participle Adjective (Ving)

Ex: a washing machine,
Ex: the confusing lesson
Adj

Adj

Past Participle Adjective (V3)

Ex: a limited edition
Adj
N
*) Another + Singular N
Adj
N
*) Other + Plural N
Adj
N
*) Others
N

Ex: a written document

Adj
N

Samples:
1. Video artist combine many different ways of using video equipment both to
A
B
create and to record various types of expression artistic.
C
D
The sentence should read: Video artist combine many different ways of using video
equipment both to create and to record various types of expression artistic.
2. The convention national of a United States political party nominates candidates
A
B
for the presidency and vice presidency of the country and issues a declaration of
C
policy.
D

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The sentence should read: The national convention of a United States political
party nominates candidates for the presidency and vice presidency of the country
and issues a declaration of policy.

Verb

Simple Present Tense [-s / -es] -> only for Singular or Uncountable Noun
Subject in Present Tense
Habitual/regular activity
Example:
She studies in ITI of Padang to increase her TOEFL score
She gets up at 5 A.M every morning
General Truth/Fact,
Example:
The Earth revolves around the Sun
Water freezes at temperature below 00 C
A plant obtains energy from the Sunlight.
Plants obtain energy from the sunlight
Time signals:
-

Today, recently, currently, nowadays,

(every, each, any)+time.
When the sentence discusses fact or
general truth, time signal is not necessary.

Example:
-

According to a World Resources Institute Report, a significant part of forest

A
B
acreage disappear each year.
C
D
The sentence should read: According to a World Resources Institute Report, a
significant part of forest acreage disappears each year. Therefore the correct

answer is (C).
Variations in melody, rhythm and tone of voice becomes a major feature of child
A
B
C
speech toward the end of the first year.
D
The sentence should read: Variations in melody, rhythm and tone of voice becomes
a major feature of child speech toward the end of the first year. Therefore the correct
answer is (B).

Simple Past [-ed / irregular verb]

Time Signals:
- ago
- last
- In 1972, in the eighteenth century, in the early 1800s

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- First / early/ the earliest/ originally/ ancient/ prehistoric, etc

- When the subject is a historical figure / Fact (Albert Einstein, Civil War, World War
II, etc)
Example:
-

In the late 1800s, United States painter Thomas Eakins develop a broad,
A
B
powerful Realist style that became almost expressionistic in his later years.
C
D
The sentence should read: In the late 1800s, United States painter Thomas Eakins
developed a broad, powerful Realist Style that became almost expressionistic in his
later years. Therefore, the correct answer is (A).

Continous/Progressive Tense [Tobe (am / is / are / was / were

/be/been/being+ Ving)
Pay attention to these following Ving examples :
The meeting was cancelled (Gerund)
We are discussing grammar now (Present Continues Tense)
Indonesia is a developing country (Present Participial Adjective)
Passive Voice [Tobe + V3]
Example:
- Prof Smith writes many articles (A)
Many articles are written by Prof.
-

Smith (P)
Prof Smith wrote an article (A)

An article was written by

Prof Smith (P)

Example:
-

When a bone is broke into several pieces, doctors may pin the pieces together
A
B
C
for proper healing.
D
The sentence should read: When a bone is broken into several pieces, doctors
may pin the pieces together for proper healing. Therefore, the answer is (A)
The one-fluid theory of electricity was proposing by Benjamin Franklin, a man
famous for his
A

C
D
wide interests and great attainments.
The sentence should read: The one-fluid theory of electricity was proposed by
Benjamin Franklin, a man famous for his wide interests and great attainments.
Therefore, the answer is (B).
Note :
Tense )

Ving ( Active voice / Continous

To Be +
V3 (Passive Voice )

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Perfect Tense
Has / Have / Had + V3 (Active)
Ex: Prof Smith has written many novels (A)
Has / Have / Had + been + V3 (Passive)
Ex: Many novels have been written by Prof Smith (P)
Example:
-

Law in the United States has became a complex blend of common law and
A
B
C
D
statutory law.
The sentence should read: Law in the United States has become a complex blend

of common law and statutory law. Therefore, the answer is (B)

Since Prehistoric times, artist have been arranged colors on surfaces in ways
A
B
that express their ideas about people, the world, and religion.
C
D
The sentence should read: Since prehistoric times, artists have arranged colors
on surfaces in ways that express their ideas about people, the world, and religion.
Therefore, the answer is (A).

Future Tense
Auxilliaries : Will/ Shall/Would
Will + V1 (Active)
Ex: Prof Smith will write an international Journal (A)
Will + be + V3 (Passive)
Ex: An international journal will be written by Prof Smith (P)

Modal (Can / Could / Shall / Should / May / Might)

Modal + V1 (Active)
Ex: Prof Smith must write an international journal. (A)
Modal + be + V3 (Passive)
Ex: An international journal must be written by Prof Smith. P)
Example:
-

The rights to any new and useful machine, manufacturing process, or

A
B
material, or any improvement to these, can be protecting by United States
C
D
patent law.
The sentence should read: The rights to ay new and useful machine,
manufacturing process, or material, or any improvement to these, can be
protected by United States patent law.

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Tobe (am / is / are / was / were/ be / been /being + N/adj)

Example:
Prof Smith is a lecturer
He has been a lecturer for 10 years.
He will be a dean next month
He was a journalist

Example:
-

Anyone with absolute, or perfect pitch are able to identify by ear any note at
A
some standard pitch or to sing a specified note at will.
C
D
The sentence should read: Anyone with absolute or perfect pitch is able to

identify by ear any note at some standard pitch or to sing a specified note at will.
Therefore, the answer is (A)
Prefix and Suffixes that form Verb
en- (enrich, enjoy, entitle)
-ize (maximize, organize)
-en (shorten, sharpen)

-ate (vibrate, educate)

-fy (classify, identify)
-er (lower, higher)

Summary:
-

A sentence must consist of at least Subject and Verb

Subject must be Noun
To+V1 Verb
When the verb of a sentence is underlined, check:
a. Time Signals
b. Subject [singular/plural]
c. Active or passive voice

3. ADVERB

Adverb of time
Now, recently , nowadays, currently
Adverb of place
Here, there , at the office, etc
Adverb of degree + Adjective

So, too, very, almost, rather, quite, pretty, somewhat

Adverb of Frequency + Verb
Always
Often
Usually
Sometimes
+ Verb
Seldom
Ever
Never
Adverb of Manner [How?]

a. -ly (beautifully, naturally)

b. -ward (backward, upward)
c. -wise

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Adverb of manner has three different uses. They can describe verb, adjective or
other adverbs. The functions:
a. Modify verb
a. She walks toward me.

How does she walk toward you?

Slowly.
- She walks slowly toward me
- She slowly toward me
- She walks toward me slowly
b.
The room is decorated with expensive painting.

How is it decorated?

Beautifully
- The room is decorated beautifully with expensive paintings
- The room is beautifully decorated with expensive paintings.
c. Modify adjective
Ex: Albert Einstein is brilliant
- Albert Einstein is exceptionally brilliant
- Albert Einstein is an extremely brilliant scientist
d. Modify Adverb
Ex:
She speaks unbelievably quickly
- It is an extremely quickly written letter
Patterns:
I.
II.
III.

Verb+Adv / Adv+Verb
Adv+Adj
Adv+Adj+Noun
Verb+Adv+Adv
Adv+Adv+Adj+Noun

Ex: 1. The planet mercury has a moderately elliptically orbit

A

The sentence should read: The planet Mercury has a moderately elliptical orbit,
therefore the correct answer is (D)
2. In the Northern United States, two European species of small white birch are
A
B
extensive planted as ornamentals.
C
D
The sentence should read: In the Northern United States, two European species of
small white birch are extensively planted as ornamentals, there fore the correct
answer is (C)
4. Article
The
A
An

N
Adj + N
Adv+Adj+N

1. A versus An
An
A

: Vocal SOUND
: Consonant SOUND

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Article A/An both must be followed by Singular Noun

Ex:

An Umbrella

An Hour

A University
Ex:

A House

The visible world .. ( )

Art
Adj
N
A significance influent .. ( )
Art
N
Adj
A significant influence .. ( )
Art
Adj
N
A perfectly strong boy .. ( )
Art
Adv
Adj
N

Sample:
Mark Spitz, an United States swimmer, won seven gold medals at the 1972 Olympic
Games, all in
A

D world record times.

The sentence should read: Mark Spitz, a United States swimmer, won seven gold
medals at the 1972 Olympic Games, all in world record times. Therefore, the answer
is (A)
5. Preposition
In, on, of, by, with, without, about, before, after, near, through, throughout, above
during, despite, in spite of, into, because of.

The
Preposition

A
An

N
Adj + N
Adv+Adj+N

Preposition + Ving
Ex: During studying in ITI of Padang, we get some new lessons about English.
Prep
Ving
Ex: By practicing a lot, students can master writing and speaking English.
Prep

Ving

Preposition for Time

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Ex:

The seminar will be held in 2015

The seminar will be held in June 2015
The seminar will be held on June 6, 2015 on Wednesday at 4 A.M
Note:
In 1970
In the 1970s
In the nineteenth century
In the 1828
In nineteenth century

6. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE and ADJECTIVE PHRASE

Function: To modify Noun

Who + V
Which/That + (S) + V
Whom/Whose/When/Where + S + V

Ex: 1. The people [who consume too much sugar] have a greater risk of diabetes.
S

Adj. Clause

The people consuming too much sugar have a greater risk of diabetes.
S

Adj. Phrase

2. The government released a new policy [that regulated the number of political
parties.]
S

Adj. Clause

The government released a new policy regulating the number of political

parties.
S

Adj. Phrase

3. The books [which are written by Gus Dur] create a lot of controversies.
S

Adj. Clause

The books written by Gus Dur create a lot of controversies.

S

Adj. Phrase

4. Louis Pasteur [who is a French Chemist and Biologist] invented the

Pasteurization.
S

Adj. Clause

Louis Pasteur, a French Chemist and Biologist, invented the Pasteurization.

S

Adj. Phrase

Example:

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1. Scientists are now only beginning to understand the factors .. cigarette addiction.
a. Cause
b. Causing
c. They cause
d. Causes
2. John Singleton Copley, in Boston in 1793, built his reputation in colonial
America as a portraitist.
a. Born on
b. Was born
c. Born
d. Who born
3. An entire salt-marsh complex of creeks, marshes, river mouths, and barrier
A
islands can be seen as a single community linking by the tides.
B
C
D
The sentence should read: An entire salt-marsh complex of creeks, marshes, river
mouths, and barrier islands can be seen as a single community linked by the tides.
Therefore, the correct answer is (D)

Directions: Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. Dr. Stanton, who is the president of the university, will give a speech at the
commencement ceremonies.

2. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.

3. The rules that allow public access to wilderness areas need to be reconsidered.

4. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary.

5. There is almost no end to the problems that face a head of state.

6. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.

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7. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.

8. Kuala Lumpur, which is the capital of the city of Malaysia, is a major trade center in
Southeast Asia.

9. Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap that contains 70 percent of the earth's fresh
water.

10. When I went to Alex's house to drop off some paperwork, I met Jerry, who is his
longtime partner.

11. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.

12. Two out of three people who are struck by lightning survive.

13. Simon Bolivar, who was a great South American general, led the fight for
independence early in the 19th century.

14. Many of the students who hope to enter the university will be disappointed because
only one-tenth of those who apply for admission will be accepted.

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15. There must exist in a modern community a sufficient number of persons who possess
the technical skill that is required to maintain the numerous devices upon which our
physical comforts depend.

16. Many famous people did not enjoy immediate success in their early lives. Abraham
Lincoln, who was one of the truly great presidents of the United States, ran for public
office 26 times and lost 23 of the elections. Walt Disney, who was the creator of
Mickey Mouse and the founder of his own movie production company, once was fired
by a newspaper editor because he had no good ideas. Thomas Edison, who was the
inventor of the light bulb and the phonograph, was believed by his teachers to be too
stupid to learn. Albert Einstein, who was one of the greatest scientists of all time,
performed badly in almost all of his high school courses and failed his first college
entrance exam.

Samples from TOEFL Question:

4. John Singleton Copley, in
Boston in 1793, built his reputation
in colonial America as a portraitist.
e. Born on
f. Was born
g. Born
h. Who born
5. Stalactites are formed in caves by
groundwater .. dissolved lime.
a. It contains
b. Containing
c. Contains
d. Containment
6. A group of winged reptiles .
pterosaur is believed to have been
the first vertebrates with the power
of flight.

a. Call
b. Calls
c. Called
d. Is called
7. Scientists are now only beginning
to understand the factors ..
cigarette addiction.
e. Cause
f. Causing
g. They cause
h. Causes
8. The reactor core of a nuclear
reactor is housed in a steel vessel
. by a thick layer of concrete.
a. Is surrounded
b. It surrounds
c. Surrounds
d. Surrounded

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9. Princeton University, was founded in 1746, is one of the oldest universities

A
B
C
D
in the United States.
10. An entire salt-marsh complex of creeks, marshes, river mouths, and barrier
A
islands can be seen as a single community linking by the tides.
B
C
D
11. Establishing outside Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1976, The Minnesota
A
Valley National Wildlife Refuge contains more than 9,000 acres of forest,
B
C
prairies, marshes and lakes.
D
7. Preposition in Adjective Clause
Which (Thing)
Prep +

S+V
Whom (Person)

Example:
For people:

The teacher gave me good advice. I spoke to her yesterday

The teacher whom I spoke to yesterday gave me good advice.
The teacher to whom I spoke yesterday gave me good advice.

For things:

The bag was empty. She looked in it.

The bag which she looked in was empty.
The bag in which she looked was empty.

Sample from TOEFL:

1. Hypoglycemia is a condition _____ concentration of glucose in the blood falls to an
abnormally low level.
a. The
b. Of the
c. In which the
d. Such as the
2. Reflection occurs when light bounces off an objects and returns to the side ____
a. To come from
b. From which it came
c. It came
d. Which it came
e.
3. In the cardiac cycle, the diastole is the period of relaxation of heart muscle
A
B
which during the chamber of the heart fill with blood.
C
D

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The sentence should read: In the cardiac cycle, the diastole is the period of
relaxation of heart
muscle during which the chambers of the heart fill with blood.

8. Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clause

Expression of Quantity +

Whom (Person)
Which (Thing)
Whose (Possessive)

S+V

Examples:
a. In my class there are 20 students. Most of them are from the Far East.
In my class there are 20 students, Most of whom are from Asia.
b. He gave several reasons. Only the few of them were valid.

habits

He gave several reasons, only of few of which were valid.

c. The teachers discussed Jims problems. One of his problems was poor study

The teachers discussed Jims problems, one of whose problems was poor
study habits.

Note:
-

An adjective clause may contain an expression of quantity with of: some of,
many of, most of, none of, two of, haft of, both of, neither of, each of, all of,
several of, a few of, little of, a number of, etc.
The expression of quantity precedes the pronoun. Only whom, which, and,
whose are used in this pattern.
Adjective clauses that begin with an expression are more common in writing
than speaking.
Commas are used.

9. ADVERB CLAUSE
Function: To modify Sentence
Connectors:
Because
Until
Since
Though

Unless

S+V
Although
After
Even though Once

When

Where
Before

As
As if

While
Meanwhile
Whereas

if

Whether _ or
As Though
Yet

So
So That

Ex:
1. A delta is formed when _________ and the process of erosion does not carry the
materials away.
a. the deposit of river

c. the deposits of river sediment

b. the river deposits sediment

d. the sedimentation of river

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2. When ___________, the elections of the outer rings are exchanged

a. joining of two atoms

c. two atom joint

b. two atoms join

d. two of atom joining

3. Only a few sounds produces by insects are heard by humans ________ most of the
sounds are pitched either too high or too low.
a. In spite of
c. as a result of
b. Because
d. instead of
4. As a country develops from an agricultural to an industrial economy, the attitudes,
va;ues, structures, and functions of the family _______.
a. The change
c. change
b. Which change
d. changing
Note:
Despite
In spite of

N/NP

Because of
During
Ex:

Because he is brilliant, he gets an achievement from his University.

Conn.

Because of his brilliance, he gets an achievement from his University.

Conn.

NP

10. PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION

and
Same Structure

but

Same Structure

or

Ex:

The living room was decorated with expensive paintings and elegance lamps.
Adj.
N
N
N
Elegance is a Noun. It should be changed by Elegant (Adj).

Ex:

The student reads each chapter, takes a lot of notes and memories the materials.
V
V
N
Memories is a Noun. It should be changed by Memorizes (V).

11. PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

Both __________ and
Either _________ or
Neither ________ nor
Not ___________ but
Not only _______ but also
Whether _______ or
From __________to
Between/among __________________and

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Ex:

Rather than
One _______ another
Rapid eye movement sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep because it has
A
B
characteristics of either the waking and sleeping state.
C
D
The sentence should read: Rapid eye movement sleep is sometimes called
paradoxical sleep because it has characteristics of both the waking and sleeping
state. Therefore, the answer is (D)

12.

TWO WORD EXPRESSIONS

Based on
Relate to
Derived from
Exile from
Adapted to
Consist of
Name for/after
Suffer from
Escape from
Date to/from
Refer to
Aware of
Deal with

According to
Resistant to
Capable of
Date from/to
Regarded as
Originated from
Benefit from
Concern with
Purpose of
Comment on
Depend on
Combine into

Devoted to
Similar to
Differ from
Same as
Carry on/out
Native to
Suited to
Result from
Come into
Known as
Dedicated to
Account for

Samples from TOEFL:

1. A liquid is similar at a gas in that a liquid can fit the shape of any container into
which it is put.
A
B
C
D
2. The development of microscope dates ________, which occurred between 1950 and
1610.
a. From the construction of compound-lens systems
b. When the construction of compound-lens systems
c. The construction of compound-lens systems
d. Was when the construction of compound-lens systems
3. Teak wood is highly valued because it is _________ to water.
a. Resisting, and strong, and durable
b. Strong, durable and resistant
c. Resistant, durable, and strong
d. Strong, durable, and resists
13. COMPARISON
Positive
Small
Happy
Expensive
Beautiful
Far

Comparative
Smaller
Happier
More expensive
More beautiful
Farther/ further

Superlative
The smallest
The happiest
The most expensive
The most beautiful
The farthest/ the furthest

Good

Better

The best

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Bad
Many/much
Little
Patterns:
Positive Degree (as adj
Comparative Degree

Worse
More
Less

The worst
The most
The least

as)
[more]adj
Adj [-er]

Superlative Degree ( the + [most]

+ than
+
Adj+Noun
Adv + adj + Noun

Adj

Example:
1. Prized for centuries for their beauty, roses are the world______________ plants.
a. Cultivated ornamental most widely
b. Ornamental widely cultivated most
c. Most widely cultivated ornamental
d. Widely ornamental most cultivated
2. Of the more 850 species of trees in the United States, the most oldest, the
A
B
bristlecone pine, grows in the Nevada and Southern California dessert.
C
D
The sentence should read: Of the more 850 species of trees in the United
States, the oldest, the bristlecone pine, grows in the Nevada and Southern
California dessert.
3. When Franklin Roosevelt was inaugurated as President in 1933, the United
A
States was in the midst of the worse economic depression in its history.
B
C
D
The sentence should read: When Franklin Roosevelt was inaugurated as
President in 1933; the
United States was in the midst of the worst economic depression in its

history.
Superlative in Clause
The first / The second / The third .
The (most) adj. (-est)

To + V1

To + be + V3

Ex: Sally Ride is the first American astronaut woman ______ on the moon.
a. landed

c. landing

b. who landed

d. to land

Equalisation

Pattern: The more _________; The more (S)

Ex: V1. Hubbles law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies,
__________________ is their relative speed of separation.
a. the greatest
b. the greater

c. greater than
d. as great as

2. The more kinetic energy in the particles of a material, the hottest the material
A

Is.
The sentence should read: The more kinetic energy in the particles of a
material, the hotter the material is. There for the answer is (D)

18 TOEFL Section 2: Structure and Written Expression

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Repetition in Comparison
That (Singular) >< Those (Plural)
Example:

The chemical composition of sand stone is the same as the

chemical composition of sand.
The repeated words the chemical composition could be changed

into that.

The rules in Written English are more stringent than those of spoken
English.
The repeated words the rules could be changed into those.

Ex:
1. Ostrich eggs are larger _____ of other birds; they are 50 mm long and 125 mm thick.
a. than they are

c. than those

b. than that

d. that than those

2. Veterinary medicine is practiced separately from human medicine since animal

diseases differ largely from ________________ humans.
a. those affecting
b. what affecting

c. they are affecting

d. affecting of

14. INVERSION

Not until
Not only
Rarely
In no way
Never
Scarcely
Only

Ex:

Never
Under the

circumstances
With no exception
At no time
Seldom
Hardly
No sooner

Auxiliary
Does/Do/Did
Has/Have/Had

S+V

To be
Modal

1. Television did not get its start as a full-scaled broadcasting service in

the U.S until 1948

Not until 1948 did television get its start as a full-scaled broadcasting in
U.S
2. I have never seen such a beautiful rose
Never have I seen such a beautiful rose
3. Earthquake not only destroys the buildings but also the fragile
ecosystem
Not Only does the earthquake destroy the buildings but also the fragile
ecosystem.

19 TOEFL Section 2: Structure and Written Expression

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4. Rendang is seldom made of fish

Seldom is Rendang made of fish
Example:
1. Not until 1741 and the first installment of Benjamin Franklins General magazine
_______________ their first appearance in North America.
a. When did literary magazines begin to make
b. Did literary magazines begin to make
c. Literary magazine began to make
d. Began to make literary magazines
2. Not only ________________ the center of French language and culture in North
America, it is also the second largest province in Canada with respect to
population.
a. Considering Quebec
b. Where Quebec is considered
c. Quebec is considered
d. Is Quebec considered.
3. Not until fairly recently ____________ that land is not a limitless commodity.
a. Americans have realized
b. When have American realized
c. Have Americans realized
d. But Americans have realized
15. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
For Singular Noun
For Plural Noun

A, an, every, any, each, every, another

Two, three, .., both, several, various, numerous,
most, all, all of, of all, some, between, among, many,
few, a few, a number of, one of, a group of, a lot of,

For Countable Noun

For Uncountable Noun
For both Countable and
Uncountable Noun
Example:
-

lot of, other

Many, few, a few, a number of
Much, little, a little, the amount of
a lot of, some, most, all, all of, of all, a lot of, a lot,
more, none, one of, the majority of

Cone shells live in much different seas and feed mainly on small fish and
A
B
C
worms.
D
Another great artists of the time and possibly the most gifted silversmith in
A
B
C
the colonies was Paul Revere.
D
The sentence should read: Another great artist of the time and possibly the
most gifted silversmith in the colonies was Paul Revere. Therefore the correct
answer is (A)

16. NOUN CLAUSE

20 TOEFL Section 2: Structure and Written Expression

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A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun clauses most often
begin with the subordinating conjunction.
-

Who
Which
That
what

How
Why
When
Where

- How much
-Whatever
- How many
- If
- Whenever
- Whether
- Wherever
-Whoever

Since a noun clause acts as a noun, it can do anything that a noun can do. A noun
clause can be a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, an object of a preposition,
a subject complement, an object complement or an appositive.
Examples:
Whatever you decide is fine with me. [ Noun Clause as a subject]
S
V
Whether he continues his study next year or not remains unknown [NC as
subject]
S

That Jokowi chose many businessmen to join his cabinet is not surprising. [NC
as Subject]

He wondered why he had to live there alone . . .. He wondered where his

friends were, where his family was. He wondered what he had done to earn
himself this precarious and uncomfortable circumstance. He remembered
when he was a powerful man, successful, well-regarded." [ Noun Clause as
Object of the verb wonder and remember]
Lacey talked at length about how she had won the perogy-eating contest.
[ Noun Clause as object of the preposition about)
Sample from TOEFL:
different kinds of sleep has long been recognized.
a. There are
b. Although there are
c. Why there are
d. That there are
17. REVERSED WORDS
Example:
Specialization in industry creates workers lack who versatility in their ability to
A
B
C
D
step in to other jobs.

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The sentence should read: Specialization in industry creates workers who lack
versatility in their ability to step in to other jobs. Therefore, you the correct
answer is (C).
18.Omitted Words
Example:
Yosemite National Park is most well known its beautiful spouting geysers of all
A
B
C
sizes.
D
The sentence should read: Yosemite National Park is most well known for its
beautiful spouting geysers of all sizes. Therefore, the correct answer is (B).

19.UNNECESARY WORDS
Example:
While push-ups build your arms, shoulders and chest, sits-ups they strengthen
A
B
your abdominal muscles.
C
D
The sentence should read: While push-ups build your arms, shoulders and chest,
sits-ups strengthen your abdominal muscles. The word they is omitted. Therefore,
the correct answer is (B).

22 TOEFL Section 2: Structure and Written Expression

Compiled by : Nurfitrina Rosman