22 Engineering Hydraulics

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LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics
ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS
USER
MANUAL
TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007
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Geolog S.p.a.
Via Carlo Porta 21
20098 S. Giuliano Milanese (Mi) Italy
Tel: +39 02 982 521 Fax: +39 02 982 52324
e-mail geolog@geolog.it web www.geolog.it
Copyright 2000 by Geolog S.p.A.
All rights reserved.
No part of the content of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the
written permission of Geolog S.p.A.
September 2007
Rev.
Date
User Manual
How To 22
Description
JP Vagnoux
Issued by
M. Sacchi
A. Spinetti
Controlled by
C. Bezzola
Approved by
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Introduction
On Line & Real Time Analysis
While Drilling
While Tripping (Surge & Swab)
Simulations
Drilling Conditions
Tripping Conditions
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Hydraulics - Introduction
By Hydraulics is intended the analysis of all pressure losses created by the friction between the
drilling fluid and the hole, casing, external surface of drill-string, internal surface of drill-string,
bit and surface system when the drilling fluid is moving (drilling conditions) or when the drillstring is moving (tripping conditions).
This analysis has a fundamental importance for the safety of the well and for the efficiency of the
drilling conditions :
Safety of the well:
Calculations of ECD (Equivalent Circulating Density) to be sure that it is not higher that
the fracture gradient at the shoe
Calculation of ECD to evaluate possible connection gas (under-balance conditions)
Calculate the maximum velocity of the drill-string while tripping to avoid the swab or
surge effect
Drilling Efficiency :
Verify that the computed value is close enough to the real value, to control abnormal
situations (pumps efficiency, wash-out, nozzles efficiency, wrong rheology, wrong pipes
diameters.)
Choose proper liners of the pumps
Apply a proper mud flow rate to ensure the good cleaning of the annulus
Determine the flow regime to avoid turbulence in loose formations
Optimize the Bit Hydraulics
While Drilling the following systems will be analyzed :

Surface System (from the pump to the top-drive or Kelly)
Inside the pipes (Circular flow)
Through the bit nozzles
Inside the annulus (Annular flow)
The sum of those four partial pressure losses should be close to the real value of SPP
While tripping the following systems will be analyzed :
Inside the annulus considering the nozzle closed
Inside the annulus considering the nozzles open
For no reason the swab effect can reduced the mud weight less than the pore pressure kick &
eruption
For no reason the surge effect can increase the mud weight more than the fracture gradient at
the shoe losses and consequential kick & eruption
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Hydraulics - Introduction
The factors determining the various pressure losses are the following :
Length of the circuit (bit position where is circulating the mud) : power 1
Various diameters : nozzles, internal and external of pipes, open hole and casing
internal : power 5
Mud flow rate In : power 2
Mud density : power 1
Mud rheological properties : according to the regime of flow
The four first factors are direct measurements : Be always very careful on the pipes inside
diameters, taking also into account the tool-joints diameters.
The mud rheology is computed from the viscosimeter readings given by the Mud Engineer and
the consequential parameters to use in the algorithms are :
Plastic Viscosity (PV) : viscosity
Yield Point (YP) : stress (pressure)
n : flow index : no dimension
K : consistency index : viscosity at power n
Tau 0 : stress (pressure)
Those parameters are computed according 3 mathematical models :
Bingham Plastic
Power Law
Herschel & Bulkley
As default model use preferentially Power Law.
Hydraulics : Introduction : Accepted values for Flow Rate and HSI

Hole Diam (in)
26
17 1/2
12 1/4
8 1/2
6
Flow Rate (lpm)
HSI
3500 5000
2
3500 3800
4 to 5
2200 2800
6 to 7
1600 2000
9
500 - 1000
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Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling
On-Line Real Time Hydraulics Analysis
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1. Control that the well profile is correct :
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2. Control that the drill-string is correct :
Use the dictionary to identify the pipes, pay a great attention to the diameters and DONOT forget
to enable the tool-joints (1m each 10m for the HWDP and 0.5m for the DP).
DO NOT INSERT ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS LIKE BIT, STAB, ETC.....
IDENTIFY THE BHA AS DC.
ONLY DC, HWDP AND DP.
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3. Input the mud properties :
Viscosimeter readings : possibly 5 readings to use the most precise model : Herschel & Bulkley:
If the viscosimeter readings are not available, insert the PV, YP and Gels @ 10seconds:
Mud density to apply (should be the same than the mud density In) measured by the sensor
The rheological parameters will be calculated automatically.
4. Input the bit properties:
If the nozzles are known, input them and compute the TFA (Total Flow Area).
Nozzle coefficient MUST be 1.
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4. Input the bit TFA (in case of Diamond bit having no nozzle) :
5. Input constants :
Surface equipment type (normally 3 or 4).

Eventually additional pressure losses due to MWD/LWD or /and down hole motor (DHM).
6. Input pore gradient and fracture gradient at bottom and at the last casing shoe:
Those values should be computed by you, or given by the WSG Company Man.
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6. Input last Deviation Survey:
TVD : be extremely careful about TVD because Hydrostatic Pressures and ECD are a direct
function of the TVD
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Hydrostatic Pressure (static conditions) = Mud Weight * TVD / 10
Hydrostatic Pressure (dynamic conditions) = (Mud Weight * 10 / TVD) + Annular Pressure losses
ECD = Hydrostatic Pressure (dynamic) * 10 / TVD
In this panel ECD will blink in red if :
ECD >= Fracture Gradient at casing or at bottom (losses)
ECD <= Pore Gradient at casing or bottom (kick)
Pressure Losses :
Is a synthesis of all partial pressure losses compared also with the real SPP.
Bit Hydraulics :
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Algorithms used (SI Units):
Q : Flow rate (m3/s)
Diam : Bit Diameter (m)
TFA : Total Flow Area (m2) Mw : Mud Density (kg/m3)
JVel : Jet velocity (m/s)
JIm : Jet impact (N)
JPr : Jet pressure (Pa)
JHP : Jet Power (W)
HSI : Jet Power /in2 (HP/in2)
JVel = Q / TFA
JIm = 0.996 * Q * Mw * JVel
JPr = 0.556 * Q^2 * Mw / TFA^2
JHP = Q * JPr
HSI = 1.1 * JHP / Diam^2 / 10^6
Bit Optimization :
Consists in adjusting the flow rate and the bit nozzles in order to minimize the pressure losses
inside the pipes and maximize the bit hydraulics :
Power spent at bit should not be less than 50% of total (not possible at high depth)
Jet velocity should be at least 60m/s
HSI should be according to the bit diameter :
26
2
17 1/2
4 to 5
12 1/4
6 to 7
8 1/2
9
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Report:
WARNING: TO GENERATE THE REPORT, TEMPLATES MUST HAVE BEEN CREATED
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Report:
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Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping (POOH)
SWABBING EFFECT: NEGATIVE PRESSURE DECREASING ECD
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Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping (RIH)
SURGING EFFECT: NEGATIVE PRESSURE INCREASING ECD
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Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping
ECD CALCULATIONS WHILE TRIPPING
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1. POOH : Swab effect :
The upward movement of the drill-string will create a negative pressure at bit location that will
translated by a suction effect on the formation.
The negative annular pressure losses will decrease virtually the mud density and a critical
situation of under-balance can be created (Pore Gradient higher than the ECD). If this underbalance takes place in front of a porous and permeable formation containing a fluid, a kick and
further an eruption can be created.
It is fundamental for safety to monitor closely the hook velocity while POOH and to control the
value of the ECD.
If ECD at this speed becomes lower than Pore Gradient give immediately the necessary alarm !!!
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2. RIH : Surge effect :
The down movement of the drill-string will create a positive pressure at bit location that will
translated by an overpressure effect of the mud on the formation.
The positive annular pressure losses will increase virtually the mud density and a critical
situation of over-balance can be created (ECD higher than Fracture Gradient) and the hydrostatic
pressure of the mud can break the formation causing mud losses and eventual consequential
kick.
It is fundamental for safety to monitor closely the hook velocity while RIH and to control the
value of the ECD.
If ECD at this speed becomes higher than Fracture Gradient at casing shoe, give immediately the
necessary alarm !!!
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Hydraulics Simulations - Drilling

It is possible to simulate any drilling condition, print the report and be back on the on line real
time analysis.
1. Update the well profile used for simulations and save it for simulations :
!!! Take extreme care when you save the new profile. DONOT SAVE IT for the real time because in
this case all volumes calculations and depth synchronization will be destroyed !!!
1. Update the drill-string used for simulations and save it for simulations :
!!! Take extreme care when you save the new drill-string. DONOT SAVE IT for the real time
because in this case all volumes calculations and depth synchronization will be destroyed !!!
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By pressing the Simulation button, the program allows the data entry of all parameters :
Example :
What will be the pressure losses at 4000m, using a mud density of 1.8kg/l, and using 3 nozzles of
12 in/32 ?
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Input hypothetical Flow Rate and Click on Re-compute and display:
Complete analysis is computed.
Change any parameter to simulate a new situation.

Simulation Report is built like Real Time Report.
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Hydraulics Simulations POOH - SWABBING

Insert correct Gradients:
Input all data and click Re-compute and display.

Each 10m the program calculates the time per stand necessary to keep the ECD equal, not lower
than the Pore Gradient at TD.
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Generate the Report:
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Each 10m , the graph shows what is the MAXIMUM ALLOWED trip velocity to keep ECD not lower
than 1.75kg/l (value of the Pore Gradient at TD).
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A verification can be done on the single point:
At 42s per stand, ECD will be lower than Pore Gradient @ TD.
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Hydraulics Simulations RIH - SURGING

Insert correct Gradients:
Input all data and click Re-compute and display.

Each 10m the program calculates the time per stand necessary to keep the ECD equal, not higher
than the Fracture Gradient at Casing Shoe.
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Generate the Report:
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Each 10m , the graph shows what is the MAXIMUM ALLOWED trip velocity to keep ECD not
higher than 2.1kg/l (value of the Fracture Gradient at Casing Shoe).
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A verification can be done on the single point:
At 10s per stand ECP will be higher than Fracture Gradient @ Shoe.
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22 Engineering Hydraulics

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GeoHelp

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

While Drilling the following systems will be analyzed :

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics : Introduction : Accepted values for Flow Rate and HSI

Flow Rate (lpm)

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

On-Line Real Time Hydraulics Analysis

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

Surface equipment type (normally 3 or 4).

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

WARNING: TO GENERATE THE REPORT, TEMPLATES MUST HAVE BEEN CREATED

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping (POOH)

SWABBING EFFECT: NEGATIVE PRESSURE DECREASING ECD

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping (RIH)

SURGING EFFECT: NEGATIVE PRESSURE INCREASING ECD

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping

ECD CALCULATIONS WHILE TRIPPING

TM 122 - Rev.3 September 2007

LGIMAS 2 22_Engineering Hydraulics