Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2.
2.1
2.
3.
4.
Example:
The following diagram shows the location of Johor Bahru and Desaru.
You can travel by car using existing road via Kota Tinggi, or travel by a
small plane along straight path.
Calculate how far it is from Johor Bahru to Desaru if you traveled by:
a. The car
b. The plane
Kota Tinggi
53 km
41 km
Solution:
Johor Bahru
a.
by car
= 41 + 53
= 94 km
b.
by plane = 60 km
60 km
Desaru
2.
3.
to
ta
-1
ld
...
ist an ce tra ve le d, s ( m) ,
v
=
Average of speed:
s
m s
1
JPN Pahang
-1
d isp la cem e nt, s (m
),
v=
s m
Average of velocity:
JPN Pahang
5.
Example:
An aero plane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aero plane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4
hours. Calculate
i. The speed of the aero plane
ii.
The velocity of the aero plane
Solution:
C
400 km
300 km
B
C
400 km
i. Speed = Distance
Time
= 300 + 400
4
= 175 km h-1
ii. velocity = displacement
time
(Determine the displacement denoted
by AC and its direction)
= . 500 .
4
300 km
Acceleration and deceleration
1.
20 m s-1
0 m s-1
2.
3.
40 m s-1
JPN Pahang
0 m s-1
20 m s-1
40 m s-1
20 0
2
= 10 m s-2
JPN
Pahang
from A to B aAB
= 20 0
2
ii)
From B to C aBC
= 10 m s-2
40 20
2
= 10 m s
-2
4.
5.
Example of deceleration;
A lorry is moving at 30 m s-1, when suddenly the driver steps on the brakes and it stop 5
seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of lorry.
Answer : v = 0 m s-1, u = 30 m s-1, t = 5 s
Then ,
a = 0 30
2
5
= -6 m s-
Analyzing of motion
1.
Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26.
(i)
Determination of time:
(iii)
= 50 Hz ( 50 ticks in 1
= 0.02 seconds
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . .
.
.
.
.A..ccelerat.i
on...
. .
.
.
. . .
Uniform velocity
..
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...
(iv)
Determination of velocity
12.6 cm
displacement =
Velocity, v
(v)
7 x 0.02 = 0.14 s
time = ..
a= vu
t
= 40 .0 15.0 ..
5(0.2)
25.0
= 1.0
7
6
5
4
-2
= 25.0 cm s
3
2
1
0
ticks
s : displacement,
v : final velocity
The important symbols : ..
u : initial velocity,
t : time,
a : acceleration
v u at
2
4.
v
u
t
s ut
at 2
5. v u
2as
3.
JPN Pahang
= 800 m
s = 800
m
Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest.
If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
given : u = 16 m s-1 , v = 0(rest) , s = 8 m
a=
? v2 = u2 + 2 as
02 = 162 + 2 a(8)
a = -16 ms-2
Exercise 2.1
1.
Length / cm
72.0
6(0.1)
= 120.0 cm s1
(c)
2.
acceleration
vu
160
a=
40
=
0.5
t
= 240 cm s-2
16
12
8
4
Figure 2.1
0
C Time/s
16.0
Note : v
= 160 cm s-1
0.1
=
4.0
u=
= 40.0 cm s-1
0.1
t = 5 (0.1) = 0.5 s
A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obstacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the
obstacle from
the car has stopped.
u = 40 ms-1
v=0
t=8s
s initial = 180 m (from car to obstacle when the driver start to step on the brake)
sfinal = ? ( from car to abstacle when the stopped)
obstacle
sinitial
s
1
1
s = u v t 40 0 8
sfinal
160m
2
2
5
sfinal = sinitial s
= 180 160
= 20 m
0m
0s
100m
10s
200m
20s
300m
400m
500m
displacement
displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
time (
UGnriafoprhmisdqisupaladcraemtic
enfot ramll thetime
.
GDriaspphlagcre
amdeiennttin=crevael
soecsitwyit=h0time.
s)
TGhreaopbhjegcrta..id.siestnattiionnc
raeraysoers iusnnifootrmmolyv
ing
b)
The analysis:
object moves with increasing velocity with
Graph
uniform acceleration.
Dis.p.lacement increases un
iformly
displacement (m)
Graphgradientisfix
ed time (s)Theo.bject
movewithuniformvelocity
c)
displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
.
time (s)
..
d)
Displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
.
..
time (s)
e)
displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
Graph is quadratic form.
..
Displacement increases with
time. ..
Graph gradient decreases uni
formly ..
time (s)
f) displacement (m)
The objectmoveswithdecreas
ing velocity,withuniform..
deceleration.
Graph analysis:
OA = uniformvelocity (positi
A
B
ve moveahead)..
AB = veloc
ityiszero(rest)
O
C time (s)
..
BC=uniform velocity(negati
ve reverse)
a)
..
Graph analysis:
No change in veloc
ity
Zero gradient the object moves with a constant velocity or
the accelerationiszero.
..
b)
-1
v/ m s
..
rm
cceleration
The area under the graph is equal to the displacement,
s of the moving object :
s = ( v x t)
a
c)
v (m s-1)
t1
t2
t (s)
Graph analysis:
The object moves with a uniform acceleration for t1 s
...
After t1 s, the object decelerates uniformly (negative gradient )
s = vt2
JPN Pahang
v (m s-1)
d)
Graph analysis:
The shape of the graph is a curve
.......
Its velocity increases with time.
..
t (s)
v (m s-1)
e)
..
Examples
1.
s/m
20
10
2
-10
2.
-10 10ms1
0
1
(ii) S = -10m
VRS
=
0
The
area under the graph is equal to the total displacement of
the movingobject.
....
t/s
v/m s-1
Calculate:(i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR
(ii) Displacement
10
5
-1
-1
Solution : Given : VO = 0 m s ,-1 VP = 10 m -1s ,
VQ = 10 m s
VR = 0 m s
R
t
t
=2s
OP = 4 s
PQ = 4 s
10 0
10tQR10
0 t/
0
2
4
JPN Pahang
(i) aOP
=
s
8
(ii) S =
(4
1
2
aQR
=
2.5ms 2 aPQ=
0 10
2
10)
(10)
5.0 ms
70.0m
0
2
ms
JPN Pahang
Excercise 2.2
1.
(a) s/m
(b) s/m
(c)
s/m
10
t/s
-10
-5
t/s
t
/
s
Figure 2.21
Describe and interprte the motion of a body which is represented by the displacement
time graphs in Figure 2.21
a) The body remains in rest 5 m at the back of initial point
b) The body start move at 10 m infront of the initial point, then back to initial
point in 2 s. The body continue it motion backward 10 m..
The body move with uniform velocity.
c) The body move with inceresing it velocity.
2.
Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time
graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its
displacement
(a)
v/m s-1
(b)
v/m s-1
10
t/s
-5
(a)
(b)
t/s
-10
Figure 2.22
The body move with uniform velocity , 5 m s-1 backward.
The body start it motion with 10 m s-1 backward and stop at initial point
in 2 s, then continue it motion forward with increasing the velocity until
10 m s-1 in 2 s.
JPN Pahang
UNDERSTANDING INERTIA
Idea of inertia
A pillion rider is hurled backwards when the motorcycle starts to move.
1.
Bus passengers are thrust forward when the bus stop immediately.
2.
Hand-on activity 2.5 in page 18 of the practical book to gain an idea of inertia
4.
Meaning of inertia :
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to
...
continue its uniform motion in a straight line
2.
3.
Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing.
(i)
An adult
which one of them will be more difficult to be moved ...
(ii)
An adult
which one of them will be more difficult to stop? .
The relationship between mass and inertia : .
The larger the mass, the larger its inertia.
..
have the tendency to remain its situation either at rest or in
The larger mass .
moving.
Effects of inertia
Application of inertia
Positive effect :
Drying off an umbrella by moving and stopping it quickly.
(i)
Building a floating drilling rig that has a big mass in order to be stable and safe.
(ii)
Passengers are hurled backwards when the vehicle starts to move and are hurled forward
..
when it stops immediately.
(ii)
A person with a heavier/larger body will find it move difficult to stop his movement.
1.
JPN Pahang
(iii)
(iv)
Execise 2.3
1.
2.
Figure 2,3
A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31.
Explain what happen when we
(a)
(b)
it has momentum.
When an object is moving, ...
depends on its mass and velocity.
The amount of momentum ...
as the product of its mass and its velocity, that is
Momentum, p = m x v
11
Unit= kg m s-1
JPN Pahang
3.
Momentum is defined.
Conservation of momentum
m
m
b
v =0
Momentum = m v
b b
(m + m )
b
b&g
Receiving a massive
ball
vb
mb
v
Momentum = m
b b
Momentum
= (m
+m
)v
b
g b&g
mg
Starting position
before she throws
the ball
Momentum =
-mv
g g
unchanged.
v2
u2
m1
m2
12
m2
JPN Pahang
Momentum :
m1u1 + m2u2
m1v1 + m2v2
Before collision
2.
after collision
u2 = 0
m2
m1
m1 + m2
Before collision
after collision
Momentum :
m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v
3.
The objects involved are in contact with each other before explosion and are
separa..t.e..dafte ...
r theexplosi
on.
v1
v2
(m1 + m2), u = 0
m2
explosion :
MomentuBmef:or(emex+plosmio)nu =
m v -m v
1
after explosion
2
Example 1 :
Car A
Car B
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20
m-1 s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at 25 m
s after coGlilviseinon:,mdet=erm10i0nekgthe veloc, iuty =of 3C0amr Bs-1after collision-.1
Solution :
, vA = 25 m
s
A
A
uB = 20 m s-1 , vB = ?
mAuA + mBuB
= mAvA + mBvB (100)
(30) + (90)(20) = (100)(25) + (90)(vB)
vB = 25.56 m s-1
Example 2 :
13
, mB = 90 kg,
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20
-1
m s in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common velocity of
Car A and B after collision.
Given : mA = 100 kg , uA = 30 m s-1, mB = 90 kg, uB = 20 m s-1 , v(A+B) = ?
Solution :
mAuA + mBuB
= (mA + mB ) v (B+A)
(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100 + 90) v (B+A)
v(A + B) = 25.26 m s-1
Example 3 :
A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate the
velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution :
Exercise 2.4
1.
2.
mg = 1 kg,
u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-
vg = 0.3 m s-1
An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a
smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms1
. Calculate the common velocity after the impact.
ma = 150 g
mwb = 450 g
m (a+wb) = 600 g
-1
va = 15 m s
vwb = 0
v(a+ wb) = ?
mr vr = mb vb ,
mr = 5.0 kg
vr = ?
( 5.0 ) vr = ( 0.05)(80)
vr = 0.8 m s-1
mb = 50 g
vb = 80 m s-1
Idea of force
1.
1. Move
2.
Stop the moving
2.
Stationary object
Normal reaction, N
Stationary object
explanation :
Magnitude R = W but R acts in an opposite
( object is in equilibrium )
...
weight, w = mg
3.
= 0 (object is in equilibrium)
..
weight, w = mg
Examples :
..
1.A car move at constant velocity.
...
2.A plane flying at constant velocity.
..
..
Resultant force
Idea of unbalanced forces
1.
2.
..
Therefore,
a F/m
From a F/m,
F
ma
2.
3.
Example 1 :
Example 2 :
m = 25 kg
F = 200 N
Exercise 2.5
Calculate
the
acceleration,
a of an
object.
F
=
m
a
2
0
0
=
2
5
a
a=
8.0
ms-2
JPN Pahang
1.
F = 50 N ,
F Ff = ma ,
2.
Ff = 20 N , a = ?
50 20 = 30 a
a = 1.0 m s2
A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in
a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?
m = 1000 kg , u = 72 km h-1, v = 0, s = 40 m, F = ?
1
F = ma,
= 1000 x 5.0
= 5000.0 N
3.
It is known that
a= (vu)/t
Therefore,
So,
F = m( v
u) t
Ft = mv mu ,
Unit = N s
100 Ns
v
wall
If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 1 s
Impulse, Ft =
Example 2;
5(10) - (- 5(10))
v
= 100 Ns
Impulsive force , F 1 / t
100 = 50 N
2
17
Exercise 2.6
1.
A force of 20 N is applied for 0.8 s when a football player throws a ball from the
sideline. What is the impulse given to the ball?
Fimpulse = Ft
= 20 x 0.8
= 16.0 Ns
2.
A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A
large canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force
reduced?
1.
2.
18
Head rest
Windscreen
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake
system (ABS)
Traction control
bumpers
Air bags
Importance
Padded dashboard
Rubber bumper
Shatter-proof windscreen
Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows
Safety seat belt
down the forward movement of the passengers when the car
stops abruptly /suddenly.
l
- The absorber made by the elastic materia
P:reTvoenatbssothreb cthoellaepffseectoof fthime
Side bar- iMn addoeorbsy pfraocntt (ahnedntbaamcakno)fdtuhreincgaritinmtoovtihneg
ptearsisaelnogfebr ucmompeprartment. Also gives good protection
the soft ma
from
a side-on
: lTliosiionnc.rease the time during collision, then
force
will becodecreased.
- The passengers space made by the strength materials.
Exercise 2.7
: To decrease the risk trap to the passenger during accident.
K
e
e
p
a
n
a
i
1.
B y u s in g p h yrsbicasgcaotntcheepitns, feroxnptlaoinf
dthaeshmbiodaifridcaatniodnisntofrothnet obfuspathssaet nhgeelprsto improve that
ursehcioonmffoorrttahbeleh.ead and body
safety of passengers an:in
dAan
wctaccident
isll abseaand
mcothus
prevents injuries to the driver and
passengers.
- Shatter-proof windscreen
: Prevents the windscreen from shattering.
Air bag
19
g=
F .
m
g = 9.8 N kg-1
UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY
that an object of mass 1 kg will experience a gravitational force of 9.8 N.
Carry out hands-on activity 2.8 on page 35 of the practical book.
Acceleration due to gravity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
g = F = 4800 .
= 8 N kg-1
Gravitational field
m
600
1.
The region around the earth is .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
This means
..
7.
Example 1.
Can you estimate the gravitational force act to your body?
mass = 60 kg, g = 9.8 N kg-1, F = ?
Example 2,
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate
the gravitational field strength.
Example 3,
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the depth
of the well.
Given : u = 0 ms-1, t = 1.2 s, a = g = 9.8 ms-2
(a) v = ?
v = u + at
= 0 + (9.8)(1.2)
= 11.76 ms-1
(b) Depth = s = ?
s = ut + at2
= (0)(1.2) + (9.8)(1.2)2
= 7.0561 m
Weight
1.
2.
The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter
when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is
= mg
9.78 N kg-1? W
= 600 x 9.78
= 58 68 N
JPN Pahang
Exercise 2.8
1.
Displacement-time graph,
Velocity-time graph
Acceleration-time graph
(a) s / m
(b) v / m s-1
t/s
2.
(c) a / m s2
t/s
t/s
The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.
mIt i=s i2n0a0 sgtationarys =sta3t.e0 m
t = 0.79 s
u=0 g=?
= 0. 2 k g
It i s m o vi n g with uniform velocity
s = ut +Norgmta2 l reaction, R
R 3.0 = 0 (0.79) + g (0.792)
g = 9.6 m s-2
Normal reaction,
normal reaction, R
friction force
force, F
Weight, W
JPN Pahang
stationary object
Addition of Force
1.
= 10 + 5 = 15 N
= 10 - 5 = 5 N
500
F
F1 = 10 N
Parallelogram method:
1.
Draw to scale.
2.
Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3.
Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4.
Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the
resultant force.
F2
F
F1
Triangle method
Solution :
Resultant force, F = 6000 5300
1.
Draw to scale.
=700 N
Th e y w e re n o t i n e q u il ib r iu m
2.
Displace one of th e f o rc es t o t h e e d g e o f a nother force.
3.
Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.
Example 1: During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?
Resultant force, F = 10.5 x 50
= 525 N
Example 2:
Cos =
, therefore Fx = F cos
F
parallelogram and label the re sultant force using scale of 1 cm : 50 N.
F
Determine the magnSiitnudre
e=of y su,lttahnetrefoforcree.F = F sin
F
250
10.5 cm Fx
Fx = F cos = 50 cos 60
= 50 (0.5)
= 25 N
F
Vertical
Componen
t
Fx
horizontal component
mg = 800 N
Refer to trigonometric formula:
Example :
The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor.
F = 50 N
600
JPN Pahang
200 N
400
400
Problem solving
1.
2.
If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
the sum of each component is equal to zero.
components,
3.
1.
Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of
diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the
resultant force.
F = Resultant of Force
F2 = 2202 + 2002
F = 297.32 N
F
JPN Pahang
26
JPN Pahang
2.
A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.
220 N
900
200 N
4.
Example 1;
Force, F
W = Fs
If, F = 40 N and s = 2
m Hence, W = 40 x 2
= 80 J
Example 2;
27
JPN Pahang
80 N
600
s= 5m
W = Fs
= 80 cos 600 (5)
= 80 (0.5) (5)
= 200 J
Example 3;
T
F = 30
N
h = 1.5
m
W=Fs=Fh
= 30 (1.5)
= 45.0 J
Example 4;
F = 600 N
W=Fs
= 600 x 0.8
= 480 J
S = 0.8 m
Energy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Work = Fs
= mas
= m ( v2)
Through, v2 = u2 +2as
u=0
and, as = v2
Example 1;
Solution :
Ek = Fs
= 200 x 10= 2000 J
JPN Pahang
1.
2.
3.
d
W = Fs = mg h
where, F = mg
So, Gravitationaploteennetrigayl ,eEnep r=gymdgehcrease
and kinetic energy
W = 10 (10) 1.5
Increase
increase
= 150
J
Therefore Work done = 150J
Principle of conservation of energy And,
Ep = 150 J
Maximum kinetic energy
Carry out hands-on activity 2.10 on page 38 of the practical book.
To show the pGriinvceinpl:eho=f c2o0nsme,rvuat=ion0 o, fge=ne9r.g8y.ms-2 , v = ?
1.
Energy cannot be E= E
p
mgh=mv2
2.
3.
P=
W
t
Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?
30
JPN Pahang
Power
1.
Power is
2.
A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in
a time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?
kg, h = 2 m, t = 0.8 s and g = 9.8 ms-2. P = ?
g = 9.8 ms-2) Solution : Given : m = 180 W
mgh
P=
=
t
t
180 9.8 2
1.
=
= 4 410 W
0.8
as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.
Defined...
2.
Formulae of efficiency :
Efficiency
Efficiency
3.
Analogy of efficiency;
unwanted energy
Energy input,
Einput
Device/
mechine
Energy transformation
Solution : Given : m = 0.12 kg, s= 0.4 m, t = 5 s,
4.
Einput = 0.8 J
E output
Einput
0.80
0.48
JPN Pahang
x 100%
x 100%
60%
Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.
Exercise 2.10
1.
What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.
W=Fs
The energy transferred to the force = 900 J
= 90 x 10
= 900 J
2.
A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.
(a)
Calculate the total work done by the sales assistant.
m = 3.0 x 50 = 150 kg
h = 1.5 m
W = mhg = 150 x 9.8 x 1.5
= 2205 J
(b)
P=
W
t
2205
250
= 8.82 W
During the process of transformation the input energy to the useful output energy,
some of energy transformed into unwanted forms of energy.
..
The efficiency of energy converters is always less than 100%.
...
The unwanted energy produced in the device goes to waste.
friction in
....
moving parts
....
4.
5.
output
energy
Energy loss Energy loss
Energy loss due to friction at
. .
as heat
as sound
other parts in the
.. .. .
engine
. . .
2.
- replace filament light bulb with fluorescent lamps which have higher efficiency.
- use a lamp with a reflector so that the illumination can be directed to specific areas
of the user.
Air-conditioners.
- Ensure that the room totally close so that the temperature in the room can be
maintained.
Refrigerators
Washing machines
UNDERSTANDING ELASTICITY
3.
Force of repulsion
Explanation :
1. The atoms are separated by a distance called the equilibrium distance and vibrate at
it position.
4.
compressive force
JPN Pahang
Force of repulsion
5.
Force of repulsion
Explanation ;
1. Force of repulsion takes effect.
2. When the compressive force is removed, force of repulsion between the atoms
pushes
stretching force
stretching force
Explanation ;
1.Force of attraction takes effect.
Graf F against x
F/ N
F
x
JPN Pahang
35
0 R
x (cm)
JPN Pahang
F = kx
Spring obeying
Hookes Law
Force constant,
6.
k =
F
x
Spring Constant, k
F/N
k=
0.8
x
0.8
= 8
= 0.1 N cm-1
0
Example 1;
x/cm
b.
= 23.75 cm
The graph shows the relationship between the
Graph F against x of
stretching force, F and the spring extension, x.
F (N)
(a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.
spring P and spring Q
(b) Using the graph, determine the
stretching force acts to spring P
8
P
and
7
spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm
6
Solution
5
Q
a. Spring constant,
6 k = gradient ofgraph
1
kP =
15.79N cm
4
0.3
8
Example 2;
3
2
l = 15 + 8.75
kQ = 3 6.0 N cm1
0.5
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1
0
spring compressed
F
x = compression
x
x
spring extended
x = extension
F, extension
Graph F against x
= work done
= Fx
So, Elastic potential energy = Fx
x
x / cm
Example ;
5 kg
15 cm
8 cm
x = 15 8
= 7 cm
= 0.07 m
Force act to the spring,
F = 5 x 10 = 50 N
Elastic potential energy = Fx
= 50 (0.07)
= 1.75 J
37
Type of material
different
Diameter of spring wire
same
Diameter of spring
same
Length of spring
same
Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity
Factor
Length
Diameter of spring
Diameter of spring wire
Type of material
same
different
same
Same
same
same
different
same
same
same
same
different
Change in factor
Effect on elasticity
Shorter spring
Less elastic
Longer spring
More elastic
Smaller diameter
Less elastic
Larger diameter
More elastic
Smaller diameter
More elastic
Larger diameter
Less elastic
the elasticity changes with the type of materials
Exercise 2.12
1.
2.
Reinforcement Chapter 2
Part A : Objective Questions
1.
quantities is constant?
JPN Pahang
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
0
2
4
6 Time / s
Calculate the momentum of the
trolley from t = 2s to t = 4s.
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
12 N
C.
12
A.
B.
C.
D.
D.
20 N
8.
Lift Weight
Thrust Lift
Lift Air friction
Thrust Air friction
m = 0.3 kg
5m
2N
7N
N
Air friction
Weight
The aircraft above accelerates if
A.
mass and acceleration
B.
weight and force
C.
mass and velocity
Which of the following diagrams
shows a body moving at constant
velocity?
B.
E.
7.5 kg m s-1
This figure shows an aircraft flying
Lift
in the air.
Thrust
1.5 kg m s-1 P = mv
3.0 kg m s-1
= 1.5 x 4
4.0 kg m s-1
= 6.0 kg ms-1
6.0 kg m s1
0.1
60 g = 0.06 kg
N
W = 0.06 (1/6)
0.2 N
(10)
0.4 N
= 0.1 N
0.6 N
0.8 N
A.2
6.
Velocity / ms-1
A.
Total acceleration
B.
Total velocity
C.
Total momentum
D.
Total kinetic energy
Calculate the weight of a stone with
mass 60 g on the surface of the
moon.
(The gravitational acceleration of the
moon is 1/6 that of the Earth.)
B.
C.
D.
E.
5.
Velocity
Momentum
Acceleration
Kinetic energy
A.
4.
14 N
17 N
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.15 kg m s-1
0.3 kg m s-1
1.5 kg m s-1
3.0 kg m s-1
E.
15.0 kg m s-1
Solution
: v first to calculate the P)
P
= mv (find
Ep = Ek mgh = mv2
(0.3)(10)(5) = (0.3) v2
v = 10 m s-1
P = (0.3)(10)
= 3.0 kg m s-1
JPN Pahang
10.
9.
great inertia
great acceleration
great momentum
great kinetic energy
2
0.6 s s = ut + gt
= (0)t + (9.8/6)t2
1.4 s
1.7 s t = 3.5 s
3.5 s
12.0 s
(b)
50.0 = 1000 a
horizontal resultant
force in method B.
a = 0.05 m s-2
JPN Pahang
to 1000 N
JPN Pahang
(iii)
(c)
Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method A.
....
2.
ceiling
Tin
water
P
b)
c)
d)
3.
Q
(i)
a)
hand
R
Diagram 2.1
(ii)
Diagram 2.1(i) shows tin P that is empty and tin Q that is filled with water. A
student find difficult to pushed tin Q. Write the inference about the observation.
The difficulty to move the tin depends to its mass.
Diagram 2.1(ii) shows a tin being released from the different positions M and N.
The hand of a student at position R needs greater force to stop the motion of the
tin falling from position M. Explain this observation.
From position M the velocity of tin is more than the velocity compare when it is
Based on the observation (i) and (ii), state two factors that affect the magnitude of
the momentum of the object.
mass and velocity
If water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin Q, how would the inertia of
Tin Q depends on time ?
inertia of tin Q will decrease because the mass of tin decreased.
2 ms-1
41
JPN Pahang
JPN Pahang
iron ball ( 2 kg )
3.0 m
smooth surface
1.0 m
Q
Diagram 3
T
2.0 m
R
Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a)
Calculate
(i)
the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.
Ek = mv2
= (2)(22) = 4.0 J
b)
c)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
d)
e)
Ek at T = 20.0 J
= m v2
= (2)(v2)
Part C : Essay Questions
1.
42
(i)
(ii)
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a)
(i)
What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii)
b)
c)
Answe
r
a)
(i)
(ii)
b)
- To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.
- Impulsive force will be increased.
- The force act to the ball will be increased.
- The velocity of ball will be increased.
c)
43
2.
Properties
Brand
A
B
C
D
Reaction time / s
Mass / kg
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.6
1.5
1.8
0.9
2.5
Engine thrust
force / N
10.0
12.5
6.5
16.0
Resistance force
/N
4.0
2.4
2.2
6.5
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(10)
(50Sin300)
t/s
- time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its move
- has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia, then easier to start move and
to stop its moving.
- thrust force is high : has more power during its moving / increase the
acceleration
- friction force is low : decrease the lost of force
- the best car is A : because it has short of time reaction, small of mass, high of
thrust force and low friction of force.
(i)
EB = (12.5 2.4 ) (50) = 505.0 J
50 m
50Sin300 E (suitable to move up) = 1.8
300
= 450 .0 J
EB> E ( car B can move up the plane)
(ii) F = ma , 12.5 2.4 = 1.8 a,
a = 5.61 ms-1
36