Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1

1 Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society
LESSON ONE: INTRODUCTION OF INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
How our ancestor used to disperse information to others?
o In the early year of Tanah Melayu, when there was no television or

radio. The Beduk play an important role.
o The Headman of the village was the one who announced any news, be
it birth, death, time of prayers or even when the village was in danger.
o Different rhythms signified different events. The rhythm of the
Beduk to announce death was different from the rhythm used to
announce prayers.
What is ICT?
o ICT is the technology required for information processing, in

particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices
and software applications to convert, store, protect, process, transmit
and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.
A.) Information
o Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading,

investigation, study or research.
o The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and

radio.
o We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. For

example, scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the
latest technology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected
areas.
o Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks. For
example, forecasting the stock exchange market.
B.) Communication
o Is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information

is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal
interactions.
o Previously, people communicated through sign or symbols,

performing drama and poetry. With the advent of technology, these
older forms of communication are less utilised as compared to the
use of the internet, e-mail or video conferencing.
C.) Technology
o Is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create

processes and product that fulfill human needs.
o Aiding Communication - telephone and fax machines are the devices
used in extending communication
o Spreading Information To broadcast information such as news or
weather reports effectively. Radio, television, satellites and the World
Wide Web (www) are powerful tools that can be used.
Timeline For The Development Of Technology
Year
3500 BC
1500 BC
105 BC
1454
1793
1876
1925
1941
1958
1963
1969
Creation
Sumerians developed cuneiform writing
The Phoenicians developed the alphabet
Tsai Lun of China invented paper
The first printing began with the creation of printing
machine.
Telegraph line was invented
The first telephone was introduced
Television was made known to public
Computer was created
Photocopier machine was introduced
Communication satellite was introduced
The first internet known as ARPANET started.
LESSON TWO: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

Before the era of computer begins, counting machine was invented to help
people with business industry. The usage of counting machine, begin as early
as 200 B.C. Evolution of computers can be traced at 7 stages:
a) The early years
b) First generation
c) Second generation
d) Third generation
e) Fourth generation
f) Fifth generation
g) New era generation
A. The early years
Timelines of Counting Machine
Year
200 BC
500 BC
1620
1653
1673
1801
1823
1941
Invention
Chinese Abacus (First counting machine)
Egyptian Abacus
John Napier invented Napiers Bone (Multiplication table carves
on bones)
Blaise Pascal invented Pascaline
Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz invented Leibnizs Rechner
(which use first binary mathemathic calculating machine)
Joseph Marie Jacquard invented weaving loom (using punch
card technology)
Charles Babbage invented mechanical calculator machine.
Mark 1 was invented in Harvard University. The first computer
which is slow, expensive and unreliable. It uses mechanical
switches
B. First Generation (1940 1956)

1. Presper Eckert and William Mauchly built the ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946.
2. ENIAC use vacuum tubes rather than mechanical switches in Mark 1.
3. In 1951, Eckert and Machly build UNIVAC (Universal automatic
computer) which can calculate at the rate of 10 thousand additions per
second.
4. New technology was needed in the invention of technology. These

technologies are
a) Vacuum tube an electronic tube about the size of light bulbs. It was
used as the internal computer components. Thousands of them were
used.
b) Punched card used to store data
c) Magnetic tape introduced in 1957. It is used to store data. A faster
and more compact method of storing data.
5. Problems:
a) The vacuum tubes generated great deal of heat causing many problems
in temperature regulation and climate control.
b) The tubes burnt out frequently.
c) People operating the computer did not know that the problem was in
the programming machine.
C. Second Generation (1956 1963)
1. The second generation computer scientists invented something new due to
lots of problem created by vacuum tubes.
2. The famous computer scientists during the second generation era were:
a) John Bardeen
b) Walter Houser Brattain
c) William Shockley
3. The creation of transistor sparks the production of second generation
computers. Transistor is a small devices use to transfer electronic signal
across a resistor.
4. The advantages of transistor:
a) Smaller than vacuum tubes
b) Need no warm up time
c) Consumed less energy
d) Generated much less heat
e) Faster
f) More reliable
D. Third Generation (1964 - 1971)
1. IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964. It came in several models and
sizes. It is used for business and scientific programs.
2. Other computer models introduced were CDC 7600, BZ 500.
3. New hardware technology:
a) Silicone chip were manufactured in 1961 at the silicone valley.
b) Integrated circuit technology, which had reduced the size and cost of
computers. It is a complete electronic circuit or a small chip of
silicone which is also known as semiconductor.
c) The magnetic core memory was replaced by microchip. (The first 253
bit Ram, basis for the development of the 1K bit Ram).
4. Advantages:
a) Silicone chips were reliable, compact and cheaper.
b) Sold hardware and software separately which created the software
industry.
c) Customer service industry flourished (reservation and credit checks)
5. Software technology:
a) More sophisticated
b) Several programs run at the same time
c) Sharing computer resources
d) Support interactive processing
E. Fourth Generation (1971 Present)
1. It took only 55 years for the 4th generations to evolve.
2. The growth of the computer industry developed technologies of computer
inventions.
3. There are many types of computer models such as
a) Apple Macintosh
b) IBM
c) DELL
d) ACER
4. In 1971, Intel created first microprocessor
5. In 1976, Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer
6. In 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer
7. Among the famous inventors in fourth generations were:
a) Bill Gates who invented Microsoft
b) Michael Dell who invented Dell Computer
8. Hardware technology invented in fourth generation were
a) Silicone chip
b) Microprocessor
- a specialised chip developed for computer memory and logic
- it is a large-scale integrated circuit which contained thousands of
transistors.
- the transistors on this one chip are capable of performing all of the
functions of a computers central processing unit.
c) Storage devices
9. Advantages:
a) 100 times smaller than ENIAC (the first computer)
b) Faster
c) Reliable
d) Greater storage capacity
e) Personal and software industry boomed
F. Fifth generation (present and beyond)
1. New hardware technology:
a) Silicone chips
b) Processor
c) Robotics
d) Virtual reality
e) Intelligent system
f) Programs which translate languages
G. New Era Computer
1. Super Computers
- Fastest, most powerful, most expensive.
- Used in applications such as sending astronauts into space, testing safety
and aerodynamic features on cars and aircraft, controlling missile
guidance systems, and weather forecasting which required extreme
accuracy and immense speed to perform the complex calculation.
2. Mainframe computers
- Large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or
thousands of connected user simultaneously.
- used in large organization to handle high volume processing of business
transactions and routine paperwork.
3. Mini computer
- Medium sized computer
- Usually used as servers, with several PCs or other devices networked to
access the midrange computers resources.
4. Personal computers
- Small computer system, designed to be used by one person at a time.
- Widely used in small and large bussineses. Examples: tracking
merchandise, billing customer, manage company accounts.
5. Mobile computers personal computer that you can carry from place to
place
6. Expert system teleconferencing, speech recognition system.
LESSON THREE: USAGE OF ICT IN DAILY LIFE

Computer plays major roles in our daily lives. We need computers to assists us
in completing various tasks and jobs.
Among the sector where ICT is used widely are:
a.) education
b.) banking
c.) industry
d.) business
A.) Education
1. Today, most schools and higher education institution have computer in the
classroom for teachers and students.
2. Computer is used in the sector of education because they can offer
a) enhanced learning
b) cognitive development
c) interactive experiences
3. User who benefits are
a) Teacher Teacher uses computers to research for teaching materials,
participate in online forums and online conferences as well as to aid
their teaching.
b) Students Students use the computers as a reference tool. They use
computers to browse the internet to look for information
c) Researchers Researchers use computers to collect and process data.
d) School administrators They use computers for administrative
purposes to make sure that the entire operation runs smoothly.
B.) Banking
1. The computer is the nerve centre of the banking system around the world.
It functions to control the entire banking system that also includes
Electronic Banking Services.
2. Electronic Banking Services provide 24 hour services. The services
include
a) ATM (Automatic Teller Machine)
b) cash deposit
c) electronic fund transfer
d) direct deposit
e) pay by phone system
f) personal computer banking
g) internet banking
a) Customers Customers can make any transactions at the 24 hour
service centres or via online. These services allowed them to do
transaction at anytime they want.
b) Businessmen Businessmen can save their time by using the online
services offered by banks. They can access company accounts for loan
applications, business transactions and update on their cash flow at
anytime
c.) Bank administrators Bank administrators can oversee the entire
banking activities such as reconciliations, inter-branch transaction
(IBT), telegraphic transfer and others by referring to the banking
system
C.) Industry
1. Computers are used to
a)
facilitate production planning and control systems,
b)
to support chain management
c)
to help in product design in the industrial sector
a) Workers Workers use computers to analyze and collect research data
for future reference.
b) Researchers Researchers use computers to analyze and collect
research data for future reference.
c.) Administrators Administrators use computers to oversee the entire
operations in the plant or factory to detect specific errors or defects that
occurred in the process.
D.) E-commerce
a. E-commerce helps in boosting the economy. It makes buying and selling
activities easier, more efficient and faster. For this application, computers,
internet and shared software are needed.

a) Customers Customers use computers to be connected online with
suppliers to purchase products. This method can save time and cost as
they do not have to go any outlet.
b) Suppliers Suppliers use computers to keep track of their transactions.
All products are bar coded and can be read by the computer scanner to
help in determining prices and managing inventory.
c) Employees Employees use computers and telephones to
communicate with their customers for any enquiries. The system helps
employees to get the latest updates on inventory to be informed to the
customers.
E.) Other sector that benefits from the usage of ICT
Sector
Architecture
Arts
Career
Government
Healthcare
Home
Law
Enforcement
Transportation
Travel
Benefit
Use computer graphic to experience with possible interiors to
give client a visual image.
Modern artists use computers to express their creativity
Job opportunities that are related to ICT such as computer
engineers, graphic designer, software engineers and
programmer offer more technical skill and knowledge
To forecast weather, process immigrant
Computers are use to promote telemedicine. Researchers
found it useful in information sharing. Doctors and medical
practical are able to apply modern treatment such as laser
treatment.
Computer are use for record keeping, writing letters,
preparing budget and communicating with others
In maintaining national fingerprints floes, modeling DNA and
others information.
In rapid transit system and tracking railway system
Computers are use to do room reservation. It helps tourists to
plan their holiday well
LESSON FOUR: COMPUTERIZED AND NON-COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS

Evolution of man and machine
o The evolution of man and machine happened hundreds of years ago

but the evolution of the computerized system happened only less than
a century ago.
o Many tasks can now be accomplished easily via the computerized
system.
Computer System
o A system is an arrangement of elements that when it is put together it

becomes an organized and established procedure. (In Latin-Greek, the
term system means to combine, to set up, to place together)
o A system typically consists of components connected together in order
to facilitate the flow of information, matter or energy.
o A computer system consists of a set of hardware and software which
processes data in a meaningful way.
A.) Education
1. Education is the science of teaching and learning of specific skills.
2. It also imparts knowledge, good judgment and wisdom.
B.) Banking System
Banking before ICT
Banking after ICT
Banking was done manually by All transactions

taking deposits directly
computers
are
done
by
Transactions can only be made

during working hour
Transaction can be done at anytime

and place.
Takes time to approve any loan

applications
Online services, phone banking

system, credit cards are available
C.) Industry
Industry before ICT
Industry after ICT
Industry
was
slow
because
everything was done manually and
totally depended on human labor.
Computers and telecommunications

industry became very popular and
profitable since production can be
increased through an all day operator.
D.) Commerce
1. Commerce is an activity of exchanging and buying and selling of
commodities in large scale involving transportation from place to
place.
Commerce before ICT
Commerce after ICT
Trading was made using the barter E-commerce plays an important role
system and it was then later in the economic scene. It includes
developed into currency.
distribution, buying, selling and
servicing products that are done
electronically.
Advertisement was in the form of
word of mouth, billboards and
printed flyers.
Trading globally was extremely slow,
late and expensive. Traders had to
find ways to market global products
in the global market.
LESSON FIVE: IMPACT OF ICT ON THE SOCIETY

ICT development has changed every aspect of the human society. It has
affected our life in many ways.
A.) Faster communication speed
1. In the past, it took a long time for any news or messages to be sent. Now
with the internet, news or messages are sent via e-mail to friends, business
partners or to anyone efficiently.
2. With the capability of bandwidth, broadband and connection speed on the
internet, any information can travel fast and at an instant. It saves time and
is inexpensive.
B.) Lower communication cost
1. Using the Internet is cost-effective than the other mode of communication
such as telephone, mailing or Korea Service. It allows people to have
access to large amounts of data at a very low cost.
2. With the internet we do not have to pay for any basic services provided by
the Internet. Furthermore, the cost of connection to the internet is
relatively cheap.
C.) Reliable mode of communication
1. Computers are reliable. With the Internet we can access and retrieved
information from anywhere and at anytime. This makes it a reliable mode
of communication.
2. However, the input to the computer is contributed by the human. If the
data pass through the computer is faulty, the result will be faulty as well.
This is related to the form GIGO. GIGO is a short form for Garbage In
Garbage Out. It refers to the quality of output produced according to the
input. Normally bad input produces bad output.
D.) Effective sharing of information
1. With the advancement of ICT, information can be shared by people all
around the world. People can share and exchange opinions, news and
information through discussion groups, mailing lists and forums on the
Internet. This enables knowledge sharing which will contribute to the
development of a knowledge-based society.
2. Some examples of popular discussion groups on the Internet are:
a) Google Groups (www.googlegroups.com)
b) Yahoo! Groups (www.yahoogroups.com)
c.) Classic discussion group
E.) Paperless environment

1. ICT technology has created the term paperless environment. This term
means information can be stored and retrieved through the digital medium
instead of paper. Online communication via email, online chat and instant
messages also helps in creating the paperless environment.
F.) Borderless communication
1. Through the internet, information and communication can be borderless.
2. Internet offers fast information retrieval, interactivity, accessibility and
versatility. It has become a borderless source for services and information.
G.) Social problems
1. There are some negative effects of ICT. It has created social problems in
the society.
2. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than
having real time conversations.
3. People tend to become more individualistic and introvert theft, hacking,
pornography and online gambling. This will result in moral decadent and
generate threat to the society.
H.) Health problems
1. A computer may harm user if they use it for long hours frequently.
2. Computers users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and
mental stress.
3. In order to solve the health problems, an ergonomic chair can reduced back
strain and a screen filter is to minimize eyestrain.
Summary
1. The advantages of ICT in the society:
a. faster speed of communication b. lower communication cost
c. reliable mode of communication d. effective sharing of information
e. paperless environment
f. borderless communication
g. urging for research and development of new products
h. good competition among the producers
2. The disadvantages of ICT in the society:
a. social problems
b. health problems
c. changing peoples attitude and demand
LESSON SIX: COMPUTER ETHICS

A.) Ethics in general
1. We often see pirated CDs, software and VCD being sold at the night
market. Buying pirated software is an example of unethical activity in
computer ethic.
2. A guideline is needed to stop the current technology products from being
exploited, for example by replicating originals CDs and selling them as
pirated software. This unethical behavior can be controlled by the code of
conducts.
3. Under the Malaysia Copyright act 1987, any individual charge with piracy
will be fine up to 10,000 for each copy or up to 5 years imprisonment or
both.
4. Computer ethics is a system of moral standards or values used as a
guideline for computer users.
B.) The ten commandments of computer ethics
1. The United States Institute of Computer Ethics has come out with the Ten
Commandments of Computer Ethics.
2. These principles consider the effective code of conducts for the proper use
of information technology.
3. The ten commandments of computer ethics
i. You shall not use a computer to harm other people.
ii. You shall not interfere with other peoples computer work.
iii. You shall not snoop around in other peoples computer files.
iv. You shall not use a computer to steal.
v. You shall not use a computer to bear false witness.
vi. You shall not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not
paid.
vii. You shall not use other peoples computer resources without
authorization or proper compensation.
viii. You shall not appropriate other peoples intellectual output.
ix. You shall think about the social consequences of the program you are
writing or the system you are designing.
x. You shall always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration
and respect for your fellow humans.
C.) Guidelines on the e-mail and Internet usage

1. The Department of Public Services of Malaysia has provided guidelines on
the e-mail and Internet usage as reference to the staff.
2. This guidance covers the usage of e-mail account, mailbox maintenance, email preparation and delivery, mailing list and the Internet.
3. Some guidelines from the Department of Public Services of Malaysia:
a) Use only individual e-mail address to forward individual opinion.
b) Keep the identity name and password a secret to avoid the misuse of
your e-mail without your knowledge.
c) E-mail must be active to promptly reply the necessary actions needed
for any matters.
d) Ensure the total mail kept in the box is within the computer storage
capacity.
e) Scan files regularly to avoid the transmission of virus from one
computer to another.
f) Do not send e-mails that contain classified information which can be
used to tarnish other people or country.
g) Choose a suitable time to search Internet to save access time and cost.
h) Beware of prohibited sites which could affect ones moral,
organization or nation.
i) Print only relevant documents that you think can be used in future to
save cost.
D.) Unethical computer code of conducts
1. Have you copied materials from the internet and claims that it is your own
and submit them as an assignment? If you have, you are reaching the
computer code of conducts. In other word, you are breaking the law of
intellectual property by stealing someone elses idea. Intellectual property
refers to any products of human intellect that is unique and has a value in
the market place. This covers ideas, inventions, unique names, computer
program codes and many more.
2. Examples of unethical computer code of conducts include:
a) modifying certain information on the internet, affecting the accuracy
of the information
b) selling information to other parties without the owners permission
c) use information without authorization.
d) involvement in stealing software

e) invasion of privacy
3. With the advancement of ICT, it is easy for anyone to retrieve your
information from the Internet. You may release that when you fill a form
on the Internet, your information may be exposed and stolen.
4. Kevin David Mitnick was a famous hacker. He accessed computers
without authorization. He deprived the privacy of many individuals by
hacking into network of a few companies. He also managed to get
valuable data unethically for his own usage.
E.) Ethical computer code of conducts
1. Have you ever ask for permission to download materials from the internet
such as music, articles, graphic and other material. If you have, you are
following the computer code of conducts. There are many web sites with
restriction where the public is allowed to use their material. Users may
have to pay royalty to the owner or quote the website in their assignment
or project, in order to be able to use this material.
2. Examples of ethical computer code of conducts include:
a) sending warning about viruses to other computer users
b) asking permission before sending any business advertisements to
others
c) using information with authorization
Summary
1. Ethics refers to a standard of moral guideline that is used to determine
proper behavior.
2. There are two codes of conducts that can be referred to which are the Ten
Commandments of Computer Ethics by the United States Institute of
Computer Ethics and the e-mails and Internet guidelines by the
Department of Public Services of Malaysia.
3. Unethical computer code of conducts include modifying the accuracy of
the information, selling information to other parties without the owners
permission, using information without authorization, involvement in
stealing software and invasion privacy.
4. Ethical computer code of conducts include sending warning about viruses
to other computer users, asking permission before sending any business
advertisements to others and using information with authorization.
LESSON SEVEN: THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWS

A.) Definition of Ethics
1. In general, ethics is a moral philosophy where a person makes a specific
moral choice and sticks to it.
2. On the other hand, ethics in computing means moral guidelines to refer to
when using the computer and computer networks. This includes the
Internet.
B.) Definition of Law
1. Law is a legal system comprising of rules and principles that govern the
affairs of a community and controlled by a political authority.
2. Law differs from one country to another. In the era of technology,
computer law is needed to clarify goods or actions that fall under the
computer law. Computer law refers to all areas in law that requires an
understanding of computer technology such as hardware, software and
Internet.
3. Examples of laws of computing in Malaysia include the Malaysian
Communication and Multimedia Act, the computer Crime Act 1997 and
the Telemedicine Act 1997.
C.) Why do we need ethics and law in computing?
1. Respecting Ownership
We must respect ownership by not stealing other peoples work either by
duplicating or distributing it. Duplicating and distributing copies of audio
tapes, video tapes and computer programs without permission and
authorization from the individual or company that created the program are
immoral and illegal.
2. Respecting privacy and confidentiality
We should respect other peoples privacy and confidentiality by refraining
ourselves from reading their mails or files without their permission. If we
do so, it is considered as violating an individuals right to privacy and
confidentiality.
3.
Respecting property
Property here means ownership. Since an individual data and information
are considered as property, therefore, an act of tampering and changing
electronic information is considered as vandalism and disrespect for other
peoples property.
D.) Similarities between Ethics and Law

1. Both ethics and law are complimentary to each other and are made
a. to guide user from misusing computers
b. to create a healthy computer society, so that computers are used to
contribute to a better life.
c to prevent any crime.
E.) Differences between ethics and laws
Ethics
1. Guideline
As a guideline to computer users
2. Moral standard
Ethical behavior is judged by moral
standard.
3. Free to follow
Computer users are free to follow or
ignore the code of ethics
4. No punishments
No punishments for anyone who
violates ethics
5. Universal
Universal, can be applied anywhere,
all over the world
6. Produce ethical computer user
To produce ethical computer users
7. Immoral
Law
1. Control
As a rule to control computer
users.
2. Judicial standard
Law is judged by judicial
standards
3. Must follow
Computer users must follow the
regulations and law
4. Penalties, imprisonments and
other punishments
Penalties, imprisonments and
other punishments for those
who break the law.
5. Depends on country
Depends on country and state
where the crime is committed.
6. Prevent misusing of computers
To prevent misuse of computers
7. Crime
Ethics
Not honoring computer ethics
means ignoring the moral elements
(immoral).
Law
Not honoring the law means
committing a crime
F.) Unethical vs. law breaking conducts
1.
2.
3.
Unethical
Using the office computer to do
personal thing
Reading your friends e-mail without
his or her permission.
Law breaking
1. Sending a computer virus via
e-mail
2. Hacking into your school
database to change your
examination results.
Plagiarising and using materials from 3. Selling pirated software in a
the
Internet
for
your
class
night market.
assignments without giving credits to
the original author.
Summary
1.
2.
3.
Ethics in computing means moral guidelines to refer to when using the

computer, computer networks and the Internet.
Computer law is a concept from existing law, which is applied to the
relatively new technologies of computer hardware and software, e-mail
and Internet.
Ethical behavior is judged by moral standards while law is judged by
judicial standards.
LESSON EIGHT: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

It is important to have your creation patented to protect your rights.
Reproducing other peoples inventions without their permission or piracy is
illegal. We must respect the rights of others.
A.) Definition of Intellectual Property
1. Intellectual Property (IP) refers to works created by inventors, authors and
artists. Those works are unique and have value in the market value.
2. In our daily lives, we are surrounded by things that are protected by IP.
Your school bags, your shoes and even your socks are protected by
Intellectual Property Rights. Nike, Bata or Adidas, for example, are all
protected by a group of legal rights.
B.) Intellectual Property Law
1. Intellectual property and intellectual property right can be protected under
the Intellectual Property Law.
2. Intellectual Property Laws cover ideas, inventions, literary creations,
unique names, business models, industrial processes, computer program
codes and more.
C.) Inventions Protected By Intellectual Property Laws
1. As businesses continue to expand globally, business owners must realize
the importance of getting professional advice on how to establish and
safeguard their intellectual property rights.
2. This includes Trademarks, Service marks, Trade/Company names, Domain
names, Geographical indications, Copyrights, Patents.
3. Example of creation that are covered under the Intellectual Property Law
include architectural, audio visual, sound recording, Literary, musical and
sculptural.
D.) Intellectual Property Protection
There are four types of Intellectual Property Protection. They are:
1. patents for invention
o Utility, design or plant patents that protect inventions and
improvements to the existing inventions.
o It is a grant of a property right to the inventor. For example. Centrino

is a processor which introduce efficient power management. The
design of the processor is patented by Intel.
2. trademarks for brand identity
o Words, names, symbols, devices and images that represent products,
goods or services
o Trademarks for brands, identity of goods and services allowed the
distinction to be made between different traders. For example: Intel
and AMD.
3. designs for product appearance
o The features of, in particular, the lines, contours, colours, shape,
texture or material of the product itself or its ornaments.
o The design for product appearance covered the whole or a part of a
product resulting from the feature such as the lines, contours, colours,
shape, texture or material. For example: Apple IMAC.
4. copyright for material
o Literary and artistic material, music, films, sound recordings and
broadcast, including software and multimedia.
o Copyrights protect the expression of idea in literary, artistic and
musical works. For example, you can copyrights the web content you
have just designed.
o Copyrights give the holder some exclusive rights to control the
reproduction of works of authorship, such as books and music for a
certain period of time.
Summary
1. Intellectual Property (IP) refers to work created by investors, authors and
artists.
2. Intellectual Property Rights are rights to which creators are entitled to for
their inventions, writings and works of art.
3. Intellectual Property Laws cover ideas, inventions, literary creations,
unique names, business models, industrial processes and computer
program codes from being manipulated by people other than the owner.
4. Why do we need intellectual property law?
o To appreciate other hard works and energy
o To safeguard one property
o To protect human relationship
LESSON NINE: PRIVACY IN COMPUTER USAGE

We should respect other peoples privacy by not invading their personal lives.
People treasure privacy as there are some things that they do not wish to
disclose to others. The same goes for privacy in ICT.
A.) What is privacy?
1. Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy.
2. Data refers to a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures and symbols.
Then, computer is used to process data into information. In general, data
include texts, numbers, sounds, images and video.
3. Information privacy is described as the rights of individuals and
companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about
them.
B.) Ways computer technology threaten our privacy
1. How does computer technology threaten the privacy of our data? It is done
through:
a. Cookies
o are used to identify users by web casting, e-commerce and other
web applications.
o contain user information and are saved in the computer hard disk.
o are used by some websites to store passwords and track how
regularly we visit a website, thats how we become potential
targets for web advertisers.
o enable web sites to collect information about your online activities
and store them for future use, then the collected details will be
sold to any company that requests for it.
b. Electronic profile
o electronic profile is the combining of data in a database that can be
sold to the Internet by the company to the interested parties.
o this database is in a form such as magazine subscription or product
warranty cards that had been filled by online subscribers.
o the information in electronic profile includes personal details such
as your age, address and marital status.
c. Spyware
o refers to a program that collects user information without users
knowledge.
o can enter computers, sneaking in like a virus.
o is a result of installing new programs.
o Communicates information it collects to some outside source

while we are online.
2. Computer technology threatens our privacy through electronic profiling.
For example, when we fill out a form such as a magazine subscription,
purchasing products or contest entry form on the Internet, this data is kept
in the database. It will include age, address, marital status and other
personal details.
3. Every time you click on an advertisement or register a software product
online, your information is entered into a database.
4. Computer technology can also threaten privacy through spam. Spam is
unsolicited e-mail messages, advertisements or newsgroup postings sent to
many recipients at once.
C.) Why do we need privacy?
1. We need privacy for anonymity.
2. For example, the internet creates an elaborate trail of data detailing a
person surfing on the web because all information is stored inside cookies.
We do not want our trail to be detected.
3. We also need privacy for confidentiality. For example, online information
generated in the course of a business transaction is routinely used for a
variety of other purposes without the individuals knowledge or consent.
4. We do not want our private lives and habits exposed to third parties.
D.) Can privacy be protected?
Privacy can be protected by
1. Privacy law
The privacy laws in Malaysia emphasizes on the following:
a. Security services to review the security policy
b. Security Management to protect the resources
c. Security Mechanism to implement the required security services
d. Security objects, the important entities within the system environment.
2. Utilities software
Example: anti-spam program, firewall, anti-spyware and anti-virus
Summary
1. Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy and the right of
individuals and companies to restrict the collection and use of information
to others.
2. There are three ways computes technology can threaten our privacy:
a. Cookies
b. electronic profile
c. spyware
3. Privacy can be protected by privacy law and utilities software.
LESSON TEN: AUTHENTICATIONS

A.) What is authentication?
1. Authentication is a process where users verify that they are who they say
they are. The user who attempts to perform functions in a system is in fact
the user who is authorized to do so.
2. For example, when you use an ATM card, the machine will verify the
validation of the card. Then, the machine will request for a pin number.
This is where the authentication takes place.
Identification
- present what the user has (e.g. smart card)
Verification
- verify the validity of
the ID
Not valid (F)
Valid (T)
Identification
- present what the user is (e.g. biometric)
Authentication
- authenticate who the
user is
Access
denied
False
True
Access granted
B.) Methods of Authentication

3. There are two commonly used authentication methods, which are
biometric device and callback system.
4. Biometric device is a device that translates personal characteristics into a
digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the database.
5. Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the user.
C.) Biometric devices

The examples of biometric devices are
a.) Fingerprint recognition
o A dedicated fingerprint reader is attached to a computer and takes the

image data from the scanner and sends it to the database. The user is
usually required to leave his finger on the reader for less than 5
seconds during which time the identification or verification takes
place. The data received is compared to the information stored within
the database.
o In order to prevent fake fingers from being used, many biometrics
fingerprint systems also measure blood flow, or check for correctly
arrayed ridges at the edges of the fingers.
o This authentication method is accurate and cost effective.
b.) Facial Recognition
o Facial recognition analyses the recorded information of distance

between eyes, nose, mouth and jaw edges of an individual's face
images captured through a digital video camera.
o Facial recognition is widely used, touted as a fantastic system for
recognizing potential threats (whether terrorists, scam artists, or
known criminals).
o But so far, it has been unproven in high level usage. It is currently
used in the verification only system with a good deal of success.
o The accuracy is fair and the cost involve for this method is reasonable.
c.) Hand Geometry Scanning
o Hand scanning involves the measurement and analysis of the shape of

one's hand.
o It is a fairly straight forward procedure and it is surprisingly accurate.

o Although it requires special hardware to use, it can be easily integrated
into other devices or system.
o Unlike fingerprints, the human hand is not unique. Individual hand

features are not descriptive enough for identification.
o It is possible to revise a method by combining various individual
features and measurements of fingers and hands for verification
purposes.
d.) Iris Scanning
o Iris scanning analyses the features that exist in the coloured tissues
surrounding the pupil which has more than 200 points that can be used
for comparison, including rings, furrows and freckles.
o The scans use a regular video camera and can be done from further
away than a retina scan.
o It will work perfectly fine through glasses and in fact has the ability to
create an accurate enough measurement that it can be used for
identification purposes.
o The accuracy of this method is excellent while the cost involved is
high.
e.) Retina Scanning
o Retina biometrics involves the scanning of retina and analyzing the

layer of blood vessels at the back of the eye.
o Retina scanning involves using a low intensity light source and an

optical coupler and can read the patterns at a great level of accuracy.
o Retina scanning requires the user to remove glasses, place their eye
close to the device and focus on a certain point.
o Whether the accuracy can overweight the public discomfort is yet to

be seen.
o The accuracy in retina scanning is very good and the cost involves is
fair.
f.) Voice Recognition
o Voice recognition system compares a person's live speech with their

stored voice pattern.
o Voice recognition biometrics requires users to speak into a

microphone. What he speaks can be his password or an access phrase.
o Verification time is approximately 5 seconds. To prevent recorded

voice use, most voice recognition devices require the high and low
frequencies of the sound to match, which is difficult for many
recording instruments to recreate well. Also, some devices generate
random number of sequences for verification.
o The accuracy in voice recognition is fair and the cost involved is very
reasonable.
g.) Signature Verification System
o Signature Verification System recognizes the shape of your

o
o
o
o
o
handwritten signature, as well as measuring the pressure exerted and

the motion used to write the signature.
Signature Verification System uses special pen and tablet.
After pre-processing the signature, several features are extracted.
The authenticity of a writer is determine by comparing an input
signature to a stored reference set (template) consisting of three
signatures.
The similarity between an input signature and the reference set is
computed using string matching and the similarity value is compared
to a threshold.
The accuracy in Signature Verification System is fair and the cost
involved is excellent.
D.) Callback System
o The callback system is commonly used in the bank operation and

business transaction.
o For example, when you book for the taxi services, the operator will
ask you to hang up and she will call you back to confirm for the
service required.
E.) Why is authentication important?
Authentication is important in order to safeguard against the unauthorized
access and use.
Summary
1. Authentication is a process where users verify that they are who they
say they are.
2. There are 2 commonly used authentication methods, which are
biometric device and callback system.
3. Biometric device is a device that translates personal characteristics
into a digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the
database.
4. Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the
user.
5. Authentication is important in order to safeguard against the

unauthorized access and use.
LESSON ELEVEN: VERIFICATION

A.) What is verification?
Verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with
respect to a certain formal specification
Identification
- present what the user has (e.g. smart card)
Verification
- verify the validity of
the ID
Valid (T)
Not valid (F)
Access granted
Access
denied
Identification
- present what the user is (e.g. pin number)
B.) Methods of verification

1. There are two methods, commonly used in verification, which are user
identification and processed object.
2. User identification refers to the process of validating the user.
3. Processed object refers to something the user has such as identification
card, security token and cell phone.
C.) User identification
The examples of validating process using the user identification are:
1. Key in the user name to log-in to a system and the system will verify
whether the user is valid or invalid user.
2. Show exam slip to verify that you are the valid candidate for the exam.
3. Show a passport before departure.
D.) Processed object

The examples of validating process using the processed object are:
1. The policeman will check on the drivers license to identify the valid
driver.
2. Employees have to swipe their security card to enter the building
3. Buy blouses at the mall using a credit card
Summary
1. Verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system
with respect to a certain formal specifications.
2. Two methods commonly used in verification are user identification and
processed object.
3. User identification refers to the process of validating the user. Processed
objects refer to something the user has such as identification card, security
token, key, badge and cell phone.
LESSON TWELVE: CONTROVERSIAL CONTENT

A.) Controversial content
A controversial content is information that causes disagreement in
opinions and may cause the disruption of peace because different people or
culture will have different views about the contents
B.) Issues on controversial contents
o The issues on controversial contents are always focusing on

pornography and slander. Malaysia considers pornography and slander
as illegal.
o Pornographic and slanderous activities can be in the forms of plots and
actions displayed on video games, controversial rhythm or lyrics of
music, controversial contents of books and controversial issues on
religion and philosophy.
C.) Pornography
o Cute pictures of innocent babies cant be considered as pornography

by normal standards. However these pictures may attract paedophiles.
Paedophiles are people who are sexually arouse by young children.
They exploit children for sexual pleasure. Sexual acts against children
are a crime everywhere and must be curbed. These pictures are
pornography to paedophiles.
o The definition of pornography is any form of media or material (like
books or photographs) that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to
cause sexual excitement.
o Pornography tends to exploit men, women and children in a distasteful
manner
D.) Slander
o Slander is a legal term for false and malicious statement (meaning

knowing that it is false or reckless disregard that it was false) about
someone.
o Example:
i.
You wrote an e-mail that a fellow classmate was having an affair

with a teacher, even though it was not true. You then sent it to five
other friends.
ii. Ahmad is a Muslim. One day, he received a spam e-mail stating
that his favourite soda drink Soda Moda uses non-halal food
colouring, but he does not know if the source of the content is
credible or true. He decides to forward the e-mail to 50 of his
friends.
iii. Chin Wei spreads a rumour that a Government Minister is
receiving bribes from an enemy government.
E.) Impacts On Malaysian Society
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pornography
Can lead to criminal acts such
as exploitation of women and
children
Can lead to sexual addiction
or perversion.
Can develop low moral value
towards other men, women or
children.
Can erode good religious,
cultural and social beliefs and
behaviour.
Slander
1.
Can develop into a society
that disregards honesty and truth.
2.
Can develop bad habit of

spreading untruths and rumours.
3.
Can lead to unnecessary
argument.
4.
Can cause people to have

negative attitudes towards another
person.
Summary
1. Controversial content is the information that causes dispute among people
with different beliefs and values.
2. Controversial contents such as slander and pornography can give effect to
the society in the following manner.
a) Causes arguments and quarrels
b) Can harm reputation of people.
c) Lowers moral behaviour
d) May exploit men, women and children
e) Can lead to sexual addiction and crimes
f) Erodes good religious, cultural and social beliefs and behaviour.
LESSON THIRTEEN: THE PROCESS OF INTERNET FILTERING

A.) Internet filtering
o Internet pornography politically incorrect sites, hatred sites and many

other misleading and controversial contents are at large in the
information super highway. Internet has become more accessible to
anyone.
o It is our responsibility to ensure that the teenagers are protected from
these corruptions of the mind by filtering access to the Internet.
o Internet filtering is a process that prevents or blocks access to certain
materials on the Internet.
o Filtering is most commonly used to prevent children from accessing
inappropriate material and to keep employees productive on the
Internet.
B.) Control access to the Internet
1. The current preferred method of choice to limit access on the Internet
is to filter content either by
a. Keyword blocking
i.
Uses a list of banned words or objectionable terms
such as the word sex and penis.
ii.
As the page is downloading, the filter searches for any
of these words. If found, it will block the page completely,
stop downloading the page, block the banned words and
even shut down the browser.
iii.
Keyword blocking Process
Type keywords (in browser)

False
Access granted
iv.
Keyword = Blocked database
True
Access denied
Examples of keyword that can be blocked are Sex,

Penis, Breast. However blocking these keywords will
also block searchers for information on places like Essex
and Penistone. The word breast will also block searches for
recipes using chicken breast.
b. Site blocking
i.
This software is more sophisticated than word
blocking as it involve people visiting the site and
evaluating them.
ii.
This method compiles a list a dubious Internet sites
which the software then can prevent people from accessing
it.
iii.
Denial list regularly updated and can be
automatically downloaded to the software purchaser.
iv.
Some example of dubious Internet sites are
www.xxx.xom, www.poker.com, www.porn.com
v.
Site blocking process
Type URL
Falseee
Access
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
URL checks for blocked
True
Access
The lists are often organized into categories of

information. For example: activist group, sexuality and
lifestyle.
Users then can have control on what they blocked and
dont block.
However, there are concerns on what goes on the
denial list. These lists are sensitive commercial
information and companies are consequently often not
willing to make them available. It is unrealistic that a
software company is able to keep track of the whole of the
Internet.
Filters can use both site blocking and word blocking.
This could catch the sites that are on the blocked list
c. Web Rating System

i.
Web sites are rated in terms of nudity, sex, violence
and language.
ii.
iii.
The Recreational Software Advisory Council or

RSACI is responsible for the rating of the Internet.
Web Rating System
Software companies rate websites

False
Content to be accessed > allowed websites
Access granted
True
Access denied
o The pages are rated according to their content either by

the web page author or by the independent bureau.
o The rating is either embedded in the web page itself or

access to the web is managed through the bureau.
o Browsers set to only accept pages with certain levels of

ratings. For example: partial nudity, mild expletives,
innocent kissing and romance and sports violence.
o Any page with rating above this level will not be accepted
or viewable. Ratings like this have been taken out at a
high level by politician but obviously very few pages have
been rated and so its value is still being decided.
o Again, there are issue, who decided the ratings and how
they judge the criteria. For example: How do you decide
what mild expletives or moderate expletives are? Or how
do you take into account the cultural differences?
2. Controlling access to the Internet by means of filtering software has
become a growing industry in Malaysia and elsewhere.
3. Its use has become as the mandatory response to the current place of
society mainly internet pornography, politically incorrect sites, hatred,
violent, hate and in general anything due to be threatening or
unpleasant.
4. These method required software to be install at a client or server level.
Summary
The process of internet filtering through several ways which are
1. Referred to by the URLs
2. By using a large set of keywords to prevent accessing sites that contain
one or more of the words.
3. Rate specific websites

o Rating either done by web page author or by independent bureau.
o Browsers set to only accept pages with certain levels of ratings.
LESSON FOURTEEN: CYBER LAW

The rapid development and implementation of the information and
communication technology ICT can result in the abuse of the World Wide
Web, a service which is provided by the internet. Information and database in
the Internet needs to be protected and secured against abuses. The security and
privacy of the data on the Internet is provided by Cyber Law.
A.) What is Cyber Law?
o Cyber Law refers to any laws relating to protecting the Internet and
other laws relating to protecting the Internet and other online
communication technologies.
B.) Needs For Cyber Law
o In the recent years, many concerns and issues were raised on the
integrity and security of information, legal status of online
transactions, privacy and confidentiality of information, intellectual
property rights and security of government data placed on the Internet.
o These concerns and issues clearly indicate why Cyber Laws are
needed in online activities.
C.) The Cyber Law Acts in Malaysia
o The Malaysian Government has already passed several Cyber Laws to

control and reduce the Internet abuse.
o These Cyber Laws include:

a.
Digital Signature Act 1997

Digital Signature Act 1997 secures electronic
communication especially on the Internet.
ii. Digital Signature is an identity verification standard that uses
encryption techniques to protect against e-mail forgery. The
encrypted code consists of the users name and a hash of all
the parts of the messages.
iii. By attaching the digital signature, one can ensure that nobody
can eavesdrop, intersect or tamper with transmitted data.
b.
Computer Crimes Act 1997
i. The computer crimes Act 1997 gives protection against the
misuses of computers and computer criminal activities such as
i. The
criminal activities unauthorized use of programme, illegal

transmission of data or messages over computers and hacking
and cracking of computer systems and networks.
ii. By implementing Computer Crimes Act 1997 users can
protect their rights to privacy and build trust in the computer
system. At the same time, the government can have control at
a certain level over the Cyber Space to reduce Cyber Crime
activities.
c.
Telemedicine Act 1997
i. The Telemedicine Act 1997 ensures that only qualified
medical practitioners can practice the telemedicine and that
their patients rights and interest are protected.
ii. These acts provide the environment for the future
development and delivery of healthcare in Malaysia.
d.
Communications and Multimedia Act 1998
i. The
implementation
of
Communication
and
Telecommunication 1998 ensures that information is secure,
the network is reliable and the service is affordable all over
Malaysia.
ii. This act also ensures high level of users confidence in the
information and communication technology industry.
Besides these Cyber Laws, there are three other Cyber Laws being
drafted
i. Private Data Protection Bill
ii. Electronic Government Activities Bill
iii. Electronic Transactions Bill
iv. Security Protection Bill
Summary
1. Cyber law refers to any laws relating to protecting the Internet and other
online communication technologies.
2. Cyber Law is needed to protect
i.
ii
iii
iv
v
the integrity and security of information

the legal status of online transactions
the privacy and confidentially of information
the intellectual property rights
government data
3. Some examples of Cyber Laws in Malaysia

i
ii
Digital Signature Act 1997

Telemedicine Act 1997
iii Computer Crimes Act 1997

iv Communications and Multimedia Act 1998
4. Other Cyber Laws

i
The security Protection Bill
iii The Private Data Protection Bill

ii
The Electronic Transactions Bill
iv The Electronic Government

Activities Bill
LESSON FIFTEEN: COMPUTER CRIMES

Nowadays, we found that many peoples are selling pirated computer software
to customers at a much cheaper price than the original CDs. Do you think this
is a criminal act or just a way of doing business?
COMPUTER CRIMES
1. A computer crime is defined as any criminal activity that is related to
the use of computers.
2. Any illegal act involving a computer is referred as a computer crime.
3. These activities include computer fraud, copyright infringement,
computer theft and computer attack.
A. COMPUTER FRAUD
1. Computer fraud is defined as having an intention to take advantage
over or causing loss to other people, mainly on monetary basis through
the use of computers.
2. There are many forms of computer fraud which include e-mail hoaxes,
program fraud, investment schemes, sales promotion, claims of
expertise on certain field, health frauds, scams and hacking.
B. COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
1. Copyright infringement is defined as a violation of the right secured
by a copyright.
2. Copyright infringement involves illegal copying or reproduction of
copyright materials by the black market groups.
3. The open commercial sale of pirated items is also illegal. Copyright
infringement involves illegal copying or reproduction of copyright
4. With the current technology, the most perfect copy of the original
copyright materials can be downloaded from the Internet.
5. For example, the widespread of illegal downloading activities and
sharing of recorded music in MP3 format. Also the unauthorized
copying of movies even after the closing down of Nepster.
C. COMPUTER THEFT
1.
Computer Theft is defined as the unauthorized use of another

persons property with the intention to deny the owner the rightful
possession of that property or its use.
2.
Insurance companies and drug companies have access to
private medical records. These medical records can be used to
determine the ability of employees to get an insurance policy. The

drug companies may then sell and share the information with other
companies.
3.
Examples of computer theft include:
a)
transfer of payments to the wrong accounts
b)
tap into data transmission lines on database at no cost
c)
divert goods to the wrong destination
D. COMPUTER ATTACK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Computer Attack may be defined as any activities taken to

disrupt the equipment of computer systems, change processing control
or corrupt stored data.
It is very hard to trace the authors of cyber threats. Therefore,
the school authority will not know whether a virus entered their
system from someones e-mail or is generated by school hackers.
Computer attack can be in the forms of:
a)
physical attack that disrupt the computer facility or its
transmission lines
b)
electronic attack that uses the power of electromagnet energy
to overload computer circuitry.
c)
A computer network attack uses a malicious code to exploit a
weakness in software, or in the computer security practices of a
computer user.
For example, the presence of technologically savvy young
hackers in schools that can produce damage to schools server.
They are capable of disabling filters and gate way software, or
accessing student information systems.
SUMMARY
1. Computer crime is any criminal activity that is related to the use of
computers such as fraud, copyright infringement, theft and computer
attack.
2. Computer fraud includes health frauds, scams and hackers.
3. Copyright infringement includes the illegal downloading and sharing
of recorded music and unauthorized copying of movies online.
4. Computer theft includes the unauthorized use of another persons
property with the intention to deny the owner the rightful possession
of that property or its use.
5. Computer attack includes any activities taken to disrupt the equipment
of computer system, change processing control or corrupt data stored.
LESSON SIXTEEN: COMPUTER SECURITY

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER SECURITY
1. Computer security means protecting our computer systems and the
information they contain against unwanted access, damage,
destruction or modification.
2. We need to protect our computer from any intruder such as hackers,
crackers and script kiddies.
3. We do not want strangers to read our email, use our computer to attack
other systems, send forged e-mail from our computer, or examine
personal information stored on our computer such as financial
statements.
TYPES OF COMPUTER SECURITY
Three types of computer security are
a.
hardware security
b.
software security/ data security
c.
network security
HARDWARE SECURITY
1. Hardware security refers to security measures used to protect the

hardware specifically the computer and its related documents.
2. The examples of security measures used to protect the hardware

include PC-locks, keyboard-lock, smart cards and biometric devices.
3. Besides these Cyber Laws, there are three other Cyber Laws being
drafted
SOFTWARE AND DATA SECURITY
1. Software and data security refers to the security measures used to
protect the software and the loss of data files.
2. Examples of security measures used to protect the software are
activation code and serial number.
3. An example of security measure used to protect the loss of data files is
the disaster recovery plan method.
4. The idea of this plan is to stored data, program and other important
documents in a safe place that will not be affected by any major
destruction.
NETWORK SECURITY
1. The transfer of data through network has become a common practice
and the need to implement network security has become significant.
2. Network security refers to security measures used to protect the
network system.
3. One example of network security measures is firewall. With firewall,
network resources can be protected from the outsiders.
PERSONAL COMPUTER SECURITY CHECKLIST
In order to make sure our computers are secured, here are the computer
security checklists to follow.
a) Do not eat, drink or smoke near the computer.
b) Do not place the computer near open windows or doors.
c) Do not subject the computer to extreme temperatures.
d) Clean the equipment regularly.
e) Place a cable lock on the computer.
f) Use a surge protector.
g) Store disks properly in a lock container.
h) Maintain backup copies of all files.
i) Stores copies of critical files off sites.
j) Scan a floppy disk before you open it.
k) Do not open any unknown email received.
SUMMARY
1. Computer security is a process of preventing and detecting

unauthorized use of the computer.
2. There are three types of computer, which are hardware security,

software/data security and network security.
LESSON SEVENTEEN: INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY THREATS

1. The computer is a great tool to store important information. In certain
cases the information is very vital that losing it will harm the computer
system.
2. Computer threats can come from many ways either from human or natural
disaster. For example, when someone is stealing your account information
from a trusted bank, this threat is considered as a human threat. However,
when your computer is soaked in heavy rain, then that is a natural disaster
threat.
3. Generally, security threats include malicious code, hacking, natural
environment and theft.
A MALICIOUS CODE
1. Malicious code is also known as a rouge program. It is a threat to

computing assets by causing undesired effects in the programmers
part. The effect is caused by an agent, with the intention to cause
damage.
2. The agent for malicious code is the writer of the code or any person
who causes its distributions.
3. There are various kinds of malicious code. They include

virus
Virus is a program that can pass on the malicious code

to other non-infected programs by modifying them.
To infect a computer, the virus needs to attaches itself
to the program, usually files with .doc (document), .xls
(spread sheet), .exe (executable file) extensions.
It will then destroy or co-exists with the program.
Once the infected file is open, the virus will copy
itself into that particular system and perform its functions.
Eventually, it can overtake the entire computing
system and spread to other connected systems.
Trojan Horse
A program which can perform useful but unexpected
actions.
Must be installed by users or intruders before it can

affect the systems assets.
An example of a Trojan horse is the login script that
request for users login ID and password.
The user will then successfully pass the login process,
but the Trojan horse will keep a copy of the information to be
use for malicious purposes.
Logic bomb
Logic bomb is a malicious code that goes off when a

specific condition occurs.
An example of a logic bomb is the time bomb. It goes
off and causes threats at a specified time or date.
Trapdoor or backdoor
A feature in a program that allows someone to access

the program and use it with special privileges.
Worm
A program that copies and spreads itself through a

network.
Primary differences between worms and viruses.
Virus
the Spreads through any medium.
(Usually copied programs or
data files)
Spreads copies of itself as a Spread copies of itself as a
standalone program.
program that attaches to other
program.
Operates
network.
Worm
through
B HACKER
1. Hacking is a source of threat to security in computer. It is defined as
unauthorized access to the computer system by a hacker.
2. Hackers are persons who learn about the computer systems in detail.
They wrote program referred to as hacks. Hackers may use a modem
or cable to hack the targeted computers.
3. Kevin Mitnick is the most notorious hacker ever caught. He had
stolen millions of dollars worth of software and credit card
information on the net. He used new identities and cleverly concealed

his locations. He spent 5 years in jail for his hacking activity.
C NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
1. Computers are also threatened by natural or environmental disaster. Be
it at home, stores, offices and also automobiles.
2. Examples of natural and environmental disasters:
a) flood
b) fire
c) earthquakes, storms and tornados
d) excessive heat
e) inadequate power supply
D THEFT
1. Two types of computer theft:

a.
Computer is used to steal money, goods, information and

resources.
b.
Actual stealing of computer, especially notebook and PDA.
(This type of stealing causes loss of the expensive item and also
the valuable information.)
2. Three approaches to prevent theft
a) Prevent access by using locks, smart card application and
password activation
b) Prevent portability of your computer by restricting all hardware
from physically being moved to other places.
c) Detect and guard all exits and record any hardware (such as disk
or CD) before being transported
SUMMARY
1. Security threats include malicious code, hacking, natural environment

and theft.
2. There are various types of malicious code that include virus, Trojan
horse, logic door, trapdoor or backdoor and worm.
3. Virus is a program that can pass malicious code to other non-infected

program by modifying them.
4. Computers are also threatened by natural or environmental disaster
such as flood, fore, earthquakes, storms and tornados.
5. Computer theft includes stealing money, goods, information and

computer resources.
LESSON EIGHTEEN: SECURITY MEASURES

1. Today, people rely on computer to create, store and manage critical
information. It is important that the computer and the data they store are
accessible and available when needed. It is also important that user take
measures to protect their computers and data from lost, damage and
misuse. How do we protect our computer from breaches of security and
our security risk?
2. Security measures mean the precautionary measures taken to ward off
possible danger or damage. There are 6 types of security measures which
are data backup, cryptography, Antivirus, Anti-Spyware, Firewall and
human aspects.
A.) Data backup
1. Data backup is a program of file duplication.

2. Backups of data applications are necessary so that they can be
recovered in case of an emergency.
3. Depending on the importance of the information, daily, weekly or

biweekly backups from a hard disk can be performed.
B.) Cryptography
1. Cryptography is a process of hiding information by altering the actual
information into different representation, for example APA can be
written as I?X.
2. Almost all cryptosystem depend on a key such as a password like the
numbers or a phase that can be used to encrypt or decrypt a message.
3. The traditional type of cryptosystem used on a computer network is
called a symmetric secret key system.
4. With this approach, the sender and the recipient use the same key, and
they have to keep the share key a secret from anyone else.
C.) Antivirus
1. User should install an Antivirus program and update it frequently.
2. An Antivirus program protects a computer against viruses by
identifying and removing any computer viruses found in the computer
memory, on storage media or incoming e-mail files.
3. Identifying virus:
o Two techniques are use to identify the virus:

a) Virus signature also called a virus definition. It is a specific
pattern of the virus code.
b) Inoculating a program file the Antivirus program records
information such as the file size and file creation date in a
separate inculcation file. The Antivirus program then uses this
information to detect if a virus tampers with the data
describing the inoculated program file.
o If an Antivirus program identifies an infected file, it attempts to

remove its virus, worm or Trojan horse. If the Antivirus program
cannot remove the infection, it often quarantines the infected file.
Quarantine is a separate area of a hard disk that holds the infected
file until the infection can be removed. This step ensures other
files will not become infected.
4.
An Antivirus program scans for programs that attempt

to modify the boot program, the operating system and other programs
that normally are read from but not modified.
5.
Many Antivirus program automatically scan files

downloaded from the web, e-mail attachments and all types of
removable media inserted into the computer.
D.) Anti-Spyware
1. Spyware is a program placed on a computer without the users
knowledge. It secretly collects information about the user.
2. The Spyware program communicates information to the outside
source.
3. An Anti-Spyware application program sometimes called tracking for
threat or a Spybot is used to remove Spyware.
4. Among the popular Anti-Spyware programs are:
o Spybot Search and destroy

o Ad-aware
o Spyware Blaster
E.) Firewall
1. Firewall is a piece of hardware or software which functions in a

networked environment to prevent some communications forbidden by
the security policy.
2. The purpose of a firewall is to keep bad thing outside a protected

firewall implement a security policy. It might permit limited access
from in or outside the network perimeters or from certain users or for
certain activity.
3. There are three types of firewall

a.
Screening routers
o Simplest
o Sees only addresses and service protocol type
o Screen based on connection rules.
b.
Proxy gateway
o Complex
o Sees full text of communication
o Screen based on behaviour proxies
c.
Guard
o Most complex
o Sees full text of communication
o Screens based on interpretation of message content.
F.) Human Aspects
1. Human aspects refer to the user and also the intruder of a computer
system.
2. It is one of the hardest aspects to give protection to.
3. The most common problem is the lack of achieving a good
information security procedure.
4. There are three ways to protect computer from human aspect threat:
a.
Organisation Self Awareness
o Organisations need to be aware of the people they work with.
o Some threat also come from within the organization and not
just from the outside.
b.
Organisational User Self Awareness
o Provide employee with adequate training and the importance

of security and control.
o Even a very high-tech protection system could not protect the

system against incompetent users.
c.
Individual User Self Awareness
o Threat often comes in beautiful offers and packages.

o Do not download or install software from unreliable sources.
o Do not expose important information to strangers.
Summary
1. Data backup is a program of file duplication.

2. Security measures mean the precautionary measures taken to ward off
possible danger or damage.
3. Cryptography is a process of hiding information by altering the actual

information into different representation.
4. An Antivirus program protects a computer against viruses.

5. Spyware is a program placed on a computer without the users
knowledge and secretly collects information about the user.
6. Firewall prevents some communications forbidden by the security

policy.
7. Human aspects refer to the user and also the intruder of a computer
system which is one of the hardest aspects to give protection to.
LESSON NINETEEN: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECURITY THREATS

AND SECURITY MEASURES
Security threats may come in many forms. For example, when someone is
invading our account information from a trusted bank, this act is considered as
a security threat. Security measures can be used to prevent this invaders from
getting the getting the account information. For example, the bank can use a
firewall to prevent unauthorized access to its database.
A.) Security threats
1. Security threats causes data loss, computer damage and the misuse of
content. These threats include malicious code, hacking, natural
disaster and theft.
2. People need to apply some security measures to overcome these
threats. The examples of security measures include data backup,
cryptography, Antivirus, Anti-Spyware, firewall and human aspects.
B.) Malicious code threats Vs Antivirus and Anti-Spyware
1. Malicious code is a rogue program that threats computer assets by
causing undesired effects in the programmer part. These threats
include virus, Trojan horse, logic bomb, worm, trapdoor and back
door.
2. Antivirus and Anti-Spyware can be used as security measure to protect
the computer from those threats.
3. These security measures provide protection to the computer by
a) limiting connectivity
b) allowing only authorized media for loading data and software
c) enforcing mandatory access controls
d) blocking the virus from the computer program
C.) Hacking VS Firewall
1. Hacking is an unauthorized access to the computer system done by a
hacker. We can use firewall or cryptography to prevent the hacker
from accessing our computers.
2. A firewall permits limited access to unauthorized users or any
activities from the network environment.
3. Cryptography is a process of hiding information by changing the

actual information into different representation, for example, an APA
can be written as 7&*.
D.) Natural disaster VS data backup
1. The natural and environmental disaster may include flood, fire,
earthquakes, storms and tornados.
2. Natural disaster may threaten a computers hardware and software
easily. Computers are also sensitive to their operating environment
such as excessive heat or the inadequacy of power supply.
3. The backup system is needed to backup all data and applications in the
computer. With the backup system, data can be recovered in case of an
emergency.
E.) Theft VS human aspects
1. Computer theft can be of 2 kinds:
a) can be used to steal money, goods, information and computer
resources.
b) the actual stealing of computers, especially notebooks and PDAs.
2. These threats can be handled based on the human aspects.
3. There are 3 approaches that can be taken by individuals or
organizations to prevent theft which are
a) prevent access by using locks, smart card or password
b) prevent portability by restricting the hardware from being moved
c) detect and guard all exits and record any hardware transported.
F.) Be suspicious of all results
1. There are many instances where non-programmers develop

applications which are not built with proper understanding of software
engineering practices.
2. Data produced by such applications may not be correct and may risk
corrupting data received from other sources that are not compatible
with the application.
Summary
1. The relationship between the security threats and the security
measures.
2. The appropriate security measures to use to protect the computer from

computer threats.
LESSON TWENTY : SECURITY PROCEDURES

Home alarm systems do prevent burglars from breaking in. Similarly
computers should have alarm systems to guard them from any attacks such as
viruses and data corruption. We can assume that the house is like the computer
while the alarm system is the security procedures that we take to ensure its
safety. It shows that the alarm system is the tool that prevents the burglar from
entering the house. Similarly, by taking extra safety precautions, we can avoid
any virus attacks and file corruptions in our computers.
A.) Data protection
1. We need to protect the data in the computer as it may somehow get
lost or corrupted due to some viruses or mishap like fire, flood,
lightning, machine failures and even human errors.
2. There are a few ways to protect the information namely:
o
Make backup files
Keeping the duplicated files in external storage such

as in the floppy disk and thumb drive.
Do backup frequently to prevent data from getting lost

due to hardware or system failure.
o
Detect the virus and clean the computer
A computer virus is able to infect the way the

computer works
With an Anti-Virus program, viruses can be destroyed

and eliminated quickly and efficiently.
Viruses can be detected when we run an Anti-Virus

program
We can also delete the infected files and documents.
Dont forget to do routine Anti-Virus checks, updates

and backup files to prevent from future virus attack.
o
Warn others on virus attacks
We can warn others on virus attacks or new viruses by

sending e-mail to them.
B.) Detecting illegal access to system
1. The computer system is able to detect any illegal access to the system
by a user who does not have any authorization.
2. Basically, a corporation will simply use tcpwrappers and tripwire to

detect any illegal access to their system.
a)
Tcpwrappers
o Tcpwrappers will control access at the application level, rather

than at the application level, rather than at the socket level like
iptables and ipchains. The system will run tcpwrappers to log
access to fttp, tftp, rch, rlogin, rexe and telnet.
o Tcpwrappers stop the attempted connection examines its
configuration files will decide whether to accept or reject
the request.
b)
Tripwire
o Tripwire will detect and report on any changes in the

thousands of strategic system files. The system will run
tripwire to determine if system files have changed.
3.
Users access will be reviewed periodically by computer

operations. On going internal audits will be made to ensure detection
of violations of security and unauthorized modifications to software
and data.
C.) Preventing illegal access to systems

1. There are things that cannot be taken inside the airplane. It is for the
purpose of security procedures. It is the same as computer systems. It
would not allow any unauthorized users to simply access the systems.
2. Ways to prevent illegal access to systems
a)
Run anlpassword to make password cracking difficult.
b)
Run tcpwrappers to check if the name for an ip address
can be provided by DNC
c)
Use a callback system to prevent unauthorized use of
stolen passwords.
D.) Preventing illegal root access
1. To prevent any illegal root access, we should have Sudo. So that

people can perform on some machines without getting access to the
entire root if that is not require. In addition, with Sudo we do not have
to give up the root passwords.
2. Sudo stands for (Superuser do) and is a program in Unix, Linux and
similar operating systems such as Mac OS X that allows users to run
programs in the form of another user (normally in the form of the
systems superuser).
3. Sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser

or another user, as specified in the sudoers file.
E.) Patch
1. Patch is a name of an UNIX utility. It applies a script generated by the
different program to a set of files that allows changes from one file to
be directly applied to another file.
2. Patch supplies small updates to software, provided that the source
code is available.
3. Resources are not enough to patch all security holes that we can hear
about through the bugtraq list.
4. Bugtraq is a full disclosure mailing list dedicated to the issues of
computer security. On-topic discussions are new discussions about
vulnerabilities, methods of exploitation and how to fix them. It is a
high volume mailing list and almost all new vulnerabilities are
discussed there.
Summary
There are a few ways to protect information. They are
o
Make backup files
o
Detect the virus and clean the computer
o
Warn others on virus attack.
LESSON TWENTY-ONE : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THE SOCIETY

SOFTWARE APPLICATION
AREA
Home & Education
Business
Graphic &
Multimedia
Communication
EXAMPLES OF SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

Integrated software, Personal finance, Legal, Tax
preparation, Clip Art/ Image Gallery, Home design/
Landscaping & Reference.
Word processing, Spreadsheet, Database, Presentation
graphics, Personal Information Manager, Software Suite,
Project Management & Accounting.
Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Desktop Publishing,
Paint/ Image Editing, Video & audio editing, Multimedia
Authoring & web Page Authoring.
Email, Web browsers, Chat Rooms, Newsgroups, Instant
Messaging, Groupware & Video Conferencing.
SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS PACKAGES

SOFTWARE APPLICATION
Word Processing
Spreadsheet
Database
Presentation Graphic
Personal Information Manager
Software Suite
Project Management
Accounting
EXAMPLE OF POPULAR PACKAGES

Microsoft Word & Lotus Word Pro
Microsoft Excel & Lotus 1-2-3
Microsoft Access & Microsoft Visual
FoxPro
Microsoft Power Point & Lotus Freelance
Graphics
Microsoft Outlook & Palm Desktop
Microsoft Office & Lotus SmartSuite
Microsoft Project & Corel CATALYST
MYOB & Peachtree Complete Accounting
A) HOME & EDUCATION

1. Today, computers are used in schools, colleges & universities in order
to promote better education by using computers.
2. Some of the software applications that usually used in schools &
universities include Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, Macromedia
Flash, AutoCAD, Macromedia Dreamweaver & Macromedia Director.
3. Computer For Higher Education
o Open Distance Learning (ODL) or On-line learning can be

o
implemented as computers are the main medium in delivering the

knowledge from one location to the other locations.
This type of learning consists of online forum, discussion, quizzes,
test questions & many more. The example of the Open Distance
Learning institution is the Open University of Malaysia.
(www.oum.edu.my)
B) BUSINESS
1
People use finance or accounting software to balance check books, pay

bills, track personal income & expenses, manage investments &
evaluate their financial plans.
Accounting software helps companies to record & report their

financial transactions. One example of these software applications
includes MYOB, Intuit Quick Books & Peachtree Complete
Accounting.
Computer In Banking
o In the banking sector. Many financial institutions offer online

banking. People can access their financial records from anywhere
in world. Example of online banking is Maybank2u.
(www.maybank2u.com)
4
Industry
o By using the CAM system, computers record actual labour,
material, machine & computer time used to manufacture a
particular product.
o Computer process this data & automatically update inventory,
production, payroll & accounting records on the companys
networks.
o Examples of companies using this system are Proton
(www.proton.com.my) & Perodua (www.perodua.com.my).
C) GRAPHIC & MULTIMEDIA

1. Computers are crucial in publishing especially in the process of
making work available to the public
2. Special software applications are used to assist graphic designers to
develop graphics, texts, photographs & composing songs.
3. Computer- Aided Design, Desktop Publishing, Paint/ Image Editing,

Video & audio editing & Multimedia Authoring are among the popular
applications software.
D) COMMUNICATION
1. A government provides society with direction by making &
administering policies. Most government offices or agencies have
website in order to provide citizen with up-to-date or latest
information.
2. Examples of software applications used for communication include
email, web browser, newsgroups, instant messaging & video
conferencing.
3. People can access government websites to :
o
o
o
o
o
o
4
Computer In Tourism
o
Check information on taxes (www.hasil.org.my)

Apply for permit & licenses (www.jpj.gov.my)
Check for MyKad (www.jpn.gov.my)
Pay parking tickets & check summons (www.jpj.gov.my)
Renew vehicle registration (www.jpj.gov.my)
Register online for IPTA/IPTS application (www.moe.gov.my)
Today, people will go online to get all related information about
traveling. They can visit websites to get information on
destinations, prices, hotels, flights & car rentals.
Computer In The Healthcare

o
In the medical field, computers are very important in running the

operations. Medical staffs use computers for various purposes,
namely:
i. Maintaining patient records
ii. Monitoring patients vital sign
iii. Assisting doctors, nurses & technicians with medical tests by
using computer & computerized devices.
iv. Using medical software to help with researching & diagnosing
health conditions.
Science
o
In the scientific world, computers are used in all fields of science

from biology to astronomy to meteorology and others. These are
thing that can be done by computer, namely;
i.
ii.
Collecting, analyzing & modeling data

Serving as medium of communication with colleagues
around the world
iii.
Contributing to new inventions or breakthrough in
surgery, medicine & treatment.
iv.
Imitating functions of the central nervous system, retina of
the eye & others by tiny computers.
v.
Allowing a deaf person to listen through cochlear implant
SUMMARY
1. Computers help people to do their work faster & more efficient by
using the software applications that consist of special programs for
specific tasks.
2. Software applications are used for many reasons such as to enhance
the learning process, to help in business activities, to assist the graphic
& multimedia projects & to facilitate communication.
3. Examples of software applications include integrated software,
personal finance, legal, word processing, spreadsheet, computer-aided
design (CAD), desktop publishing, email, web browser & chat rooms.
LESSON TWENTY-TWO : COMPUTER USER

At the end of the lesson, student should be able to :
describe the various type of computer users in society.
COMPUTER USERS IN SOCIETY

The 5 categories of computer users are :
home users
small office/ house office (SOHO) users
mobile users
power users
large business users
HOME USERS
The computer is a basic necessity. Each home user spends time on computer
for different reasons :
business
entertainment
communication
education
SMALL OFFICE/HOME OFFICE (SOHO)

These SOHO users :
use desktop or notebook computers as well as telephone, hand-phone and

PDAs in completing their tasks and communicating
work as a small company or works as an individual at home
MOBILE USER
Mobile users :
include real estate agents, insurance agents, metre readers and journalists
use notebook computers, internet-enabled PDAs or smart phones
work with basic business software such as word processing and

spreadsheet business software
use presentation graphics software to create and deliver presentations to a
large audience by connecting a mobile computer or device to a video
projector
POWER USER
Power user :
include engineers, scientists, architects and virtual reality animators

use computers with extremely fast processor, bigger storage and
customized software
work with mini computers that uses design to meet the organizational
needs
use software such as CAD , CAM and MATLAB
LARGE BUSINESS USER

Large business users :
bank, insurance company, hypermarket

use computers for basic business activities
have e-commerce that allows customers and vendors to interact and do
business transaction online therefore customers, vendors and other
interested parties can access information on the web
have e-mail and web browsers to enable communications among
employees, vendors and customers
provide kiosks in public locations
LESSON TWENTY-THREE : HOW TO CONDUCT A STUDY

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Outline the basic steps of doing study
There are five basic steps to follow when we do study:
Step 1- Get an overview of the topic:
a) Familiarity : We need to familiarize ourselves with the topic before we
start doing study. This will allow us to spend more time developing a
topic rather than using more time learning about the topic.
b) Reference : Refer to a dictionary, encyclopaedia, handbook, textbook,
guide or bibliography which can provide an overview of the topic.
c) Brainstorming : Spend some time brainstorming about the topic and
write down everything that we can think of about the topic.
Step 2 - Narrow down the topic:
a) Narrow down the topic by reading the sources and form some specific
questions related to the topic. By doing this, we may have awareness
of the various aspects that we may want to study.
Step 3 - Find study materials:
a) Study materials are available offline and online. We can search for the
information that we want in books, journals, articles or other resource
materials found in the library and the internet.
Step 4 - Evaluate study materials:
All selected materials need to be evaluated in 4 aspects:
a) Relevance:
Does this publication help to answer the research question ? If it

does not find something else which does.
b) Perspective:
Is this a primary source (presenting the authors own research and

ideas) or a secondary source (summarising and discussing the
research and ideas of others) ?
Is the evident biased? Does the author attempt to sway the readers
opinion?
c) Reliability/ Credibility
Is the information accurate?
Has the information been peer reviewed?
Are the authors and publishers reputable?
Do they cite their credentials?
Are there footnotes and a bibliography?
d) Update
How recent is the information published?
How recent has it been updated?
Have there been new developments on the topic?
Could the information you are using be misleading

because of the publication date?
Step 5 - Writing out the study paper:

a) When all resources are gathered, start writing the paper and cite all the
sources of information used. These may include books, journals,
articles and magazines.
LESSON TWENTY-FOUR: PRESENTING RESULTS

A presentation should contain three well-defined sections, they are :
INTRODUCTION
CONTENT
CONCLUSION
As at the beginning
of the research
Includes the
objectives of the
research
Provides a clear
statement on why the
study was undertaken
Includes the
limitations/assumptio
ns and analytical
techniques
Consists of facts or
arguments related
to subject matter
Can be presented in
an argument format
or just as an
overview
Is a review of content
( not repetition of
content)
Relates to the statement
of objectives in the
introduction
Should not introduce new
issues
Should contain judgment
or decision that has been
reached
BASIC NEEDS OF A GOOD STUDY PAPER

There are varieties of ways to write out your research. However, there is a set
of basic requirements that must be followed when it comes to submitting or
presenting written presentation.
1. General Point
2. Style
Double-spaced
Number all pages

Use one side of A4 paper
Secure all pages with a staple (top left-hand corner)
Dont use paper clips/pins or folder
Must be typed/word processed
Clear and easy to read print-out
Spell check your paper
Supply an estimated word count on the cover sheet
Include your name, course name and teachers name
12 point minimum and 14 point maximum (with the

exception of headings and footnotes)
2 spaces after a full stop and 1 space following a
comma, semi-colon or colon)
No abbreviation such as eg, & or etc. Write everything
in full: for example, that is and so on
Numerals are used when the number is more than two
words: for tabulation, statistical discussion, sums of
money, addresses, dates, time and page, chapter, volume
numbers (for example, 2 June,2000)
Consistency in style for example in writing out headings
3. Quotes
A direct quote must be placed in quotation

Block quotes are used if a direct quote is more than
three lines long
If possible, paraphrase information in preference to
using direct quotes
Use quotes and paraphrasing to support argument
4. Clarity
Helps your readers understand your paper by organizing

your paper well and dont forget to insert the page
numbers
Edit your work means reading through the paper several
times before submission and dont just rely on the rough
spelling and grammar checks offered by your software.
5. Indicating
your Intentions
In a complex study, the introduction of every section

should inform the reader what to expect in that section
The final paragraph in each section should tie the
contents of that section together with a short conclusion
Do not use too many words to say what you are going to
do and what you have done, keep to necessary minimum
PREPARING THE PRESENTATION

1.
2.
3.
4.
The style and presentation of assignments are essential

Presentation should be presented clearly. It should not be read out
literature cited in text should be accurately documented
references used for presented should be clearly mentioned
LESSON TWENTY-FIVE : DELEGATION OF WORK

A WHAT IS DELEGATION?
Delegation is the ability to assign tasks to others with the authority,
responsibility and accountability to finish the tasks.
B WHY DELEGATE TASKS?
Reason why should I delegate tasks :
Will be able to save time
Help others to learn new skills, for example, how to negotiate and
cooperate
Utilize individuals additional strengths and expertise
Will be able to achieve large goals by dividing them into smaller tasks
Promotes creativity and diversity because others may have better way
doing things
Cut down on tasks that can be done just as well by others
C WHAT TO DELEGATE
1. QUESTIONING
Discover a problem
Form a question to answer the problem
2. PLANNING
Set out steps to find answer

Select sources for possible answer
Plan a basic draft for reporting
Assign tasks to team members
Agree on contingency plans
3. GATHERING
Go to agreed sources of information
Collect information
4. SORTING
Put similar information together
Highlight valuable credible information
5. SYNTHESISING
Discuss information with others
Combine different information
6. EVALUATING
Discuss if information gathered supports the answer
Test out solution and decision that supports the answer
7. REPORTING
Write or type out the report
Create an appropriate graphic or media
Prepare for question and answer
Prepare research
4. HOW TO DELEGATE
LESSON TWENTY-SIX : TOPICS FOR STUDY

STEPS TO DO A STUDY
PORTFOLIO
o The portfolio will contain:

1. Team journal
a. Study project introduction page
b. Minutes of team meetings
c. Initial project plan / calendar
d. Conflict resolution report
2. Initial framework for presentation
3. Final presentation
o The purpose of team journal is to keep track the progress of the project.
o The teams initial framework is where the team should do some basic
study on the topic and decide what should be included in the presentation.
o The print out of the final presentation will be given to the teacher for final
grading.
SOURCE CITATION CARD
o Source citation card is a note card in which you write the name of the
article, author, book name, page numbers, where you found it, why it is
good information and a short summary of the important points.
CREATING YOUR PRESENTATION

A Presentation should:
o Have at least 15 slides (not including the Title slide)
o Have a Title slide
Introduce a presentation
Include names of each member of the team
o Use any design templates
o Use at least five graphics (e.g. clipart, photographs, word art and
drawings)
o Have some multimedia
Use animation on slides
Use slide transitions
o Use less text on the slides
Try presenting the information through pictures, graphs, mind maps or
any other form of visual (as oppose to textual) presentation
o Have a citation slide
The last slide must list all of your citations (where you got the
contents) and other related resources
Remember to give credit to others
THE FINAL PRESENTATION
o Guidelines:
Each team member must speak during the presentation
Each team will have 10 minutes to present
Presenters should face the audience and not just read from the screen
or paper
o Tips:
Practice in advance
Prepare notes on paper or cue cards to help you remember to speak out
clearly for people at the back to hear you
Do not shout

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1 Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON ONE: INTRODUCTION OF INFORMATION AND

o In the early year of Tanah Melayu, when there was no television or

o ICT is the technology required for information processing, in

o Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading,

o The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and

o We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. For

o Is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information

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o Previously, people communicated through sign or symbols,

o Is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create

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LESSON TWO: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

B. First Generation (1940 1956)

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4. New technology was needed in the invention of technology. These

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LESSON THREE: USAGE OF ICT IN DAILY LIFE

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2. User who benefits are

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LESSON FOUR: COMPUTERIZED AND NON-COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS

o The evolution of man and machine happened hundreds of years ago

o A system is an arrangement of elements that when it is put together it

Banking after ICT

Banking was done manually by All transactions

Transactions can only be made

Transaction can be done at anytime

Takes time to approve any loan

Online services, phone banking

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Industry after ICT

Computers and telecommunications

Commerce after ICT

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LESSON FIVE: IMPACT OF ICT ON THE SOCIETY

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E.) Paperless environment

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LESSON SIX: COMPUTER ETHICS

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C.) Guidelines on the e-mail and Internet usage

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d) involvement in stealing software

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LESSON SEVEN: THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWS

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D.) Similarities between Ethics and Law

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F.) Unethical vs. law breaking conducts

Ethics in computing means moral guidelines to refer to when using the

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LESSON EIGHT: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

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o It is a grant of a property right to the inventor. For example. Centrino

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LESSON NINE: PRIVACY IN COMPUTER USAGE

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