1.

Introduction
The growing competition for water and declining fresh water resources, the utilization of
marginal quality water for agriculture has posed a new challenge for environmental
management. In water scarce areas there are competing demands from different sectors on
the limited available water resources (Birdie and Birdie, 1998). The easy and cheaply
available groundwater is the most important resource for domestic, industrial and
agricultural uses etc. (Lamas and Santos, 2005). However, rapid growth of population,
vagaries of rainfall, expansion of irrigation, increased industrialization etc. have resulted into
enhanced demand for groundwater in various parts of the country (Duriaswami, 2005).
Industrial disposal of effluents on land and subsequent pollution of groundwater and soil of
surrounding farmlands is a relatively new area of research. Variations in availability of water
in time, quantity and quality can cause significant fluctuations in the economy of a country.
Hence, the conservation, optimum utilization and management of this resource for the
betterment of the economic status of the country become paramount (Singh et al., 2009).
The definition of water quality is Therefore, require different criteria of water quality as well
as standard methods for reporting and comparing results of water analysis (Khodapanah et
al., 2009). Disposal of treated and untreated industrial effluents on land has become a
regular practice for some industries.Industries located in Balasore town of Odisha state
dispose their effluents on land, and the farmers of the adjacent farmlands have complained
that their shallow open wells get polluted and also the salt content of soil has started
building up slowly. The present study attempts to check the quality of ground water in
different area locations of Balasore areas through primary surveys and information. This
study reveals that the quality of ground water available in the town regions of Balasore
used in the present study is not so polluted and minute changes are observed in the
proportion of chemical constituent. It is also observed that ground water quality may be
used safely for domestic, industrial and irrigation purposes.very much depending on the
desired use of water.
According to WHO organization, about 80%of all the diseases in human beings are caused by
water. Once the groundwater is contaminated, its quality cannot be restored back easily and to device ways and
means to protect it. Water quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality
of water to the concerned citizens and policy makers. It, thus, becomes an important parameter for the assessment
and management of groundwater. The greater part of the soluble constituents in ground water comes from soluble
minerals in soils and sedimentary rocks. The more common soluble constituents include calcium, sodium,
bicarbonate and sulphate ions. Another common constituent is chloride ion derived from intruded sea water, connate
water, and evapotranspiration concentrating salts, and sewage wastes for example. Nitrate can be a natural
constituent but high concentrations often suggest a source of pollution. Water quality standards are needed to
determine whether ground water of a certain quality is suitable for its intended use. Guidelines for Drinking Water
Quality have been published by IS: 10500- 2012. For Drinking water, quality is commonly expressed by classes of
relative Suitability, although most classification systems include units on specific conductance, sodium content and
boron concentration.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Study of contemporary literature

The assessment of water quality lies on carefully examining the delicate
interface between Physics, Chemistry and Biology. While the biological methods
show the degree of ecological imbalance, the chemical methods measure the
concentration of the pollutants (Shrotriya and Dubey 1991). The assessment and
evaluation, as well as devising methods for abatement of pollution, require a study of
these three components (Rana and Palria 1988).
Allhajjar et al., (1990) studied the effects of leachate from septic system
on the quality of under lying shallow ground water in the vicinity of the septic
systems were examined for two years in South Central Wisconsin. The increase in
the electrical conductivity value and chloride concentration in the ground water
sources with decreased distance from the drain suggested that these two parameters

can be taken as indicators for detecting plumes of contamination from septic system.
Ground water contamination was examined within a rural setting of the
Inner Blue grass karst region of Central Kentucky, USA for major ions including
nitrate and some species of bacteria by Scanlon (1990). These bacteria were
indicative of pollution from septic tank effluent, among other potential contamination
sources.
Along the stretch as reported by Sohetal (1991). By analyzing the physic
Sengai Pertama a tributary of Sungi Perai Malaysia received domestic and agricultural
effluents chemical para- meters it was observed that the water unfit for the domestic
use and fisheries.
Seigely et al., (1993) studied various chemical and bacteriological
parameters in the wells close to a feedlot and septic system of Audubon, USA. It was
observed the concentration of nitrate and bacterial counts were more pronounced in
the wells nearer the septic system.
Alla EI- Dinetal (1993) reported the quality of well water from six regions
of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia with respect to physic-chemical and bacteriologicalin nearby
area .The influence of sewage was clearly detectable by the high concentration of inorganic salts
in the wells located a few kilometers away from the sewage tratment plant.
Pollution profiles and mechanism of ground water contamination in Shijiazhuang city of
China were investigated and discussed byGuo et al ,.(1996). The results of analysis and
geochemical modelling showed that the main reason for ground water pollution in the city was
the leakage of sewage channels. Excessive concentration of inorganic salts was attributed to the
dissolution and dolomite and gypsum.
Malard et al., (1997) studied a limestone aquifer of DueBindorf, Switzerland relating to
physico chemical and biological dynamics for a period of two years. They found that the spatio temporal pattern of ground water contamination was due to the spillage of sewage effluents
through the fracture zone.
Bore wells of Caliber municipality ,Nigeria were sampled and analyzed using standard
field and laboratory techniques to determine the water quality status of ground water (Udom et
al., 1998) . Nkansah et al (2001) studied the ground water quality in the Kwahu west district of
Ghana. This investigation determined the use of physico-chemical parameters together with trace
metal contamination as indices of quality. Wright and Nobel (2002) compared the
contamination, of surface and ground water sources and soils in the vicinity, due to leaching,
percolation and infiltration.
Pradhan et al., (2003) investigated the quality of drinking water used bythe communities
and their awareness regarding water quality and water borne diseases in Bungamati Locality in
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The observation indicated that the factors responsible for
contaminating drinking water at source points included lack of protection and proper treatment
of water, leakage in pipe distribution system, intermittent supply of water, poor drainage system
and poor environment surrounding of water sources. So, the drinking water is not potable. The
communities are unaware of the quality of water they use. Incidence of water borne diseases
appears to be the common health problem among the sample households in the study region. It is
found more serious during the dry summer.
Gregor Muri (2004) studiedbasic physical and chemical characteristics of the water in
14 Slovenian mountain lakes. Surface water was sampled once a year over three consecutive
years (2000-2002). The influences of lake and catchment area properties on the measured

parameters were studied. The lakes tropic status and size of catchment area were found to affect
the water chemistry. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to identify the strength of
relation between the variables. The highest correlation was found among the alkalinity, calcium
and conductivity. Cluster analysis was additionally performed to obtain natural groupings in the
data. Finally, the condition of the lakes was assessed. Although the water quality has deteriorated
in some lakes (especially in Jezero na Planini pri Jezeru),most of the lakes are still in a good
condition Plateau and Salentine Peninsula in south-eastern Italy.They concluded that the
groundwater pollution is quite absent only in the interiors of these areas that constitute the
recharge zone and that groundwater flowing from these areas to the sea is progressively polluted.
This pollution load discharges into the sea or into wetlands and lagoons, constituting a huge
hazard for the ecological equilibrium.
Sajidu (2007) collected drinking water samples from boreholes and pipes at 23 sampling
sites, mostly villages within the district, for fluoride and other water physicochemical parameters
during dry and rainy seasons of 2004 and 2005 respectively. Fluoride endemic areas were
identified as those villages around Mtubwi F.P School and Liwonde L.E.A School. This finding
was supported by the prevalence of a high proportion of dental florosis in standard 3 and 4 pupils
in these two schools. Positive correlation was observed between concentrations of fluoride with
pH, total dissolved solids and carbonates, while phosphates correlated negatively with the
fluorides. No correlation was observed between concentrations of fluoride with nitrates, electro
conductivity, total hardness, carbonates and chlorides.
Akoto et al., (2007) studied the trace metals and some physiochemical properties in
drinking water samples from the Brong Ahafo region of the Republic of Ghana, where drinking
water is not treated before it is consumed. The concentrations of most of the investigated
parameters in the drinking water samples from Brong Ahafo region were within the permissible
limits of the World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines. There were no
correlations between metal concentrations in the drinking water samples.
Naaz Abaas, et al, (2007) determined the bacteriological analysis of hand pump water in
Pakistan for fecal contamination. He found that 67% of the samples were positive for fecal
streptococci. The minimum most probable number (MPN) was 3 and maximum was >2400 for
fecal streptococci. Of the 54 samples of fecal streptococci strains, 72.2% were identified as
enterococci.
Shittu et al., (2008) didpysicochemical and bacteriological analyses on well water,
stream water and river water used for drinking and swimming purposes in Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The results obtained were compared with WHO and EPA standards for drinking and recreational
water. With the exception of Sokori stream and a well water that did not comply with Turbidity
and Mg2+ standards respectively, all others were within the standards set for PH, Color, Total
solids, Total dissolved solids, acidity, total hardness, Ca2+ hardness, chloride and Iron.
Scoaris, et al, (2008) identified the presence of Aeromonas sp. in the bottled mineral
water, well water and tap water from the municipal supplies. The positive samples for mineral
water are 12.7%, well water 8.3% and tap water 6.5%. The recovery of Aeromonas sp. Was
significantly higher in the bottled and well water when compared with tap water from municipal
supplies One of the major source of groundwater contamination is the surface impoundments
used by municipalities and industries, which dispose of wastewater without treatment to the
receiving bodies or used by farmers for agriculture purpose. This research work was carried by J
akhrani (2009) to investigate the contamination level of groundwater by determination
of physical and chemical properties and was observed that the groundwater quality is

deteriorated because of higher concentration of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and
hardness as compared to WHO standards.
Li et al., (2009) studied the factors associated with chemical compliance
of drinking water in regional New South Wales, Australia. In particular, the findings of this study
should prompt mangers of water utilities to examine carefully the chemical quality of their
drinking water supply and identify opportunities for improvement. Water users should review
their data on source water and drinking water to determine whether there is need to optimize or
add treatment processes.
The contamination of surface waters through human activities has been intensified over
the past years as the population density has increased. In order to ascertain the drinking water
quality of Greater Zab River in Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq, for human consumptionKafiet al., (2009)
the following water quality parameters were determined which were chosen as the major
indicators namely pH, Total Dissolved Solid. EC, TH, Cl-, F-, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, NO3-, SO4
-2,PO4-3 and the concentration of eight heavy metals analyzed in this study were within the
guidelines given by WHO or US EPA for drinking water. The data analysis shows that the river
water is certainly unsafe for drinking purposes without any form of treatment, but safe for various
other surface water usage purposes.
Omofonmwan (2009), examined the effects of solid waste on the quality of underground
water in Benin metropolis, Nigeria. The analysis of physical, chemical and biological parameters
of raw water from eight wells collected around the metropolis close to refuse dumps shows that
these wastes produce leachates and gases when they are decomposing and are washed by
percolating and infiltration rain water into ground water. However, most of the water parameters
tested fall within WHO recommendations, while some are not safe.
Evens Emmanuelet al., (2009) carried out the study of Groundwater contamination by
microbiological and chemical substances released from hospital wastewater. Contamination of
natural aquatic ecosystems by hospital wastewater is a major environmental and human health
issue. Disinfectants, pharmaceuticals,radionuclides and solvents are widely used in hospitals for
medical purposes and research. COD,Chloroform, Dichlomethane, Dibromochloromethane,
Dichlorobromomethane and Bromoform contents were measured. Furthermore, the presence of
heavy metals (Chrome, Nickel and Lead) and faecal coliforms were studied. Certain aspects of
the scenario studied require improvement, especially those relating to the characterisation of
drugs in groundwater and the detection of other microbiological indicators such as protozoa,
enterococcus and viruses.
Water samples were collected by Ocheri Maxwell (2010) from 26 rural community
boreholes and analyzed for iron concentrations as it affects the quality of water for drinking in
line with WHO drinking water standards for both rainy and dry seasons. Iron concentrations in
the boreholes were noted to be higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The source of
iron in groundwater may be attributed to dissolution of iron minerals from rock and soils,
corrosion effect of galvanized hand pump components and land use activities.
Ramirez et al (2010) investigated the source of microbiological and chemical
contamination of groundwater in Cuautla-Yautepec aquifer in Mexico and observed a gradient
for dissolved solids according to altitude; the concentrations of dissolved solids increased in
wells with lower altitudes.
Alnos Easaand (2010) collected groundwater samples at the pumping level. Harmful
effects of waste water on the chemical compositions of ground water were detected.

Gil et al., (2010)reported that the south of Europe is suffering an acute shortage of water.
One way to solve this deficit is to use membrane bioreactors (MBR) to reuse the treated
wastewater for tasks where drinking water is not required, e.g. irrigation. The aim of this
research was to monitor physicalchemical (COD,BOD, and TN) and microbiological (EF, TC,
and FC) parameters, as well as the energy costs in a Kubota MBR pilot plant located in Southeast
Spain for one year, as well as to check the feasibility of the MBR process. The system showed a
high robustness providing a fairly constant effluent with a large reduction of the entry
pollutants and thus providing a highly reliable operation. High TSS, COD, BOD, NH+4 and TN
removal efficiencies up to 97, 94, 95, 98 and 81% respectively where achieved. The removal of
the different microbials was quite high, with values in the permeate below 10 colony forming
units (CFUs) most of the time.
Celalettin et al 2010 evaluated the bacteriological and chemical analysis of drinking
water used in Kenya. Among 191 drinking water samples collected from 23 different regions of
23 Kenya districts, it was determined that the values of Ca, Mg, & Cl in 2 samples exceeded the
suggested levels. As a result of bacteriological analysis evaluation of total 2039 mains water
samples collected from 31 different regions it was observed that there was 5.3% contamination
rate.
Gregory et al., (2011) studied the water quality used for washing carcasses and abattoir premises
at two sites in southeast Bangladesh. In addition, the effect of discharging untreated washings
from slaughter premises on water purity in the receiving waterways was assessed from pH,
dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity measurements. Premises effluents did not have a
significant effect on the physico-chemical properties of the water in the receiving canals, as
determined from the difference between the 4 m upstream and 4 m downstream samples, relative
to the entry point of the effluent.
Christopher et al., (2011) reported the environmental impact of leachate pollutants on
ground water samples from three boreholes located near a landfill at Akure, Nigeria. The
concentration of waste materials in the landfill site had systematically polluted the soil and
groundwater over time. Water hardness was higher due to the leaching of both Ca and Mg into
the groundwater table. Dumping of industrial wastes and accumulation of heavy metals are
considered the greatest hazard on landfill site from the study. Presence of Fe, Pb and Cr in
detectable quantities was an indication of toxicity level in the groundwater and therefore poses
serious environmental risk to humans, animals and even the soil.
Vialle et al., (2011) studiedthe quality of harvested rainwater used for toilet flushing in a
private house in the south-west of France over a one-year period. Temperature, pH, conductivity,
colour, turbidity, anions, cations, alkalinity, total hardness and total organic carbon were screened
using standard analytical techniques.Total flora at 22o C and 36o C, total coliforms, Escherichia
coli and enterococci were analysed. Overall, the collected rainwater had good physicochemical
quality but did not meet the requirements for drinking water. The stored rainwater is
characterised by low conductivity, hardness and alkalinity compared to mains water. Three
widely used bacterial indicators - total coliforms, E. coli and enterococci - were detected in the
majority of samples, indicating microbiological contamination of the water.
Pearl Kaplan et al., (2011) presented studies on theoccurrence of Biochemically Active
Compounds during Drinking water treatment plants in North Carolina. They highlighted the
complexities in safeguarding drinking water sources from anthropogenic contaminants including
the determination of BACs that remain unchanged through drinking water treatment and the
identification of transformation products of BACs resulting from disinfection. The

transformation of BACs duringdrinking water treatment is important to guide future occurrence

studies and direct policy decisions that protect the safety of drinking water for consumers.
RAMKRISHNA Ch.10 carried out studies on ground water status by water quality index at Visakhapattanam
(India) Commensurate with the growth of industrial and allied activities in and around Visakhapatnam city; its area
grew from 30 km2 in 1960 to over 80 km2 to date. The city's population according to 2001 census is about 1.33
million. Water supply has always been inadequate in this city with the crisis growing along with the cities progress.
Today's water requirement is 360 million gallons per day. The existing Thatipudi, Gossthani, Meghadrigadda and
Mudasarlova can hardly meet 50 % of the need. Rajwada water scheme can add a little more, therefore the supply
capacity needs to be augmented. The only viable solution is to transport water from Godavari. Apart from the
municipal supply the population also depends upon the ground water reservoirs.Groundwater quality of southern
India is strongly dependent on bedrock geology and climate but may also be impacted in parts by pollution,
particularly from agricultural and industrial sources.
Amaliya N.K. and Sugirtha P. Kumar11 carried out ground water quality status by water quality index
method at Kanyakumari (INDIA), that the Quality Index assessment method is used to monitor the pollution status
of water samples by integrating the water quality variables. The aim of this work is to monitor the pollution level of
ground water samples from different places of Kanyakumari district. For calculating the Quality Index the
following18 water quality variables such as EC, TDS, DO, TH, pH, alkalinity, calcium, sodium, magnesium,
sulphate, phosphate, potassium, chloride, fluoride, manganese and nitrate Have been considered. The different
ground water samples of Kanyakumari district have quality index values ranging from8.45 to 162.3. In this present
work the status of water quality is found to be good for consumption and other purposes except Kalkulam bore well
water sample.
Rajankar P. N. et. al (2013)12 carried out evaluation of tube well water quality using W.Q.I. in Wardha
(India). Using W.Q.I. Some tehsile of district Wardha were evaluated. It is calculated by parameters, such as pH,
turbidity, Temp., D.O., B.O.D. in the residential, commercial and agricultural area. Some Other physico-chemical
parameters are E.C., Total hardness, calcium hardness (as CaCO3), SO4 (sulphate), chlorides (as Cl-), Na+ (sodium)
and K+ (potassium) etc. Final parameters are compared with B.I.S. (Bureau of Indian Standard).

Study area:Balasore is a city in the state of Odisha, about 194 kilometres (121 mi) north of the State capital Bhubaneswar,
in eastern India. It is the administrative headquarters of Balasore district. It is best known for Chandipur beach.
It is also the site of the Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program's Integrated Test Range, located 18 km. south
of Balasore. The Defence Research and Development Organisation developed many different missiles such
as Nag, Brahmos, Agni Missile among others here.This is where famous freedom fighter Jatindranath
Mukherjee also known as Bagha Jatin got injured and died fighting the British. The most spoken language in
Balasore is Odia.

Geaography:-

Balasore district is located in the northeast of the state of Odisha and lies between 21 3' to 21 59' north
latitude and 86 20' to 87 29' east longitude. The average altitude of the district is 19.08 metre. The district has
a total area of 3634 km2. It is bounded by Midnapore district of West Bengal in its North, the Bay of Bengal in
the east, Bhadrak district in the South and Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts on its western side.
Balasore is also known " The city of Land on Sea Shore" or " City of Sand"
Broadly the district can be divided into three geographical regions, namely, the Coastal belt, the inner alluvial
plain and the North-Western hills. The coastal belt is about 81 km wide and shaped like a strip. In this region,
sand dunes are noticed along the coast with some ridges. This region is mostly flooded with brackish water of
estuarine rivers which is unsuitable for cultivation. Presently this area is utilized for coconut and betel
cultivation. Shrimp culture and salt manufacturing units are also developing in this area recently. The second
contiguous geographical region is deltaic alluvial plain. It is a wide stretch of highly fertile and irrigated land.
This area is highly populous and devoid of any jungle. The third region, north-western hilly region covers most
of Nilagiri Sub-division. It is mostly hilly terrain and vegetated with tropical semi-ever green forests. The Hills
of Nilagiri has the highest peak of 543 metre above the sea level. The scheduled tribes of the district are mostly
seen in this region of valuable forest resources and stone quarries.
Balasore, the coastal district of Odisha is crisscrossed with perennial and estuarine rivers because of its
proximity to the sea. Two important rivers of Odisha, namely :- Budhabalanga and Subarnarekha pass through

this district from west to east before surging into the Bay of Bengal. The irrigation system in Balasore district
is very much widespread.
The soil of Balasore district is mostly alluvial laterite. The soil of Central region is mostly clay, clay loam and
sandy loam which is very fertile for paddy and other farm produces. Nilagiri Sub-division is mostly gravelly
and lateritic soil, which is less fertile. A small strip of saline soil is also seen along the extreme coastal part of
the district.

Division:Balasore is the district headquarters. The district is further divided into 2 subdivisions, 12 blocks for
undertaking developmental works in the rural areas, 7 tehsils for revenue and administrative purposes and 289
(257 old + 32 new) Gram Panchayats . Besides there are 4 towns consisting of 1 municipality and 3
NACs(Notified Area Councils). These local bodies look into civic aspects of urban areas. Also, there are
2971 villages, out of which 2602 are inhabited.

Blocks
The names of the various blocks are given below:
1. Balasore subdivision - Bahanaga, Balesore, Baliapal, Basta, Bhograi, Jaleswar, KHAIRA, Remuna,
Simulia, Soro.
2. Nilagiri subdivision - Nilagiri, Oupada.

Tehsils
Tehsils - Balasore, Bhograi, Baliapal, Basta, Jaleswar, Nilagiri, Simulia, Soro, Remuna & khaira.

Water quality Analysis Reports of Balasore town

S. No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Parameters

Reading
1

Reading
2

Average

8.42

8.365

PH

8.31

EC

445

945

TDS

315

776

545.5

325.98

695

Standard Deviation

0.08
353.55

PA

10

35

22.5

17.68

TA

140

230

185

63.64

TH

145

225

185

56.57

Ca

35

75

55

28.28

Mg

4.55

40.15

22.35

Na

18

55

36.5

26.16

3.5

19.5

11.5

11.31

Cl

10.61

65.28

37.945

38.66

6.5

92.7

49.6

60.95

SO4

25.17

CO3

2.4

36

19.2

23.76

HCO3

105.8

215.8

160.8

77.78

NO3

4.4

2.2

3.11

0.1

0.05

0.07

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