Fem

10
INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) &

APPLICATION
10.1
Introduction
10.2
Steps used
10.3
Potential Energy
10.3.1 Principal of Minimum Potential Energy
10.4
Computer Aided Stress Analysis Technique
10.5
Elements Type and Shape
10.6
One Dimensional Problems
10.6.1 Natural Coordinate or Intrinsic Coordinate
10.6.2 Isoparametric Element
10.6.3 Element Strain Displacement Matrix
10.6.4 Element Stiffness Matrix
10.6.5 Forces
Application of Finite Element Analysis using
Software
10.7.1 Application of Finite Element Analysis using 1D element
10.7
10.
INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) & ITS

APPLICATION USING SOFTWARE
This chapter presents the brief discussion of Finite Element Approach

followed by application using ANSYS software. In this Chapter step by step
instructions are given to model and analyze the different type of problems using
1d, 2d & 3d elements. Students are advised to solve the problems of the book
using the Analytical approach as stated in Chapter 1 to 9 and validate the
problems in same way as stated in present chapter. Present chapter discuss the
GUI (Graphic User Interface) steps used for solving the few Examples as
discussed in preceding chapters by Finite Element Approach.
If you face any problems with instructions given in this chapter, feel free to
contact at author Email address.
10.1
Introduction
It is approximate numerical technique used in design analysis to find value
of field variable/unknown. Finite element method can be used to obtain solutions to

a large class of engineering problems involving stress analysis, heat transfer,
electromagnetism etc
10.2
Steps used
FEM consist of six steps as follows
1) Discretization
2) Selecting the solution approximation
3) Forming element matrices
4) Assembly
5) Finding the unknown
6) Interpretation
1)
Discretization
This is the first step in FEM & hence it is important process. In this step
continuum is divided in to finite number of elements. The elements are connected

to each other through node. The Discretization of continuum in element & node is
called mesh generation. Dividing the continuum in to more number of elements is
always preferable as more accurate solution will obtain by having more elements.
More elements of continuum leads to expensive solution in discretization process
2)
Selecting the Solution Approximation

To find-out the value of field variables with in the element or over the
element domain certain expression as assume. This expression will be useful to

find out the value of field variable over the element. Generally expression is
assumed to polynomial because it is easier to integrate or differentiate.
Assumption of expression is first assumption in FEM
3)
Forming Element Matrices

The total analysis of continuum is first carried out by considering only one
element out of total number of elements. Thus single element is analyze for
equilibrium.
The equation of equilibrium is generally written in matrix from and therefore
element matrix is formed. Element matrix is stiffness matrix, displacement matrix,
force matrix etc. Element matrix is formed by using four methods:
a) Direct method
b) Variational Approach method
c) Weighted residual approach
d) Energy method
Out of these four methods generally variational approach & weighted
residual approach is mostly used in mechanical engineering problem. Variational
approach is used for stress analysis problem while weighted residual method is
used thermo fluid problem.
4)
Assembly
The element matrix develops for all elements are assembled together or
sum up together to form global matrix. Thus global matrix is representation of
whole continuum. Algebraic equations based on global matrix are than solved,
before solving equation it is necessary to apply boundary condition.
5)
Finding the Unknown

The algebraic equation develops by assembly matrices are solved by using
Gauss Elimination method to find out the value of field variables or unknown.
Generally the values of field variables are find out at the nodal point
6)
Interpretation
The results obtained by using total analysis are than interpreted by design
analyst in order to modify the design to yield better design product. This is
important and critical stage for taking a decision for modification of design.
10.3
Potential Energy
The total potential energy of an elastic body is defined as the sum of total
strain energy (U) and the work potential (Ref Fig 10.1).
= Strain energy + Work potential
(U)
(WP)
For linear elastic materials, the strain energy per unit volume in the body
is
1
2
. For an elastic body, the total strain energy is given by
U 1 T dV
2V
The work potential WP is given by
WP uTfdV uTTdS uT
i Pi
V
The total potential energy for the general elastic body
1 T dV uTfdV uTTdS uTi Pi

2V
i
V
S
(10.2)
The expression for total potential energy for whole body
1 T
Q KQ Q T F
2
Where, Q= Global displacement matrix

K=Global stiffness matrix which is obtained by assembling
element stiffness matrix
F= Global force matrix which is obtained by assembling body
force, traction force & point force
10.3.1 Principal of Minimum Potential Energy
This is important principle used for FE analysis. Its state that summation of
strain energy and work potential for any elastic body is minimum, if body is in
equilibrium. Work potential is potential energy due to external force.
Consider any elastic body subjected to force P. Let u be deformation of
spring due to external force and K is the stiffness of spring
P
u
K
Fig.10.1 Spring with point force

Strain Energy stored in the spring
U = (force in the spring) (displacement)
= (Ku) u
= K u2
Potential energy of the external load p
Wp = (load) (displacement from zero potential state)
=-Pu
Let represents summation of strain energy and work potential. is called as
total potential energy.
Total potential energy, = total strain energy + Work potential
= U+ Wp
= K u2 p u
for minimum of , /u = 0
Kup=0
Ku = p
10.4
(10.1)
Computer Aided Stress Analysis Technique

The following steps are used to do the analysis using CAE
(Computer Aided Engineering):

1)
Preprocessing
I. Change jobname
II. Define element type
III. Define material properties
IV. Define section or real constant
V. Create geometrical model
VI. Define mesh attributes
VII. Create mesh
VIII. Define loading and boundary conditions
2)
Solution
I. Solve
3)
Postprocessing
I.
Plot the deformed shape
II. Plot the contour plot of deflection and stresses

III. List the reactions
IV. Exit the ANSYS program
10.5 Elements Type & Shape
There are basically three type of elements used in FE analysis

I. 1 d element
II. 2d element
III. 3d element
1-d element
Used for geometries having one of the dimension very large as
comparison to the other two dimensions (Ref Fig.10.2). Geometrical model of
1-d elements represent 1 out of three require dimensions and can be modeled
by a line ( length of the part). When the element is created by connecting two
nodes or meshing the line, only one out of three dimensions is defined.
Remaining two dimensions i.e. area of cross section (width & height) must be
defined with additional input data and assigned to respective elements.
x>>y, z
1000>>4, 8
Fig.10.2
Different type of 1d element are used in FE analysis e.g. rod, beam, pipe,
spring, damper & gap element etc. 1 d element is easy to generate and can be
used for specific application like membrane, bending. It can be used for analysis of
long shaft, beam, tapered beam etc
Fig.10.3
2-d elements
Used when two of the dimensions are very large compared to
the third dimension (Ref Fig.10.4).It can be used for meshing of all sheet
metal parts, plastic components like instrument panel etc. In general 2-d
meshing is used for parts having width/thickness ratio > 20.
500,300>>5
x, z>>>y
Fig.10.4
2-d elements are planar and meshing is carried out on mid surface of the part.
Geometrical model of 2-d elements represent 2 out of 3 require dimensions
(Ref. Fig.10.5). The third dimension i.e. thickness has to be provided by user
during meshing stage. Each element in the mesh can have different thickness
and material properties.
Mid Surface
t=Thickness of Plate
Fig.10.5
Mathematically, element thickness specified half on elements top
and half on bottom side. Hence, in order to represent the element geometry
appropriately, it is necessary to extract mid surface and mesh on the mid
surface.
There are basically two type of 2d element are used in FE analysis
e.g. Trai, Quad. Each node of 2d element has got 6 DOF.
Fig.10.6
The element consider so far are linear type of element i.e. joint
between two node is line. These elements are useful for discretizing the body
which are having the straight boundary. The body having irregular or curved,
quadratic or cubic nature elements are used. Numbers of nodes/element are
increased for Quadratic or cubic nature of element (Ref. Fig.10.7).
Fig.10.7
3-d Elements
Used when all the three dimension are comparable. Solid
elements could not be twisted or bended and has very high bending/torsional
stiffness and hence each node of 3d element have got 3 DOF (Translation).3d
elements are used for analysis of thick body like parts made of casting,
stamping, brackets etc
x~y~z 100~200~50
Fig.10.8
There are three types of 3d solid elements are used in FE analysis

i. Tetrahedron
ii. Penta or wedge
iii. Hex or brick
Hex or brick elements preferable as compare to tetra elemnt.Hex meshing

are difficult to generate for curved body with small radius fillet. Most of the time hex
meshing generated in combination with penta mesh, whereas tet meshing is quite
easy to generate. Majority of engineering analysis are carried out considering tet
element as ease to generate.
Fig.10.9
10.6
One Dimensional Problems
10.6.1 Natural Coordinate (Intrinsic coordinate)
Let the node 1 & 2 of the
e element are located at x1 & x2 distance from
absolute datum
Fig.10.10
Consider a typical finite element e in the local coordinate system (Fig 10.10),
we define a natural co-ordinate system, denoted by
2
( x x1 ) 1
x2 x1
(10.3)
Natural coordinate is used to define the shape function for 1d element can
be defined as
1
2
1
N 2 ( )
2
N1 ( )
(10.4)
For 1d element there are two shape functions i.e. N 1 & N2.These shape function
are used for linear approximation, which helps to find displacement of any point
over the element in terms of nodal displacement. Let q 1 & q2 is displacement of
nodes 1& 2 than displacement of any point u within the element
expressed as
u=N1q1+N2q2
u1
(10.5)
can be
Fig.10.11
The variation of shape function over the element is shown in Fig. 10.12
N1=1
Fig.10.12, variation of shape function over the element

10.6.2
Isoparametric Element
We know displacement of point over element is expressed as

u=N1q1+N2q2
(10.6)
It is observed that geometric position of any point can also expressed in terms of
shape function
x=N1x1+N2x2
(10.7)
From equation (10.6) & (10.7), it is clear that displacement as well as geometry
of element are expressed by same parameter (Shape function) of the same order
such element are called Isoparametric element
10.6.3
Element Strain Displacement Matrix

The equation of strain for the element can be given as:
du
dx
Where du is small displacement of element having

length dx
Using chain rule of differentiation, we have
du d
d dx
(10.8)
We have
2x x1
1
x2 x1
d
2
dx x 2 x1
Therefore,
(10.9)
We know,
u=N1q1+N2q2
1
1
= (
)q1 (
)q 2
2
2
du q1 q 2
d
2
(10.10)
Substituting equation (10.9) & (10.10) in equation (10.8), we have
q1 q 2
2
x 2 x1
1
q1 q 2
x 2 x1
1
q1 q 2
le
(10.11)
Where le is length of element

Equation (10.11) can be written in matrix form as
Bq
Where, B =
(10.12)
1
[-1 1] & q=
le
q1

q 2
B is called element strain displacement matrix

Stress over the element can be given as
EBq
Where, E is modulus of elasticity
10.6.4
Element Stiffness Matrix

Expression for strain energy for element can be given as
le
1 T
dv
2 o
Ue
or
le
1
U e T Adx
20
Where, A=Area of element, Ue is strain energy

Substituting EBq & Bq in expression of strain energy
Ue
1
( EBq ) T BqAdx
2 le
1 T T
q B EBqAdx
2 le
1 T
q ( EAB T Bdx )q
2
le
X
2
1 T
T
= q ( AEB B dx)q
2
X1
(10.13)
We know,
2x x1
1
x 2 x1
Therefore,
d
2
dx x 2 x1
dx
le
d
2
(10.14)
Substituting equation (10.14) in equation (10.13)

1
1
le
Ue q T ( AEB T B d )q
2
2
1
1
le
= q T ( AEB T B 2)q
2
2
1 T
1 1
q AE 2 1 1leq
2
le 1
1 T AE 1 1
q
q
2
le 1 1
1 T e
q K q
2
(10.15)
Where Element Stiffness matrix,

Ke =
AE 1 1
le 1 1
(10.16)
It is clear from the expression of Ke that element stiffness matrix depend upon
material parameter (E) & geometrical property (A & le)
10.6.5
Forces
Forces acting on body are classified in three types:

i. Body force
ii. Traction Force
iii. Pt. force
i. Body force: Force acting on body which is uniformly distributed .Body force is
always expressed as force/volume e.g. weight
ii. Traction force: Force which is acting over the surface of body. Traction force
is expressed as force/area. Frictional force acting on the body, viscous force &
surface force are example of traction force. In case of 1d element traction force is
expressed as force/length.
iii. Point Force: External forces acting on the body. They are always expressed
in absolute unit of force.
Fig.10.13 one dimensional bar loaded by traction, body and point loads
i.
Elemental Body Force Matrix

The potential energy due to body force is given as
le
fAdx
Where f=body force /volume
Substituting u=N1q1+N2q2, we have potential energy due to body force

=
N q
1 1
le
le
N 2 q2 fAdx
N1q1 fAdx N 2 q2 fAdx

le
Writing the equation in matrix form
fA N 1 dx
T
le
q
=
fA N dx
2
le
We have,
le
1 le
d
2
2
le
N1dx
(10.17)
le 1
d
=
2 1 2
1
le 1
1
2
=
2 2
4 1
N1dx
le
2
(10.18)
N 2 dx
le
2
(10.19)
le
Similar way
le
Substituting equation (10.18) & (10.19) .in equation (10.17), we have potential
energy due to body force
le
fA
T
2
The potential energy due to body force = q le
fA
= q t fe
(10.20)
Where, Elemental body force

fe=
ii.
fAle
2
1
1
(10.21)
Elemental Traction Force

The potential energy due to traction force is given as
le
Tdx
Where T=Traction force/length
Substituting u=N1q1+N2q2, we have potential energy due to body force

=
=
N q
1 1
le
le
N 2 q2 Tdx
N1q1Tdx N 2 q2Tdx
le
Writing the equation in matrix form
T N 1 dx
le
= q
T N 2 dx
le
(10.22)
We have
N1dx
le
2
(10.23)
N 2 dx
le
2
(10.24)
le
le
Substituting equation (10.23) & (10.24) in equation (10.22), we have

potential energy due to body force
T
T
=q
T
le
2
le
= qT T e
Where,
Te =
Tle 1
2 1
(10.25)
Where, Te=Elemental traction force matrix
Dividing the complete body in to 3 element and 4 node
Example 10.1
Consider the stepped bar as shown in Fig10.14 .Each element are the crosssection and length A1, A2, A3, l1, l2 and l3 respectively and body force f per unit
volume. Traction forces on each element are T1, T2 andT3per unit length. The
modulus of elasticity for stepped bar is E. A concentrated load P is applied at node
2.Explain the complete procedure for finding the stresses and reactions
T1
A1 l1
2
P
T2
A2 l2
2
3
T3
A3 l3
4
Fig.10.14
Global force matrix can be written by considering body force, traction force and
point force
fA1l1 T1l1
2
2
fA l
fA2l2 T1l1 T2l2

11
2
2
2
F 2
fA2l2 fA3l3 T2l2 T3l3
2
2
2
2
fA3l3 T3l3
2
2
Potential energy of whole body can be written as
1
Q T KQ Q T F
2
By applying the Min. Potential Energy, matrix equation obtained will be
KQ F
K11
K
21
K 31
K 41
K12
K 22
K13
K 23
K 32
K 42
K 33
K 43
K14 Q1 F1
K 24 Q2 F2

K 34 Q3 F3
K 44 Q4 F4
The element of global stiffness matrix K is known ie K11, K12 etc are already
evaluated. Similarly F1, F2, F3&F4 represent the force acting on node 1, 2,3&4.
Value of force is already evaluated
In this problem node 1 is fixed, therefore the first element of global force
matrix i.e F1 the reaction force R1 is to be added .The equation can be solved using
elimination approach. Before applying elimination approach it is necessary to apply
boundary condition. The elimination approach state, element of displacement
matrix if boundary condition applies than eliminate the corresponding row and
column from matrix equation for solving the algebraic equation.
In this problem the boundary condition is apply to first element of global
displacement matrix. Therefore deleting first row and first column from matrix
equation
K11 K12
K
21 K 22
K 31 K 32
K 41 K 42
K13
K 23
K 33
K 43
K14 Q1 F1 R1
K 24 Q2 F2

K 34 Q3 F3
K 44 Q4 F4
Matrix equation reduces to
K 22
K
32
K 42
K 23
K 33
K 43
K 24 Q2 F2

K 34 Q3 F3
K 44 Q4 F4
Matrix equation leads to three algebraic equations with three unknown i.e. Q2,
Q3&Q4, which can be evaluated to get displacement at node point. From
displacement at nodal point the strain, stress over the element can be evaluated by
equation
Strain
1 B1q
=
q1

q 2
1
[-1 1]
le
Stress
1 E
Similarly the strain and stress for element 2 and 3 can be evaluated
Reaction force at node 1 can also be find out considering algebraic equation
formed using 1st row of matrix .Thus we have
K11Q1 K12Q2 K13Q3 K14Q4 F1 R1

10.7
Application of Finite Element Analysis using Software
10.7.1 Application of Finite Element Analysis using 1d element

Example 10.2
Stepped bar in Fig 10.15 of 600mm length, carries point force, P=300KN.Using the
elimination Approach for handling the boundary conditions, determine stress and
reaction on bar. Verify the results using the ANSYS software
400 mm2
250 mm2
1
150
150
300
Fig.10.15
Dividing the complete body in to 3 element and 4 node
Element stiffness matrix for element 1, 2 and 3
K1
A1 E 1 1
l1 1 1
250 x 200 x103

150
1 1
1 1
1 11
= 333.33x10
1 1 2
3
K2
A2 E 1 1
l2 1 1
2
1 1 2
1 1 3
A E 1 1
K3 3
l3 1 1
= 333.33x103
1 1 3
1 1 4
= 266.66x103
Global stiffness matrix

1
333.33
0
0 1
333.34
333.33 333.34
333.34
0 2
3 333.34
K 10
0
333.34
333.34 266.6 266.6 3
0
266.6
266.6 4
0
0
0
333.34 333.33
666.67 333.34
0
3 333.34
10
0
333.34 599.94 266.6
0
266.6
266.6
0
Neglecting the body force and traction force
The global force matrix contains only the point force P act at node 2, while at node
1 & 4 reaction force are acting represented by R 1 and R4
R1
300 X 10 3
F=
0
R4
Using the principal of minimum potential energy the matrix equation can be written
as
F KQ
333.33
0
0 Q1 R1
333.34
333.33 333.34
333.34
0 Q2 300 X 103
3 333.34
10

0
333.34
333.34 266.6 266.6 Q3
0
Q
0
0
266
.
6
266
.
6
R
4
4
Using elimination approach, deleting the first and fourth row and column as the
beam is fixed at node 1 & 4
The matrix equation reduces to
666.68 333.34 Q2 300 X 103

103
333
.
34
599
.
9
0
The matrix equation leads to two algebraic equations as
103 666.66Q2 333.34Q3 300 X 103 (10.26)
103 333.3Q2 599.9Q3 0 (10.27)

Solving equation (10.26) & (10.27), we get
Q3=0.346 mm
Q4=0.623 mm
Strain on element 1
Q
1
1 1 1
le
Q2
0
1
1 1
1
0.0041
150
0.623
1 B1q
Stress on element 1
1 E1 200 X 109 X 0.0041 0.82 X 109 N / m2

Strain on element 2
Q
1
1 1 2
le
Q3
0.623
1
1 1
2
0.0018
150
0.396
2 B2 q
Stress on element 2
2 E 2 200 X 109 X (0.0018) 0.36 X 109 N / m2

Strain on element 3
Q
1
1 1 3
le
Q4
0.396
1
1 1
3
0.0011
150
0
3 B3 q
Stress on element 3
3 E 3 200 X 109 X (0.0011) 0.22 X 109 N / m2

Reaction force at node 1
103 (333.34Q1 333.34Q2 ) R1

R1=-207.67X103N
Reaction force at node 4
103 (266.6Q3 266.6Q4 ) R4

R4=-92.32X103N
FE analysis using ANSYS software
Solution
A) Preprocessing
1) Define Type of Element
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Link>2D spar1>OK>
Close
2) Define Material Model

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural >Linear >
Elastic >Isotropic > EX=200E3 & PRXY=0.3 >OK
3) Define Real Constant
Preprocessor > Real constants>Add/edit/delete>Add>OK>cross-sectional
area>enter 250 >OK
Preprocessor > Real constants>Add/edit/delete>Add>OK>cross-sectional
area>enter 400 >OK
4) Build the Model
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Node> In Active CS > Key point Number =1 &
X, Y, Z locations in active CS=0, 0, 0 >Apply > Keypoints> In Active CS Key point
Number =2 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=150,0,0 > Apply> Keypoints> In Active
CS Key point Number =3 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=300,0,0 > Apply>
Keypoints> In Active CS Key point Number =4 & X, Y, Z locations in active
CS=600,0,0 > Apply
5) Meshing
5a) Mesh attributes for element 1 and 2
Preprocessor > modeling >create>element>element attribute>Element type
number=1link1, material number 1, real constant set number 1
5b) Mesh Generation for element 1 and 2
Preprocessor > modeling> create > element> pick node 1&2 >Apply>again pick
node 2&3 >OK
5c) Mesh attributes for element 3
Preprocessor > modeling >create>element>element attribute>Element type
number=1link1, material number 1, real constant set number 2
5d) Mesh Generation for element 3
Preprocessor > modeling> create > element> pick node 3 &4 >OK
7) Loading
Preprocessor >Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >Force/Moment > On
Nodes > Pick Node 2 > Apply Force in Fx direction (300e3 N)
8) Boundary Conditions
Preprocessor >Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > on
Nodes > Pick Node at point 1&4 > All DOF
B )Solve
1) Solution
Solution > Solve >Current LS
C) Post processing
1) Contour Plot of displacement
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour plot >Nodal Solu > DOF Solution
>Displacement Vector sum
2) Contour Plot of stress
2a) Define additional elemental data
General Postproc > Elemental Table >add> Define additional elemental data
appears,in the scroll box on the left click once on By sequence num >highlight LS
on the right scroll box>Enter 1 after LS ,in the white box below the right scroll
box>OK
2b) Plot Elemental Table
General Postproc > Elemental Table>plot elem table>OK
3) Reaction
General Postproc > list results>highlight all struc forc F>OK
D) Model Save
1) File>save as> Stepped_beam.db
E) Exit ANSYS
1) Quit from ANSYS toolbar
Table-10.1, Comparison of Analysis Results

Stress/Reactions
Stress at element 1
(N/mm2)
Stress at element 2
(N/mm2)
Stress at element 3
(N/mm2)
Reaction on node 1
(KN)
Reaction on node 4
(KN)
Analytical
Approach
(FEM)
820
FEM(ANSYS) %
Using
difference
830.769
1.3
-360
-369.231
2.5
-220
-235.897
6.8
-207.67
-207.69
-92.32
-92.31
Example 10.3
A cantilever rectangular beam (200mmx150 mm) of 3 m long carries vertical point
load of 4 KN at free end. Find the deflection of beam at free end. Take E=210GPa
and poissions ratio = 0.3
Solution
A) Preprocessing
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Beam (2 node 188)>
OK>Close
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural >Linear >
Elastic >Isotropic > EX=210E3 & PRXY=0.3 >OK
3) Define Section of Beam
Preprocessor > Sections > Beam > Common Sections, Sub type pick rectangular
section (define ID=1, Name= Rectangular Beam, B=200 & H=150) >Apply to see
the sectional property>close
4) Build the Model
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS > Key point Number
=1 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=0, 0, 0 >Apply > Keypoints> In Active CS Key
point Number =2 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=3000, 0, 0 > OK
Preprocessor >Modeling > Create >lines >Lines > Straight line > pick key point 1 &
2 > OK
Fig-10.16, Model
5) Meshing
5a) Mesh Attributes
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Element Attributes >Set (Element type
number = 1 Beam 188, Material Number=1 & Section Number= 1 rectangular
beam), press button OK
5b) Element Size
Preprocessor >Meshing > Mesh Tool >Size Controls >Global Set> Element Edge
length (Define 25)
5c) Mesh Generation
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Mesh: picked line > Press button Mesh >
picked the line from graphics> OK
6) Display of Meshed Model in 3D
Plot Control >Style >Size & Shape > Display of element, Press button on
7) Loading
Preprocessor >Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >Force/Moment > On
Nodes > Pick Node at point A > Apply Force in FY direction (-4000 N)
Preprocessor >Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > on
Nodes > Pick Node at point B > All DOF
B )Solve
1) Solution
C) Postprocessing
1) Contour Plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour plot >Nodal Solu > DOF Solution
>Displacement Vector sum
2) 3D Display of Results
Put Power Graph button on ANSYS toolbar menu to see the results in 3D
D) Model Save
1) File>save as> Rectangular_beam.db
E) Exit ANSYS
Analytical
Approach
FEM
(ANSYS)
Deflection of
Beam (mm)
3.047
3.056
% difference
0.3
Example 10.4
A cantilever I-section beam of 2 m long carries vertical point load of 5 KN. Find the
deflection of beam at free end. Take E=210GPa and poissions ratio = 0.3
20 cm
1 cm
40 cm
X
1 cm
1 cm
20 cm
Fig-10.17, Sectional details
Solution
A) Preprocessing
Preprocessor > Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete>Add Beam (2 node 188)>OK
> Close
Preprocessor >Material Props >Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic
> Isotropic, define EX=210E3 & PRXY=0.3>OK
Preprocessor >Sections > Beam > Common > Sections, Sub type pick eye section
(define ID=1, Name= Eye section, W1=200 mm, W2=200 mm, W3=420 mm,
t1=t2=t3=10 mm)>OK
4) Build the Model
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints >In Active CS > Key point Number
=1 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=0, 0, 0 Apply > Keypoints > In Active CS > Key
point Number =2 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=2000, 0, 0 > OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > lines > lines > Straight line > pick key point 1
& 2 > OK
Fig-10.18, Model
5) Meshing
5a) Mesh Attributes
Preprocessor >Meshing > Mesh Tool >Element Attributes > Set (Element type
number = 1 Beam 188, Material Number=1 & Section Number= 1 Eye Section),
press button OK
5b) Element Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Size Controls > Global Set > Element
Edge length (Define 20)
5c) Mesh Generation
Plot Control > Style >Size & Shape > Display of element, Press button on
7) Loading
Preprocessor >Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment >
On Nodes > Pick Node at point A > Apply Force in FY direction (-5000 N)
Preprocessor >Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement >
On Nodes > Pick Node at point B > All DOF
B) Solve
1) Solution
Solution > Solve > Current LS
C) Postprocessing
1) Contour Plot
General Postproc >Plot Results > Contour plot > Nodal Solu >DOF Solution >
Displacement Vector sum
2) 3D Display of Results
D) Model Save
File>save as> beam.db
E) Exit ANSYS
Analytical
Approach
FEM
(ANSYS)
Deflection of
Beam (mm)
0.3
0.32
% difference
6.6
Example 10.5
A cantilever tapered I-section beam of 2 m long carries vertical point load of 5 KN.
Tapered beam with fixed end and free end sectional details are shown in Fig10.19.Find the deflection of beam at free end. Take E=210GPa and poissions ratio
= 0.3
200 mm
8 mm
100 mm
4
400 mm
300 mm
8 mm
4 mm
8 mm
200 mm
100 mm
Fig-10.19, Sectional details
Solution
A) Preprocessing
Preprocessor > Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete > Add Beam (2 node 188)> OK
>Close
Preprocessor >Material Props >Material Models >Structural > Linear >Elastic
>Isotropic > EX=210E3 & PRXY=0.3>OK
3) Define Starting & end Section
Preprocessor > Sections > Beam > Common Sections, Sub type pick eye section
(ID=1, Name= Starting Section, W1=200 mm, W2=200 mm, W3=416 mm,
t1=t2=t3=8 mm)>OK
Preprocessor > Sections > Beam > Common Sections Sub type pick eye section
(ID=2, Name= End section, W1=100 mm, W2=100 mm, W3=308 mm, t1=t2=t3=4
mm)>OK
4) Define Taper Section
Preprocessor >Sections > Taper Sections > By XYZ locations >New taper section
ID (3) , New section >name ( Tapered beam),
Beginning section ID (1, Starting
section), XYZ locations of beginning set (0, 0, 0) , Ending section ID (2, End
section) , XYZ locations of ending section (2000, 0, 0) >OK
5) Build the Model
Preprocessor >Modeling > Create >Keypoints >In Active CS > Key point Number
=1 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=0,0,0> Apply >Keypoints>In Active CS > Key
point Number =2 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=2000,0,0> OK
Preprocessor >Modeling > Create >lines > Lines > Straight line >pick key point 1 &
2 > OK
B
Fig-10.20, Model
6) Meshing
6a) Mesh Attributes
Preprocessor >Meshing > Picked lines > pick the line from graphics > press button
OK > Define material number (1), Element type number (1 Beam 188) & Element
section (3 taper) >OK
6b) Element Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Size Controls > Global Set >Element Edge
length (Define 20)
6c) Mesh Generation
8) Loading
Preprocessor > Loads >Define Loads >Apply >Structural > Force/Moment >
On Nodes > Pick Node at point A > Apply Force in FY direction (-5000 N)
Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement >
B) Solve
1) Solution
C) Post processing
1) Contour Plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour plot > Nodal Solu > DOF Solution >
2) 3D display of Results
D) Model Save
File>save as>tapered beam.db
E) Exit ANSYS
Example 10.6
Refer example 10.4, find out the displacement of beam for axial compressive/
Tensile load of 5KN Take E=210GPa and poissions ratio = 0.3
Solution
A) Preprocessing
Preprocessor > Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete>Link (2D spar)>OK>close
Preprocessor >Real Constant > Add/Edit/Delete> Add > OK>Cross-sectional
Area>800>Close

Preprocessor >Material Props >Material Models > Structural > Linear >
Elastic > Isotropic, define EX=210E3 & PRXY=0.3>OK
4) Build the Model
=1 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=0, 0, 0 Apply> Keypoints > In Active CS > Key
point Number =2 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=2000,0,0 > OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > lines > lines > Straight line > pick key point 1
& 2 > OK
B
Fig-10.21, Model
5) Meshing
5a) Mesh Attributes
Preprocessor >Meshing > Mesh Tool >Element Attributes > Set
(Element
type
number = 1 Link, Material Number=1 & Real constant set number =1), press button
OK
5b) Element Size
5c) Mesh Generation
7) Loading
On Nodes > Pick Node at point A > Apply Force in FX direction (-5000 N)
B) Solve
1) Solution
C) Postprocessing
1) Contour Plot
2) 3D display of Results
D) Exit ANSYS
Analytical
Approach
FEM
(ANSYS)
Deflection of
Beam (mm)
0.059
0.059
% difference
Example 10.7
Refer example 6.1.Determine the resulting bending stress at corners A and B, on
the fixed section of the cantilever. Take E=210GPa and poissions ratio = 0.3
Solution
A) Preprocessing
Preprocessor > Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete>Shell)>Elastic 4 node 63>OK
>close
Preprocessor >Real Constant > Add/Edit/Delete> Add > Shell thickness at node I
TK (1)>2>Close>add>shell thickness at node I TK (1)>2.5>close
Preprocessor >Material Props >Material Models > Structural > Linear >Elastic >
Isotropic, define EX=210E3 & PRXY=0.3>OK
4) Build the Model
=1 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=0, 0, 0 Apply > Key point Number =2 & X,Y, Z
locations in active CS=2000,0,0 > Apply> Key point Number =3 & X,Y, Z locations
in active CS=2000,47.5,0 > Apply>> Key point Number = 4 & X,Y, Z locations in
active CS=0,47.5,0 > Close
Preprocessor > Modeling > create > Area > Arbitrary > Through KPS> Pick1, 2, 3,
4 Keypoints >OK
=5 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=0, 0, 15> OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > lines>straight line>pick Keypoints 1 and 5 >
OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > extrude> lines> area >along lines > pick
lines (L1 & L3) > OK> Pick line L5>OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > Reflect > Areas> Pick area A2 & A3 > OK > Pick X-Y
Plane> item to be reflected > pick area >Existing areas will be> Copied >OK
Fig-10.22, Model
5) Meshing
5a) Mesh Attributes
(Element
type
number = 1 Shell 63, Material Number=1 & Real constant set number =1), press
button OK
5b) Element Size
5c) Mesh Generation
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Mesh: Area > Free > Press button Mesh >
picked the Area A1 (web of beam) from graphics> OK
(Element
type
button OK
picked the Area A2, A3, A4 &A5 (top & bottom flange) from graphics> OK
5d) Merge Node
Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Merge Items >Range of Coincidence > 0.001
>OK

7) Loading
On Nodes > Pick all the sectional nodes at free end > Apply> Force in FY direction
= - 235/no. of nodes> OK
On Nodes > Pick all the sectional nodes at free end > Apply> Force in FZ direction
= 85.5 /no. of nodes> OK
On Nodes > Pick all sectional node at fixed end of beam > All DOF
B) Solve
1) Solution
C) Postprocessing
1) Contour Plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour plot > Nodal Solu > Nodal Solution >
Stress > X Component stress
2) Query of Results
General Postproc > Query Results > Subgrid Solu > Stress X-direction stress SX>
Pick the nodes at fixed end (Point A&B) to see the magnitude of stress > OK
D) Exit ANSYS
Resultant Bending
Stress (N/mm2) at
point A
Resultant Bending
Stress (N/mm2) at
point B
Analytical
Approach
344.96
FEM(ANSYS)
-109.82
-116.7
351.8
% difference
1.9%
6.3%
Example 10.8
Refer example 6.3.Determine the resulting deflection and bending stress at
corners B and C. Take E=210GPa and poissions ratio = 0.3
Solution
A) Preprocessing
Preprocessor > Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete>Shell)>Elastic 4 node 63>OK
>close
Preprocessor >Real Constant > Add/Edit/Delete> Add > Shell thickness at node I
TK (1)>10>Close>add>shell thickness at node I TK (1)>20>close
4) Build the Model
in active CS=3000,0,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 4 & X,Y, Z locations in active
CS=3000,160,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 5 & X,Y, Z locations in active
CS=1500,160,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 6 & X,Y, Z locations in active
CS=0,160,0 > Close
Preprocessor > Modeling > create > Area > Arbitrary > Through KPS> Pick1, 2, 5
& 6 Keypoints >Apply> Pick 2, 3, 4 &5 Keypoints>OK
=7 & X, Y, Z locations in active CS=0, 160, 50 > OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > lines>straight line>pick Keypoints 6 and 7 >
OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > extrude> lines> area >along lines > pick the
top web line of both area > OK> Pick line L8>OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > Reflect > Areas> Pick area A3 & A4 > OK > Pick X-Y
Plane> item to be reflected > pick area >Existing areas will be> Copied >OK
Fig-10.23, Model
5) Meshing
5a) Mesh Attributes
(Element
type
button OK
5b) Element Size
5c) Mesh Generation
picked the Area A1 & A2 (web of beam) from graphics> OK
(Element
type
button OK
picked the Area A3, A4, A5 &A6 (top flange of beam) from graphics> OK
5d) Merge Node
>OK
7) Loading
On Nodes > Pick all the sectional nodes at the edge of Area A1 & A2 > Apply>
Force in FY direction = - 4690/no. of nodes> OK
On Nodes > Pick all the sectional nodes at the edge of Area A1 & A2 >Apply>
Force in FZ direction = -1710 /no. of nodes> OK
On Nodes > Pick all sectional node at simply supported end of beam > Pick UY
and Uz >OK
B) Solve
1) Solution
C) Postprocessing
1) Contour Plot
General Postproc >Plot Results > Contour plot > Nodal Solu > Nodal Solution >
2) Resultant displacement
3) Query of Results
General Postproc > Query Results > Subgrid Solu > Stress X-direction stress SX>
Pick the nodes at fixed end (Point A&B) to see the magnitude of stress > OK
D) Exit ANSYS
Resultant Deflection
(mm)
Resultant Bending
Stress (N/mm2) at
point B
Resultant Bending
Stress (N/mm2) at
point C
Analytical FEM(ANSYS)
%
Approach Using 2D
difference
(Shell 63)
1.024
1.1
7%
-56.22
-60
6.7%
51.78
54.7
5.6%
Example 10.9
A cantilever I-section beam of 2 m long carries vertical point load of 4 KN. Find the
deflection of beam at free end considering 1D element for top and bottom flange
and web using 2d element. Take E=210GPa and poissions ratio = 0.3
200 mm
10 mm
2d element
380 mm
1d element
5 mm
10 mm
200 mm
Fig-10.24
Solution
A) Preprocessing
Preprocessor > Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete>Shell)>Elastic 4 node 63>Apply >
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Beam (2 node 188)>
OK>Close
Preprocessor >Real Constant > Add/Edit/Delete> Add > Pick Type1
Shell63>OK>Shell thickness at node I TK (1)>5>Close>
Preprocessor > Sections > Beam > Common Sections, Sub type pick rectangular
section (define ID=1, Name= Rectangular Beam, B=200 & H=10) >OK
5) Build the Model

in active CS=2000,390,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 4 & X,Y, Z locations in
active CS=0,390,0>OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > create > Area > Arbitrary > Through KPS> Pick1, 2,
3&4 >OK
Top web line
B
Pick any one node
along vertical edge to
define the orientation
of 1d element
Bottom web line

A
Fig-10.25, Model
6) Meshing
6a) Mesh Attributes for 2d
(Element
type
button OK
6b) Element Size
6c) Mesh Generation for 2d
picked the Area A1 from graphics> OK
6d) Mesh Attributes for 1d
Preprocessor >Meshing > Mesh attribute >picked the top web line >OK > material
number 1,element type number 2 beam 188,element section 1 rectangular, pick
orientation Keypoints-click yes>pick the node number-240 to define the orientation

or any node along vertical axis at fixed end of beam (Ref Fig-10.25) >OK
Preprocessor >Meshing > Mesh attribute >bottom web line >OK > material
number 1,element type number 2 beam 188,element section 1 rectangular, pick
orientation Keypoints-click yes>pick the node number-240 to define the orientation
or any node along vertical axis at fixed end of beam (Ref Fig-10.25)>OK
6e) Mesh Generation for 1d
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Mesh: line > Press button Mesh > picked
the top web line > OK
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Mesh: line > Press button Mesh > picked
the bottom web line > OK
8) Loading
On Nodes > Pick all the sectional nodes at the free edge of Area A1, point B> OK>
On Nodes > Pick all sectional node at fixed end of beam, point A > Pick UY and
Uz >OK
B) Solve
1) Solution
C) Postprocessing
1) General Postproc >Plot Results > Contour plot > Nodal Solu > Nodal Solution >
2) General Postproc >Plot Results > Contour plot > Nodal Solu >DOF Solution >
D) Exit ANSYS
Example 10.10
Refer example 6.3.Determine the resulting deflection and bending stress at
corners B and C using 3 D brick elements. Take E=210GPa and poissions ratio =
0.3
Solution
A) Preprocessing
Preprocessor > Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete>Solid > Brick 8 node 45>OK >close
3) Build the Model
locations in active CS=100,0,0 > Apply> Key point Number =3 & X,Y, Z locations in
active CS=100,-20,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 4 & X,Y, Z locations in active
CS=0,-20,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 5 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=45,
-20,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 6 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=55,-20,0 >
Key point Number = 7 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=45,-170,0 > Apply> Key
point Number = 8 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=55,-170,0 > close
Preprocessor > Modeling > create > Area > Arbitrary > Through KPS> Pick1, 2, 3,
6, 8,7,5,4 & 1 Keypoints >Apply
Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > extrude> Area> along normal >pick the area
from graphics > press OK > length of extrusion >1500> OK
Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > extrude> Area> along normal >pick the
cross sectional area from end of beam from graphics > press OK > length of
extrusion >1500> OK
Fig-10.26, Model
4) Meshing
4a) Mesh Attributes
(Element
type
number = 1 Solid 45& Material Number=1), press button OK

4b) Element Size
4c) Mesh Generation
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Mesh: Volume> Hex/Wedge > Sweep>
button Sweep > Pick both the volume from graphics> OK
4d) Merge Node
>OK
5) Loading
On Nodes > Pick all the sectional nodes at the edge of volume V1 & V2 > Apply>
On Nodes > Pick all the sectional nodes at the edge of volume V1 & V2 >Apply>
Force in FX direction = -1710 /no. of nodes> OK
On Nodes > Pick all sectional node at simply supported end of beam> Pick UY and
UX >OK
B) Solve
1) Solution
C) Postprocessing
Stress > Z Component stress
D) Exit ANSYS
Analytical
Approach
Resultant Bending
Stress (N/mm2) at
point B
Resultant Bending
Stress (N/mm2) at
point C
-56.22
FEM(ANSYS) % difference
Using 3D
(Solid 45 )
-60
6.7%
51.78
56.4
8.9%
Example 10.11
Refer example 6.4.Determine the resulting bending stress at point A using 3 D
elements. Take E=210GPa and poissions ratio = 0.3
Solution
A) Preprocessing

3) Build the Model
active CS=80,120,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 4 & X,Y, Z locations in active
CS=0,120,0 > OK
& 4 Keypoints >Apply
extrusion >6000> OK
extrusion >2000> OK
Fig-10.27, Model
4) Meshing
4a) Mesh Attributes
(Element
type
4b) Element Size

4c) Mesh Generation
button Sweep > Pick volume V1,V2 & V3 from graphics> OK
4d) Merge Node
>OK
5) Loading
Force in FX direction = - 2000/no. of nodes> OK
On Nodes > Pick all sectional node at the end of simply supported beam > All DOF
>OK
B) Solve
1) Solution
C) Post processing
D) Exit ANSYS
Analytical
Approach
Resultant Bending
Stress (N/mm2) at
point A
-67.34
FEM(ANSYS) % difference
Using 3D
(Solid 45 )
-59.5
11.6%
Example 10.12
Refer example 6.5.Determine the resulting deflection and bending stress at point A
using 3 D elements. Take E=210GPa and poissions ratio = 0.3
Solution
Preprocessing
3) Build the Model
active CS=150,-20,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 4 & X,Y, Z locations in active
CS=85,-20,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 5 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=85,-
180,0 > Apply> Key point Number = 6 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=150,-180,0
> Apply> Key point Number = 7 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=150,-200,0 >
Apply> Key point Number = 8 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=0,-200,0 > Apply>
Key point Number = 9 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=0,-180,0 > Apply> Key point
Number = 10 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=65,-180,0 > Apply> Key point
Number = 11 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=65,-20,0 > Apply> Key point Number
= 12 & X,Y, Z locations in active CS=0,-20,0 >OK
4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 & 12 Keypoints >OK
extrusion >1000> OK
Fig-10.28, Model
4) Meshing
4a) Mesh Attributes
(Element
type

4b) Element Size
4c) Mesh Generation
button Sweep > Pick volume V1, & V2 from graphics> OK
4d) Merge Node

>OK
5) Loading
Force in FY direction = - 8660.3/no. of nodes> OK
On Nodes > Pick all the sectional nodes at the free edge of volume V2 > Apply>
Force in FY direction = - 3535.5/no. of nodes> OK
Force in FX direction = 3535.5/no. of nodes> OK
On Nodes > Pick all sectional node at the fixed end of beam > All DOF >OK
B) Solve
1) Solution
C) Postprocessing
1) General Postproc >Plot Results > Contour plot > Nodal Solu >DOF Solution >
D) Exit ANSYS
Resultant displacement
(mm)
Resultant Bending Stress
(N/mm2) at point A
(N/mm2) at point B
(N/mm2) at point C
(N/mm2) at point D
Analytical FEM(ANSYS)
%
Approach Using 3D
difference
(Solid 45 )
4.5
48.07
47.3
1.6%
30.41
30.06
1%
-30.41
-30.06
1%
-48.07
-47.3
1.6%

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10

INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) &

INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) & ITS

This chapter presents the brief discussion of Finite Element Approach

of field variable/unknown. Finite element method can be used to obtain solutions to

continuum is divided in to finite number of elements. The elements are connected

Selecting the Solution Approximation

element domain certain expression as assume. This expression will be useful to

Forming Element Matrices

sum up together to form global matrix. Thus global matrix is representation of

Finding the Unknown

. For an elastic body, the total strain energy is given by

The total potential energy for the general elastic body

1 T dV uTfdV uTTdS uTi Pi

The expression for total potential energy for whole body

Where, Q= Global displacement matrix

10.3.1 Principal of Minimum Potential Energy

Fig.10.1 Spring with point force

Computer Aided Stress Analysis Technique

(Computer Aided Engineering):

Plot the deformed shape

II. Plot the contour plot of deflection and stresses

There are basically three type of elements used in FE analysis

Mathematically, element thickness specified half on elements top

There are three types of 3d solid elements are used in FE analysis

Hex or brick elements preferable as compare to tetra elemnt.Hex meshing

One Dimensional Problems

10.6.1 Natural Coordinate (Intrinsic coordinate)

Let the node 1 & 2 of the

e element are located at x1 & x2 distance from

Fig.10.12, variation of shape function over the element

We know displacement of point over element is expressed as

Element Strain Displacement Matrix

Where du is small displacement of element having

Substituting equation (10.9) & (10.10) in equation (10.8), we have

Where le is length of element

B is called element strain displacement matrix

Element Stiffness Matrix

Where, A=Area of element, Ue is strain energy

Substituting equation (10.14) in equation (10.13)

Where Element Stiffness matrix,

Forces acting on body are classified in three types:

Elemental Body Force Matrix

Substituting u=N1q1+N2q2, we have potential energy due to body force

N1q1 fAdx N 2 q2 fAdx

Writing the equation in matrix form

Where, Elemental body force

Elemental Traction Force

Substituting u=N1q1+N2q2, we have potential energy due to body force

Writing the equation in matrix form

Substituting equation (10.23) & (10.24) in equation (10.22), we have

Dividing the complete body in to 3 element and 4 node

fA2l2 T1l1 T2l2

Matrix equation reduces to

K11Q1 K12Q2 K13Q3 K14Q4 F1 R1

Application of Finite Element Analysis using Software

10.7.1 Application of Finite Element Analysis using 1d element

250 x 200 x103

Global stiffness matrix

666.68 333.34 Q2 300 X 103

The matrix equation leads to two algebraic equations as

103 666.66Q2 333.34Q3 300 X 103 (10.26)

103 333.3Q2 599.9Q3 0 (10.27)